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Topic: Afromestizos

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	Blacks in Mexico
		Not only in California but across the southwest, “afromestizos were part of the population that founded Nacogdoches, San Antonio, Laredo, La Bahía, Albuquerque, Los Angeles, and Santa Barbara.” Several of the pobladores recruited by the Spanish Crown to settle Los Angeles in 1781 were of African descent.
		Of the afromestizos in the group some hailed from Rosario, Sinaloa (a town where many of the residents were of African descent).
		Among the afromestizo families who became prominent landowners and politicians in Southern California during the late 18th-early 19th century were the families of Luís Quintero; María Rita Valdez; Juan Francisco Reyes and José Moreno.
	www.blueroadrunner.com /blacks.htm (1441 words)

	Afromestizos - Definition, explanation
		Afromestizos is the name for the descendants of African slaves brought to Mexico.
		Although their existence is not commonly known, the descendants of these African slaves, the Afromestizos, still live in the coastal Mexican states of Guerrero, Oaxaca, and Veracruz (Vaughn, 2004).
		Many Afromestizos make their homes along the Costa Chica, a 200-mile long coastal region beginning just southeast of Acapulco, Guerrero, and ending at Huatulco in the state of Oaxaca (Vaughn, 2004).
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/a/af/afromestizos.php (814 words)

	Encyclopedia: Afro-Mexican (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Afro-Mexican is one of the terms used to identify fl Mexicans of African descent.
		Most Afro-Mexicans (also known as "Afromestizos") live in the coastal states of Guerrero, Oaxaca, and Veracruz.
		Because their existence is not widely known throughout Mexico and the rest of the world, they are often assumed to be illegal immigrants from elsewhere in Latin America (Sailer, 2002).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Afro_Mexican (2794 words)

	The Ultimate Afro-Mexican - American History Information Guide and Reference
		Many Afromestizos make their homes along the Costa Chica, a 200-mile long coastal region beginning just southeast of Acapulco, Guerrero, and ending at Huatulco in the state of Oaxaca (Vaughn, 2004).
		There have been many accounts of Afromestizos being pulled over by the police and being forced to sing the Mexican national anthem to prove they are Mexican (Graves, 2004).
		Despite being faced with discrimination and poverty, there are some Afromestizos who openly embrace their African heritage and want it to be recognized.
	www.historymania.com /american_history/Afromestizos (791 words)

	Table of Contents and Excerpt, Menchaca, Recovering History, Constructing Race
		It is an interpretive history that revisits many events previously described by borderland historians Herbert E. Bolton, Hubert H. Bancroft, and David Weber, yet departs from this tradition because my focus is on understanding the politics of race relations and not on the growth of the Spanish Empire in the Southwest.
		My quest is to shed light on the economic and political factors pushing conquered mestizos, afromestizos, and Indians to join forces with their Spanish colonizers against the Indians of the Southwest—a conquest that culminated in the integration of thousands of southwestern Indian villages into Spanish and later Mexican society.
		The third and fourth chapters examine the northward migration of Indians, mestizos, and afromestizos into the Southwest, drawn by promises of a relaxed racial order where people of color would be given some of the economic opportunities only enjoyed by Whites in the interior of Mexico.
	www.utexas.edu /utpress/excerpts/exmenrec.html (4308 words)

	Welcome to the IMAA Site (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Since 2002 she is a full time professor and researcher of the Institute of Anthropology of the Universidad Veracruzana with the project: “The Afromestizos of Veracruz.
		She coordinated the congress “New paradigms of Afromestizos in Mexico” organized by the Universidad Veracruzana and the University of California Santa Barbara (UCSB).
		She participated and coordinated the seminar “Black presence in Mexico” with the University of California Berkeley held during July 2004 in different locations of the state of Veracruz during the Afro-Caribbean Festival.
	africanastudies.org /English-VITAE.htm (415 words)

	Exploring Africa -> Teachers -> Curriculum-> Africa and the World-> Africans in Mexico (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Two of the largest Afromestizo communities (that is, people of joint African and European heritage) in Mexico are located along the central coasts of the country in central Veracruz and in the states of Guerrero and Oaxaca in
		In 1570, a slave revolt led by an enslaved African named Yanga led to the establishment of this community, which was one of the only settlements of African fls in colonial Mexico to gain its independence and freedom through revolt.
		As demonstrated by the photographs, Afromestizos still struggle against the inequalities perpetuated by the slave trade.
	ex.matrix.msu.edu /africa/Live_site/curriculum/lm15/actone.html (1589 words)

	Guatemala (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Afromestizo group is by far the largest, as well as the most ethnically assimilated of the three groups.
		Afromestizo family, his father was a mule driver and his mother a servant.
		At the age of 12 he enlisted into the federal army as a drummer boy and rose to the rank of sergeant after fighting in several Central American wars.
	www.bjmjr.com /afromestizo/guatemala.htm (1337 words)

	Afromestizos
		Afro-Mexican is one of the terms used to identify fl Mexicans of African descent.
		Most Afro-Mexicans (also known as "Afromestizos") live in the coastal states of Guerrero, Oaxaca, and Veracruz.
		In the eyes of Mexican population, only people with very dark skin are actually called "negro", so the fl population is not perceived as a community.
	www.measuroo.com /eth-A/Afromestizos.php (1475 words)

	Africa's Legacy
		The Unidad Regional de Culturas Populares has been actively investigating the "Afromestizo" culture of Guerrero's Costa Chica region to document the ethnic and cultural importance of the African presence in Mexico.
		The Autonomous University of Guerrero has published several works on different themes related to the people of African descent in Costa Chica.
		Among their publications is the book "Corrido y Violencia entre los Afromestizos de la Costa Chica" (1988) by Miguel Angel Gutierrez Avila.
	www.smithsonianeducation.org /migrations/legacy/almbinfo.html (472 words)

	HispanicVista Columnists (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Worse still was the social classification of afromestizos.
		"To implement these desired objectives," Professor Menchaca comments, "the Cortes abolished the 'racial caste system" and gave Indians, mestizos, and free afromestizos many of the legal rights of Whites." Then, on September 25, 1810, Indians in Mexico were released from their centuries-old obligation of paying tribute to the crown and local government authorities.
		Henceforth, they would be taxed in the same manner as other subjects of the Empire.
	www.latinobeat.net /HVC/Columnist/jschmal/050905jpschmal.htm (2515 words)

	Mexico . Gulf of Mexico . Vicente Fox . Population density . Utah . Guanajuato . Nahuatl language . International ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		About 60 of the population is Mestizo mixed European and Amerindian, 30 is Amerindian or predominantly Amerindian, and 9 is of European descent includes Spain Spanish, Russian, France French, Poland Polish, Germany German, Italy Italian, or United Kingdom British.
		The remaining 1 includes Afromestizos Black, Lebanon Lebanese, Turkey Turkish, China Chinese, and Japanese groups.
		Mexico is the country where the greatest number of U.S citizens live outside the United States.
	www.uk.fraquisanto.net /Mexico (573 words)

	Assata Speaks - Hands Off Assata - Let's Get Free - Revolutionary - Pan-Africanism - Black On Purpose - Liberation - ...
		Not only in California but across the southwest, “afromestizos were part of the population that founded Nacogdoches, San Antonio, Laredo, La Bahía, Albuquerque, Los Angeles, and Santa Barbara.”
		Of the afromestizos in the group some hailed from Rosario, Sinaloa—a town where many of the residents were of African descent.
		In contemporary Mexican society the sistema no longer functions overtly but Afro Mexicans remain largely marginalized and occupy places at the lowest rung of the economic ladders.
	www.assatashakur.org /forums/upload/showpost.php?p=8413&postcount=1 (1092 words)

	En;News,Mexico's blacks:The forgotten 'third root',May 20
		However, what is much less known, is that these same issues have also relegated Pacific Coast fls to the same hardships and misery as Indians.
		Along the shorelines of the southern states of Guerrero and Oaxaca, more than 50,000 fls - or afromestizos - live in the 55 villages that dot the 250-mile stretch of the Costa Chica that starts just south of Acapulco.
		Farther down the Oaxacan coast, the vast under development of Ba~os' village is repeated in the town of Tapextla.
	www.eco.utexas.edu /~archive/chiapas95/2002.05/msg00197.html (823 words)

	Ciberayllu: Melgar - La etnoliteratura entre dos mundos imaginados: de las cenizas de la tradición ...
		El mirador antropológico era, pues, poco permeable para entender el universo etnocultural afromestizo y su complicada trama entre la tradición y la modernidad en el marco de la diversidad regional y nacional.
		Sucedía que ésta, al ser explícitamente configurada a partir del testimonio de don Candelario Navarro, un octogenario poblador afromestizo de la costa sur del Perú, complicó no sólo su caracterización literaria, sino también su lectura antropológica.
		El humor aldeano de los afromestizos está presente a lo largo de la obra, así como ese juego lúdico con las palabras, en las lindes entre lo escrito, lo hablado y lo cantado o rimado.
	www.andes.missouri.edu /andes/Especiales/RMBMieles/RMB_Mieles1.html (4285 words)

	Presentan en Oaxaca iniciativa de ley sobre derechos y cultura de los pueblos negros - La Jornada
		El presidente del Colectivo Cultural Africa, Israel Reyes, consideró que se requiere legislar en cuanto a economía, ambiente, recursos naturales, investigación, cultura y proyectos, para localidades ubicadas en municipios de la Costa Chica oaxaqueña que comparten territorio con los pueblos indígenas mixteco, tacuate, chatino y amuzgo.
		Destacó que se planteó a autoridades educativas establecer en programas de estudios superiores una carrera con especialidad en investigación de la cultura afromestiza.
		A la Secretaría de Cultura se le sugirió crear un departamento de estudios afromestizos, para fortalecer las manifestaciones culturales de los pueblos negros.
	www.jornada.unam.mx /2006/11/16/index.php?section=estados&article=043n1est (547 words)

	HispanicVista Columnists
		In addition, mestizos were, according to Professor Menchaca, "barred by royal decree from obtaining high and mid-level positions in the royal and ecclesiastical governments."
		Worse still was the social classification of afromestizos.
		"To implement these desired objectives," Professor Menchaca comments, "the Cortes abolished the 'racial caste system" and gave Indians, mestizos, and free afromestizos many of the legal rights of Whites." Then, on September 25, 1810, Indians in Mexico were released from their centuries-old obligation of paying tribute to the crown and local government authorities.
	www.hispanicvista.com /HVC/Columnist/jschmal/050905jpschmal.htm (2515 words)

	University of Central Arkansas Honors College
		As a Certified Scientific Diver he has done research on the ocean floors of the Mediterranean, the Caribbean, and the Gulf of Mexico.
		His research also includes work among the Afromestizos on Mexico's Gulf coast.
		Human stem cell research offers an unparalleled opportunity for investigating cellular specialization during embryological development.
	www.uca.edu /divisions/academic/honors/idx_bl.php?nav=s&sec=pre/HT/archive/200102 (2317 words)

	Fletcher Library - Costa Chica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Led by Mario Guzmán, a descendant of a fl grandmother from Cordoba, in Veracruz, the Director of the Cultural Center "Cimarron" based in El Ciruelo, Oaxaca, young artists attempt to affirm their identity through art: to see themselves and see the world through their own eyes.
		Spanish article about young Afromestizos of Oaxaca reaffirming their identity through the plastic arts
		Weekend parking is available on the South side of the library.
	library.west.asu.edu /building/artexhibits/costachica.html (316 words)

	SOHH.com Global Forum - Mexican Immigrant's take on the Memin Pinguin stamp controversy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Even though he does not talk or mingle with "Afromestizos", a white landlord may have read this cartoon and his father before him and feel a sort of affinity (born out of laughter) and be inclined to not raise the rent and kick them out of their land.
		It is no secret Afromestizos are more assimilated into Mexican society than most other South American countries with an African minority and unfortunately that cartoon seems to have had a big impact on that.
		Not to make excuses for this stereotypical epithet but if you look at the bigger picture and the people it truly affects all I am saying is let sleeping dogs rest.
	69.20.14.40 /forums/showthread.php?t=604123 (3557 words)

	AFROMESTIZO (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Afromestizos in Nicaragua live primarily in the densely populated western regions of the country where nine-tenths of the population of Nicaragua is concentrated.
		Their history and way of life follows closely that which is found among the other
		Afromestizos in Central America, who simply know they are of a “mixed race” background and often have little specific knowledge of their highly diverse “blood lines”.
	www.bjmjr.com /afromestizo/nicaragua.htm (1656 words)

	Mexico Fails to Acknowledge Its Los Negros History - Daily Nexus Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		It is that amendment that is acting as a resource for localized responses to this major oversight of Mexican history.
		Groups of AfroMestizos (or AfricanoMexicanos, as I prefer to know them) have started to organize and to demand a stronger acceptance of their historical role in the shaping of the country's Mexican-ness, or national character.
		Over the last few years, museums have begun to pay attention to this forgotten group.
	www.ucsbdailynexus.com /print_article.php?a=518 (862 words)

	Slavery Panel 1
		Patricia Penn Hilden of UC Berkeley has her paper on Hunting North American Indians in Barbadoes read to the conference participants by Professor Ines M. Talamantez of UC Santa Barbara.
		Finally, Andrew Fisher, a Ph.D. student at UC San Diego, talks about Beyond Slavery: Afromestizos, Indians and Identity in Colonial Western Mexico.
		Jacqueline Bobo, Professor of Black Studies/Women's Studies, of the University of California, Santa Barbara, and Robert Hill, Professor of History, UCLA, also participate in the panel.
	www.uctv.ucsb.edu /more/voices/m3823slavery.html (1168 words)

	MOCAMBO. Diversidad Cultural y Sociedad: PORTADA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		La versiones sobre cómo surge el Carnaval en la historia varían con más o menos detalles, lo importante es que hoy se puede ver como una tradición popular que permite la expresión magnificada de las emociones en un contexto de vivenciación de prácticas culturales donde se actualizan elementos provenientes de distintas culturas.
		Por lo menos en Veracruz podemos identificar a tres que han permitido darle a su Carnaval el perfil que le identifica ante propios y vistantes: indígenas, afromestizos y españoles.
		Esta festividad es para Veracruz un evento de primera importancia, quizá sea el que más identifica el carácter de "los jarochos" y el que más visitantes convoca.
	www.20six.co.uk /mocambo/weblogEntries/send.htm?entryId=1t3marx37yz6d (661 words)

	Spanish Colonies and West Indies 1580-1744
		Increasing numbers of African slaves were imported; many Africans married native women, producing mestizos called zambos, which some considered unruly.
		In 1600 the estimated number of these Afromestizos was 140,000.
		That year Martin Gonzalez de Cellorigo wrote that the Spanish empire had created illusions of prosperity but actually had caused many to abandon productive pursuits in order to seek treasure in the Indies.
	www.san.beck.org /11-4-LatinAmerica1580-1744.html (15771 words)

	Natural History Museum: AFRICA: One Continent. Many Worlds: The African Presence in Mexico
		Mexico had never imported slaves from Africa, he said, fully certain that the nation's peoples of African descent were relatively recent arrivals."
		COLIN A. African Mexicans are often identified as Afromestizos: like people of African descent everywhere, the process of mestizaje is evident, although their distinctiveness phenotypically is unquestionably African in origin.
		The communities of African peoples in Mexico are also characterized by a distinctive culture and by African "biological remembrances," to use Rene Dubos' term as a way to allude to shared physical or physiognomical characteristics.
	www.nhm.org /africa/gleaton/terra.html (2001 words)

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