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Topic: Afro-Cubans

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Global Mappings: Armed Conflict of 1912 Official Cuban sources say that over 2,000 Afro-Cubans were killed in the massacre of 1912, and other authors estimate that between 5,000 and 6,000 Afro-Cubans were killed. Meanwhile, the newspapers repudiated the action of those men that, as one editorial would say, "had chosen to stop being Cubans, to be only blacks" ('La Lucha,' La Habana, May 27, 1912, p. His interpretation is that the Cuban authorities presented the uprising as a race war to divide the peasantry along racial lines, that is to say, to prevent class organization and class struggle. diaspora.northwestern.edu /mbin/WebObjects/DiasporaX.woa/wa/displayArticle?atomid=242   (1187 words)

Focus on Cuba In 1997, when thousands of impoverished Cubans migrated from across the island to Havana in search of better rations and tourist dollars, the government issued Decree 271 restricting the right of its citizens to relocate from their home towns to the capital. There is growing disaffection among black Cubans with a regime that has historically purported to represent their interests. Such is the case of Helena Echegoyen, an African-American of Cuban origin who on trips to the island has experienced firsthand the regime's de facto apartheid policies. ctp.iccas.miami.edu /FOCUS_Web/Issue42.htm   (1288 words)

National Identity On Trial: Cuban exiles in Miami operate a counter-revolutionary radio station out of Miami called "Radio Marti," which can be received throughout La Habana (when the frequency is not jammed by the Cuban government). The Cuban governmental policy of ethnic assimilation was not a careless creation but rather has its roots in one of the most profound debates in socialist ideology. Lastly, despite earnest attempts to change the racist character of Cuban society, culturally and socially structured legacies of discrimination have survived into the present: to be black is still often to be less. www.wm.edu /so/monitor/fall2001/maybarduk.htm   (3772 words)

Race & Nation The conditions of the popular class of Negroes were usually conditions of poverty or inequity, which placed Afro-Cubans on the bottom rungs of society. Besides being pushed to the fringes of ‘Cubanity’ Afro-Cubans were also branded as social misfits due to their cultural patterns which were, For instance, Afro-Cubans were hardly considered to be "true Cubans" simply because a true Cuban was essentially white and of full Spanish descent. www.trincoll.edu /~jsilva/helg.htm   (1407 words)

Reviews / Comptes Rendus Labour/Le Travail, 52 The History Cooperative The socialist state confronted institutionalized racism head-on and the lives of Afro-Cubans and mulattos improved dramatically. It was at this time that Cubans debated and literally fought over the interwoven meanings of race, citizenship, and democracy in a nominally independent country under US hegemony. In contrast, a subaltern popular nationalism of mostly Afro-Cuban origin saw the conscious struggle against racism as an integral aspect of the fight for social justice and national independence. www.historycooperative.org /journals/llt/52/br_26.html   (1180 words)

Cuban diplomat Felix Wilson talks about his country & his life This was in the final decade of Batista's reign in Cuba, and life for most Cubans, and Afro-Cubans in particular, was hard and lacking in opportunities. There are millions of Cubans who have enjoyed the same situation I have. This continued interference in Cuban affairs passed on from Spain to the US and lead to a subjugated Cuba that developed a small wealthy ruling class and an economy based on the exploitation of the poor. www.afn.org /~iguana/archives/1999_07/19990710.html   (1313 words)

Global Mappings: Cuban Independence Movement Afro-Cubans' claims for abolition of slavery and equality during the independence movement led white Cubans to think (and fear) that their country could reproduce Haiti's racial tensions and conflicts. Spaniards brought 600,000 Africans in chains to the Cuban shores between 1800 and 1860 (Skidmore and Smith, 1997: 263). In spite of the fact that almost a century had passed since Haiti's independence in 1804, the white and creole Cuban elite felt threatened by the prominence of people of color in the independence movement. diaspora.northwestern.edu /mbin/WebObjects/DiasporaX.woa/wa/displayArticle?atomid=423   (522 words)

Who Owns Salsa?? It was also associated with poor Afro Cubans and like other aspects of Afro Cuban culture was often suppressed. Traditional Rumba is an Afro Cuban genre, which emerged in the 1890s it featured percussion and voices and the best known variety (guaguanco) represents a sexual conquest. The mixing of two genres can be seen in song lyrics, through the 1930s and 1950s, references to Guaguanco increased, Sones with little Afro Cuban percussion, referred to Rumba in lyrics. www.salsanewyork.com /magazine/articles/who_owns_salsa.htm   (2383 words)

The Militant - Vol.63/No.37 - October 25, 1999 -- Conference debates 'Afro-Cubans in Cuban society: past, present, and future' He attacked the idea of a Cuban national identity where the anti-imperialist struggle had become intertwined with the fight of black Cubans for equality and the African culture has become incorporated into the Cuban culture. Among the panelists speaking at the session, "The Present: 1959 Until Today, on the Island," was Rigoberto Lopez, a film director and member of the Cuban Institute of Art and Film Industry."We need to examine the problem not just from the point of view of black Cubans but the nation's point of view," he said. She noted Cuban president Fidel Castro's remarks at the 1998 UNEAC congress regarding racial prejudice and the discussions there about the need to find solutions to the small number of blacks in prominent movie, theater, and television roles. www.themilitant.com /1999/6337/633755.html   (1054 words)

Untitled Document The list of prominent Afro Cubans before 1959 has no end: senators, poets, writers, businessmen, governors, government officials, union leaders, generals, etc. One of these generals was a mulatto whose name is Fulgencio Batista Zaldívar who became elected President of Cuba in 1940 thanks to many Afro-Cuban and pro-communist voters. Today in 1996 Afro-Cubans are 50% of the total Cuban population, and 80% of all Cuban prisoners are Afro-Cubans. What separate Cubans of all races from Castro is that Cuban citizens have to sacrifice their civil rights for the sake of the economic rights. www.shsu.edu /~fol_res/mlking.html   (1342 words)

Cuba and African Diaspora Religion - DRCLAS News Winter 2000 It has attracted enormous classes of Cubans who would have avoided it in pre-revolutionary Cuba, as well as non-Cuban Latino immigrants who had known nothing of it in their homelands and African Americans who regard it as a way to "recover" their own ancestral African culture. The Cuban state now recognizes Lucumí religion as it recognizes no other Afro-Cuban or Euro-Cuban religion, as a fully legitimate conduit of foreign exchange, an approved form of socio-political organization, and a core element of national folklore. With the Cuban santeros and babalaos, I shared much that I had learned of their religious brothers and sisters during my field work in Brazil, Nigeria, Benin Republic, and the United States. www.fas.harvard.edu /~drclas/publications/revista/cuba/matory.htm   (997 words)

USATODAY.com - U.S. blind to true colors of Cuba's problems Today the economic embargo the United States imposed on this island, which Cuba exile leaders in Miami insist on maintaining, takes its heaviest toll on Afro-Cubans. Since most who fled Cuba are white, the money they send to people here goes largely to white Cubans, leaving Afro-Cubans to bear the brunt of the embargo's effects. This is so because of a loophole that permits U.S. Cubans to send as much as $1,200 a year (a princely sum in Cuba) to relatives in this country. www.usatoday.com /news/opinion/columnists/wickham/2002-05-30-wickham.htm   (704 words)

PlayaGirón.net {Cuba, Che, Bay of Pigs, Internationalism and more} Both the feelings of inferiority and superiority may help to explain the actions of the white population towards Afro-Cubans but by no means do they excuse them. I am convinced beyond a doubt that the myth of equality, the icons of fear, the hypocrisy of the government, the role of Cuban nationalism, and the imperialism of the US all caused the majority of the destruction of the Afro-Cuban quest for equality; therefore I am convinced of Aline Helg's argument. However, the repeated blending of white and black required Cubans to reject the "one-drop" rule of racial definition as found in North America and instead favored a categorization based on visual appearance. playagiron.net /ppr/ors.php   (1713 words)

Cuban Soldiers A Spanish general, a newspaper correspondent with the expedition, and Cuban commander General García all asserted that the Cubans enabled the American troops to land due to their valor in attacking Spanish forces that were approaching to impede the Americans' landing. These men believed that if the Cubans successfully defeated the Spanish without U.S. aid, imposition of neo-colonial control by the United States on Cuba would be made more difficult. The typical Cuban soldier was a poor peasant from the rural districts. www.smplanet.com /imperialism/cuban.html   (2996 words)

TOsalsa! Salsa Dance and Music Questions Cubans might to the LA style big left forward and big right back for styling, but it would only be for a few seconds whereas here has been made in to a basic step. Cubans seem more agressive with women because they want them to move around the dance floor and move their hips. And this is perhaps why most non Cubans find it hard to dance with Cubans. www.tosalsa.com /DearTOsalsa/dto/dtoCuban.asp   (4967 words)

Amsterdam News - Article - new york news Afro Cubans took the lead in the fight to end Spain’s dominance on the island, and for three decades they formed the majority of soldiers in Cuba Libre’s ranks. But in the meantime, the political awareness of Afro Cubans remains exclusively tied to the Revolution. There are left-wing Castro-supporting Cubans also living abroad, but they are not as frequently heard from in the media, because they are generally labeled communists. www.amsterdamnews.org /news/Article/Article.asp?NewsID=64738&sID=4   (1064 words)

MSN Encarta - Machito Machito (1908-1984), American-born Cuban bandleader, singer, and percussionist. encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761588940/Machito.html   (71 words)

More Accusations of Racism Against Castro [Free Republic] McCarthy was particularly skeptical of Ferro's claim that white Cubans constitute 60 percent of the island's prison population because she didn't see blacks working in the country's booming tourist sector, but did see blacks selling handicrafts and panhandling. Hundreds of Cubans have given their lives, literally, in a struggle that was first and foremost not theirs but ours.  As southern Africans we salute them.  We vow never to forget this unparalleled example of selfless internationalism." Cuban employs only communist doctors, communist medical administrators, and communist educators and they are going to submit the bogus data that Castro and party hacks tells them to submit. www.freerepublic.com /forum/a391f3b644bfc.htm   (2320 words)

Expanding Perspectives: An Interview with Professor Fannie Rushing The Cuban Revolution’s Literacy Campaign has virtually eliminated illiteracy that was very high among Afro-Cubans as part of the legacy of racial slavery. This is a conversation with commentaries about the article, “Afro-Cubans in Cuban Society: Past, Present and Future” (see Defendiendo Lo Nuestro). FR: Although it is very important to talk about music and religion because they are major Afro-Cuban contributions to Cuba’s distinctive identity, what continues to be lacking is any serious attention to other major contributions of Afro-Cubans to Cuban identity. condor.depaul.edu /~dialogo/back_issues/issue_5/dialogue_rushing.htm   (2448 words)

Radio Pacifica on AfroCubans And in exploring Cuban society, one of the first things that Cubans proudly point to is their universal access to health care and education, something that was particularly out of reach for Afro-Cubans before the revolution. We heard from an Afro-Cuban woman who runs a clandestine restaurant from her home, and who said black Cubans have a more difficult time than non-black Cubans getting licenses to run their businesses, and accessing the most coveted jobs in the Cuban economy. And with the rise of the two-tiered tourist economy, one in which Cubans with access to dollars have a clear economic advantage over those who do not, racial inequalities are more sharply visible than ever. www.afrocubaweb.com /radiopacifica.htm   (611 words)

We_Saw_It_Happen:_The_Race_Card He did not mention the outrageous, outlandish and offensive statement at the same conference he describes, made by one of its participant, who stated categorically, that the only solution for the Cuban racial problem was the partition of the country, with Afro-Cubans living in the East and whites in the West. The never-ending "religious" conflict in Northern Ireland, the sudden discovery by the people who bombed Iraq back into the stone age that what was not achieved with bombs could be done by inciting the Shiites in the south and the Kurds in the north to rise against their central government, are very illustrative. Frustrated, some "thinkers" have floated the idea that the Cuban people have not risen up in arms against the present government because they are cowed, they are afraid and without arms. www.blythe.org /nytransfer-subs/2001rac/We_Saw_It_Happen:_The_Race_Card   (1733 words)

Ybor City Chamber of Commerce The only time you encountered discrimination was when you left Ybor." Anglo Tampa, prodded by a legal riding crop from the State's Capitol of Tallahassee, pressured Ybor City's white Cubans to disassociate themselves from the Afro-Cubans, resulting in the organization of separate white and black Cuban societies around the turn-of-the-century. The period after 1898 brought about a period of reorganization, as Cubans returned to their homes, many to sail back to Ybor City because of the desolation wrought by the war. "White and Negro Cubans lived in harmony," wrote Jose Rivero Muñiz, a contemporary observer, "all being admitted without exception to the various revolutionary clubs, none ever protested." Muñiz later added, "The relations between Cuban whites and Negroes were most cordial and there was no racial discrimination.... www.ybor.org /historicclubs/union.asp   (767 words)

The UNC Press, Our Rightful Share by Aline Helg This challenge met with strong opposition from the white Cuban elite, culminating in the massacre of thousands of Afro-Cubans in 1912. The event effectively ended Afro-Cubans' political organization along racial lines, and Helg stresses that although some cultural elements of African origin were integrated into official Cuban culture, true racial equality has remained elusive. After the wars for independence, in which they fought en masse, Afro-Cubans demanded change politically by forming the first national black party in the Western Hemisphere. uncpress.unc.edu /books/T-1220.html   (244 words)

Project 21 Release: Orioles Baseball Team Warned Not to Discriminate - May 2000 Afro-Cubans who have risked their lives to be here deserve the equal opportunity to play on Mr. According to labor law experts, should Angelos intentionally not hire Cubans to play for the Orioles, it would be a violation of at least two laws. "Those Cubans who chose to defect did so at great risk to themselves and those they left behind in Cuba. www.nationalcenter.org /P21PROrioles500.html   (533 words)

UCSB Case Method - CASE: On the Threshold of Revolution: Political Crisis/Personal Struggle in Cuba in 1957 In clubs which admitted Afro-Cubans, blacks and whites were sometimes separated into two areas; for example, a rope across a dance floor dividing dancers with blacks on one side and whites on the other. The case facilitates students moving back and forth between the micro level lived experiences of Cubans during the 1950s and the macro level political issues at stake in the country during this decade. Unemployment and underemployment were a pervasive problem for most Cubans. www.soc.ucsb.edu /projects/casemethod/klouzal.html   (5281 words)

More Than Black. Afro Cubans in Tampa :: Education by Design Store Unlike most studies of the Cuban exodus to the United States, which focus on the white, middle-class, conservative exiles from Castro's Cuba, More Than Black is peopled with Afro-Cubans of more modest means and more liberal ideology. Tampa's Afro-Cubans are a case in point: they were "black" by America's Jim Crow standards but they themselves focussed on their Cuban-ness, even when rejected by white Cubans seeking the "wages of whiteness." Unfortunately, the Southern obsession with race controlled how the community at-large regarded Afro-Cubans. It is a story of unfolding consequences that begins when the black and white solidarity of emigrating Cubans comes up against Jim Crow racism and progresses through a painful renegotiation of allegiances and identities. www.edbydesign.com /books/0813027470.html   (631 words)

cannabisnews.com: In Cuba, Forging A Black Identity Cuban Rastas say they number in the thousands, concentrated in Havana and in Santiago de Cuba, which faces Jamaica from the southeast coast. Some Cuban Rastas consider themselves purer than their Jamaican counterparts, who they say have been corrupted by gangs. But despite advances, blacks remain at the bottom of the economic ladder, and they were hit hardest when the collapse of the Soviet Union in the early '90s stopped the flow of aid from Moscow. www.cannabisnews.com /news/thread12888.shtml   (1305 words)

Race & Nation Protesters took to the streets and in Eastern Cuban hotbeds such as Oriente; they took up arms to voice another drop of complaints in the Cuban bucket of injustice and marginalization of Afro-Cubans and their political voice. The previous hierarchy of Spanish or white Cubans in positions of power was maintained while low-skilled Cuban laborers, in particular Afro-Cubans, were inundated with US competition in the form of shoes and other manufactured goods (Helg 100-101). Underneath this Cuban, mixed society were the Afro-Cubans who were part of the raza de color but clearly were the bearers of slavery's heaviest burdens and full-frontal racism (Helg 39). www.trincoll.edu /~ttumola/race.htm   (1680 words)

Afro-Cubans in Cuban Society One measure being considered, for example, is the inclusion of Afro-Cuban studies in the regular curriculum of Cuban primary and secondary schools — a step which would emphasize the important role played by Afro-Cubans in Cuban history and society. Robin Moore traced the evolution of Afro-Cuban music as a reflection of the acceptance (or rejection) of Afro-Cubans by the society around them. And as Aline Helg pointed out, his thesis that all were simply Cubans was often used by white leaders who followed him to marginalize the issue of race, or even to suggest that the problem did not exist, and take no measures to address it. www.ciponline.org /cuba/ipr/afrocuba.htm   (3551 words)

Afro-Cubans say Catholics have slighted their religions / Miami Herald - Cuba News / Noticias - CubaNet News Behind such comments is the belief by Cuban Catholics that the communist government has long favored Afro-Cuban religions as a political counterweight to Catholicism and a lucrative tourist attraction. Although President Fidel Castro favored Santeria in his first years in power as the religion of Cuba's black and poor, his government began stifling all religions when it declared itself communist and atheist in 1962. www.cubanet.org /CNews/y98/jan98/12ex1.htm   (966 words)

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