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Topic: Against Interpretation

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Susan Sontag

	20th WCP: Reading 'Jabberwocky' Rightfully: Meaning, Understanding, and the Politics of Interpretation
		Interpretive pluralism is currently the dominant theory of the relationship between readers and their texts; and it is dominant, I believe, because it seems more politically liberating, more tolerant, than the traditional alternatives.
		Interpretive pluralism places constraints on the reader precisely because it theoretically denies the reader full and direct access to the text, thus theoretically disempowering the reader and confounding the democracy of free readers.
		She is denied this right in the name of interpretation — and this denial is the same whether it is done in the name of external authorities or in the name of interpretive pluralism.
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/Inte/InteDudd.htm (2341 words)

	Susan Sontag - Against Interpretation - Really Against Interpolation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Of course, I don't mean interpretation in the broadest sense, the sense in which Nietzsche (rightly) says, "There are no facts, only interpretations." By interpretation, I mean here a conscious act of the mind which illustrates a certain code, certain "rules" of interpretation.
		Interpretation first appears in the culture of late classical antiquity, when the power and credibility of myth had been broken by the "realistic" view of the world introduced by scientific enlightenment.
		Interpretation is a radical strategy for conserving an old text, which is thought too precious to repudiate, by revamping it.
	www.coldbacon.com /writing/sontag-againstinterpretation.html (3912 words)

	Against Interpretation (1964) - Susan Sontag
		Against Interpretation and Other Essays is a collection of essays by Susan Sontag which was published in 1966.
		Against Interpretation was Susan Sontag's first collection of essays and is a modern classic.
		It includes the famous essays "Notes on Camp" and "Against Interpretation," as well as her impassioned discussions of Sartre, Camus, Simone Weil, Godard, Beckett, Lévi-Strauss, science-fiction movies, psychoanalysis, and contemporary religious thought.
	www.jahsonic.com /AgainstInterpretation.html (508 words)

	WALTER BENN MICHAELS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		As such, the polemic against intention was part of the more broadly formalist polemic against discussion of the aesthetic object in what were perceived as fundamentally non-aesthetic terms (historical, biographical, psychological, etc.).
		This interpretive scenario sounds reasonable enough, but, in fact, as the late Arthur L. Corbin argued, it is highly misleading, depending as it does on the implicit and in Corbin's view mistaken assumption that qualities like ambiguity and clarity are intrinsic properties of texts.
		This interpretive procedure is clearly similar to the legal procedure in cases which are understood to fall within the province of the parol evidence rule.
	www.tau.ac.il /humanities/publications/poetics/art/aga3.html (3912 words)

	Denis Dutton on Umberto Eco
		Interpretation and Overinterpretation (Cambridge University Press, $39.95 hardbound, $11.95 paper) presents three lectures by Umberto Eco, with responses by Richard Rorty, Jonathan Culler, and Christine Brooke-Rose, a final rejoinder by Eco, and a general introduction by Stefan Collini.
		The result of the hermetic outlook is that “interpretation is indefinite,” and that we must accept “a never-ending drift or sliding of meaning.” On the one hand all phenomena become linguistic, while on the other language itself loses its communicative ability.
		Interpretation and Overinterpretation is an excellent book, one of most valuable contributions to literary theory of recent years.
	www.denisdutton.com /eco_review.htm (1854 words)

	elimae
		Interpretation would be little more than a marvelous description of how a novel or a sculpture makes them feel.
		She says that interpretation no longer has the potential to be revolutionary or imaginative.
		Nevertheless, the conclusion reached in Sontag's essay, like the "transparency" which she declares to be the highest value of art and criticism, is not as straightforward as it appears to be.
	www.elimae.com /essays/Norlie/Norlie.html (754 words)

	against - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Despite the many innovations of the late 19th century, a segment of the population looked back to earlier eras.
		Art: Interpretation is the revenge of the…, Art: Real art has the capacity to make us…, Beauty: What is most beautiful in virile men is…, History:...
		unwilling, reluctant, wary, chary, against, opposed, averse, disinclined
	ca.encarta.msn.com /against.html (159 words)

	On Interpretation
		One may well be against authoritarian and dogmatic interpretations without being against what scholars would call responsible interpretations --and Krishnamurti once said these would not count as "interpretations" in his sense at all (KFA 1972).
		At the same time, being a form of awareness, it entails at least that minimal interpretation needed to see something as fear, or as the cause of fear; or to discriminate between a tree and an elephant.
		Krishnamurti's strictures against "interpreters" initially seem to support the common belief that he was against interpretation.
	www.fortunecity.com /greenfield/beluga/572/unicorn/Krishnamurti/RV-wp-1interpretation.html (5076 words)

	PA044
		In their day the Reformers stood firmly against the demand for a priestly intervention between the Bible and a general readership, maintaining the prerogative and effectiveness of private interpretation.
		Wittgenstein's argument against the possibility of private language contends that the identification and reidentification of one's own psychological states presupposes some public reference point, in which case the report of a perception would not be the final foundation of knowledge.
		The Uses of Argument by Toulmin[21] furthered the case against taking logic as a formal calculus to be the whole of the discipline, thereby absorbing every kind of "logic" into a mathematical ideal or subordinating it to such purposes.
	www.cmfnow.com /articles/pa044.htm (8359 words)

	SUMMA THEOLOGICA: Is blasphemy or the sin against the Holy Ghost the same as the sin committed through certain malice? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Because the sin against the Holy Ghost is the sin of blasphemy, according to Mt. 12:32.
		Further, the sin against the Holy Ghost is itself a generic sin, having its own determinate species: whereas sin committed through certain malice is not a special kind of sin, but a condition or general circumstance of sin, which can affect any kind of sin at all.
		According to this interpretation the sin against the Holy Ghost is a special kind of sin, as also according to the first interpretation: whereas according to the second, it is not a species of sin, because final impenitence may be a circumstance of any kind of sin.
	www.newadvent.org /summa/301401.htm (919 words)

	Sample Chapter for Ledbetter, G.M.: Poetics before Plato: Interpretation and Authority in Early Greek Theories of ...
		In her influential revisionist essay "Against Interpretation," Susan Sontag attempts to subvert the practice of interpretation, which she understands straightforwardly as the attempt to disclose meaning or content that is implicit in a work of art.
		When read against the account of interpretation in Socrates' poetics, however, the passage can be seen to develop the dialogue's ongoing contrast between Socratic and sophistic methodology by offering a Socratic argument against the relativist assumptions that typically inform sophistic interpretations of poetry.
		We might note that the Socratic turn to interpretation, with its demotion of the author and its focus on the text and the act of interpretation, anticipates influential features of poststructuralist literary criticism such as Barthes's and Foucault's "death of the author" theses.
	www.pupress.princeton.edu /chapters/i7395.html (2330 words)

	Interpretation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		An interpretation is a presentation or portrayal of information altered in order to conform to a specific language.
		The purpose of interpretation would normally be to increase the possibility of understanding, but sometimes, as in propaganda or brainwashing, the purpose may be to evade understanding and increase confusion.
		To conceive the significance of; construe: interpreted his smile to be an agreement; interpreted the open door as an invitation.
	www.jahsonic.com /Interpretation.html (116 words)

	Millennium by Hakim Bey - For and Against Interpretation
		As an alchemical process, interpretation transpires in a space both inside/outside and neither simultaneously; as "hermeneutic exegesis" (in Henry Corbin's phrase) it belongs to an in-between or isthmus called Mundus Imaginalis, where images appear as autonomous, or where dreams foretell the truth.
		So-called primitives would say that soul is being stolen here, that meaning itself has entered a field of decay, a sort of beam emanating from an evil eye or withered self eaten by envy of all significance.
		The role of the artist in Capitalism can be compared with that of the tour-guide: -- interpreter of experience for consumption on the most elite level, agent of recuperation for society's most exquisite longing or deepest resentments; -- and even a tour-guide may be sincere.
	deoxy.org /hakim/interpretation.htm (1564 words)

	Review of Constitutional Interpretation:
		More specifically it is an articulation and defense of that particular method of constitutional interpretation, known as originalism, which looks to the original intent of the constitution's framers as a benchmark against which interpretation is to be made.
		Professor Whittington believes "that originalism is the method most consistent with the judicial effort to interpret the written constitutional text and that an originalist jurisprudence facilitates the realization of a political system grounded on popular sovereignty" (p.
		He gives a preliminary account of originalism, defends it against the most sophisticated criticisms that have been made of it, represents it in a form that escapes the limitations it possesses in some other presentations, and then situates and defends the reconstituted theory against all comers.
	www.princeton.edu /~kewhitt/metainterp.html (583 words)

	Postmodernism and Its Critics
		Contenporary interpretative anthropology is the essence of relativism as a mode of inquiry about communication in and between cultures (Marcus and Fischer, 1986, p.32).
		Interpret the arguments in a text being deconstructed in their most extreme form.
		Perhaps the greatest accomplishments of postmodernism is the focus upon uncovering and criticizing the epistemological and ideological motivations in the social sciences.
	www.as.ua.edu /ant/Faculty/murphy/436/pomo.htm (3343 words)

	Postmillennialism: Principles of Interpretation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Since they cannot go through with the literal interpretation of their own millennial passages it becomes evident that their principle of literal interpretation is basically wrong.
		We believe that George B. Fletcher gives the true interpretation when he says: 'These verses are a prophecy of the conversion of the Gentiles (vs. 10), and of the return of the remnant according to the election of grace from among the Jews, that is, their return to God in Christ (vss.
		The literalistic premillennial interpretation of many Old Testament passages is, as Rutgers points out, 'even beneath the level of certain passages in the Old Testament itself, which transcend the particular, local color and open up the higher spiritual, ethical and universal.
	www.graceonlinelibrary.org /etc/printer-friendly.asp?ID=858 (3103 words)

	Interpretation
		This interpretation is in response to your question regarding whether DOE allows the use of air-purifying respirators for protection against chemical substances with poor warning properties.
		DOE also is permitting the use of APRs for protection against chemical substances with poor warning properties where their use is permitted by substance-specific OSHA standards.
		DOE policy regarding the use of APRs for protection against chemical substances with poor warning properties may be reconsidered pending release of the OSHA final rule on respiratory protection and approval of revised DOE environment, safety and health requirements.
	www.eh.doe.gov /il/unpres/d95-01-082.htm (494 words)

	Against interpretation (of 9/11)
		In fact, it appears to be a war against Islamicist terrorists and those who make them more of a threat (the Taliban,Iraq), unless it's someone we don't want to fight (Saudi Arabia).
		It seems it's not enough to say we're fighting to protect our people against a ruthless and aggressive enemy, so the official line is that we're fighting for freedom and democracy.
		In the opinion of those thought most knowledgeable, it does not stand for a common interpretation of things but for provision of a technically rational framework within which each can make and act on his private interpretation.
	www.amnation.com /vfr/archives/000755.html (533 words)

	TCRNews.com, Integrists and the Church (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The Neo-modernists allege that the Holy Father is "turning back the clock" against the Council, which they conceive to be a return to ground zero, a new beginning of the Church, fortified by a new appreciation of the sciences, the historical criticism of the scriptures, psychology, and what have you.
		It should be clear to any Catholic that private interpretation, whether of the scriptures, or of Church tradition, Councils, or Church doctrine in general, is a characteristic of Protestant hermeneutics (principles of the interpretation of texts), not of Catholic hermeneutics.
		Thus it is the living Magisterium alone which has the competence to interpret and even judge her own revelation, in this case Tradition and the Fathers, and only the Integrists and liberals---asymmetrical twins in so many ways----would begrudge them this "supreme independence" even with respect to "the writings of the Fathers of the Church".
	www.tcrnews2.com /gentrad1.html (7407 words)

	Offscreen :: Susan Sontag: Against Interpretation?
		of interpretation; she is against the practise of using an interpretative grid over and over to “decode” disparate works of art.
		These type of interpretations are reductive (reducing the film to a preconceived model) and prescriptive rather than descriptive (based on sensual surface properties of the art).
		I suggest that a prime task of interpretation is to articulate in the medium of prose some aspects of what artists have made perfectly and precisely clear in the medium of film.
	www.offscreen.com /biblio/phile/essays/against_interpretation (2874 words)

	interpretation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		INTERPRETATION IS AN ESTABLISHED countryside and heritage interpretation consultancy that...
		Bioinformatics -- the development of new algorithms and statistics, the analysis and interpretation of various types of data including nucleotide and amino acid sequences, protein domains, and protein structures, and the development and...
		Interpretation, or interpreting, is an activity that consists of establishing, either simultaneously or consecutively...
	www.yorubasurf.info /traduction/interpretation.html (552 words)

	BOOKS OF THE TIMES; That 'Prozac' Man Defends The Gravity of a Disease - New York Times
		With both a title and an argument that summon Susan Sontag (in ''Against Interpretation'' and ''Illness as Metaphor''), the author argues against the idea that depression connotes romance or creativity.
		While fully acknowledging depression's seductiveness (Marlene Dietrich is one of his prototypes of glamorous apathy), and grasping how readily the connection between gloom and spiritual depth has been made, Dr. Kramer argues for a change in priorities.
		The author does not stop short of declaring that ''depression is the most devastating disease known to humankind.'' But this claim, like much of the medical data discussed here, is open to interpretation and heavily dependent on the ways in which individual factors are defined.
	query.nytimes.com /gst/fullpage.html?res=9D06EFD71530F93AA35756C0A9639C8B63 (689 words)

	Commentary Magazine - Against Interpretation, by Susan Sontag (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The chief commodity of Susan Sontag's "Against Interpretation," according to its own author and her reviewers, is a modern sensibility.
		...Jeering at psychoanalytical, religious, and sociological interpretations of Kafka because they can't all be right, she neglects to observe that they all may be relevant, and that Kafka's genius may lie precisely in his ability to perform a psychoanalytic study and a study of bureaucracy and a religious manifesto in a single fantastic fable...
		...THE chief commodity of Susan Sontag's Against Interpretation, according to its author and her reviewers, is a modern sensibility...
	www.commentarymagazine.com /Summaries/V41I6P85-1.htm (1840 words)

	Leaving hospital against medical advice among HIV-positive patients -- Anis et al. 167 (6): 633 -- Canadian Medical ...
		Predictors and outcome of discharge against medical advice from the psychiatric units of a general hospital.
		Characteristics of patients with pneumonia who are discharged from hospital against medical advice.
		Against medical advice: Part I, a review of the literature.
	www.cmaj.ca /cgi/content/full/167/6/633 (2740 words)

	The New York Times > Books > Books Special > 'Against Interpretation'
		She invokes a (predictable) string of sages from Ortega y Gasset to Marshall McLuhan in support of the claim that "interpreters" -- people who "translate the elements of the poem or play or novel or story into something else" -- are philistines.
		Formulas and summarizing ploys inevitably turn up in "Against Interpretation" -- the key words and phrases are: "mixtures of attitude," "contradiction" and "radical juxtaposition." And in a few sections there is laziness and fudging.
		Impatient, restless, her nerve ends visible in sentence after sentence (can't bear it, can't stand it), she further testifies that one pleasure offered by the new art is a release from that prison of patience and ploddingness into which traditional art locks its audience.
	www.nytimes.com /1966/01/23/books/booksspecial/sontag-interpretation.html (1350 words)

	Global Distortion of Interpretation
		Insofar as interpreters tacitly retain a knowledge of God, their interpretive results may be better than their explicit theory of interpretation deserves.
		Liberationist interpretation reacts to the now boring claim of neutral objectivity in scholarship by pointing to the personal and social and economic commitments that drive scholarly activity in certain directions.
		Despite the difficulties in faithfully interpreting Revelation, it remains the prime tool for reformation in society for at least one fundamental reason: it is the pure and reliable word of God, even when we do not receive it so.
	www.frame-poythress.org /Poythress_books/GCBI/BG14GloD.htm (6526 words)

	Bulletin 21 - Appeal for an Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The International Association of Lawyers Against Nuclear Arms (IALANA) is appealing to the governments of the UN Members States to ask for decision of the UN General Assembly for an Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) on the legality of the use of military force against Iraq.
		This is especially so when it concerns the interpretation of a thirteen year old resolution after which numerous other resolutions have been passed from time to time to deal with particular situations as and when they arise.
		When the awesome question of war and peace depends on an interpretation, it is manifest that this conclusion needs absolute unambiguity of language and is not a conclusion that should leave open the possibility of any reasonable doubt.
	www.inesap.org /bulletin21/bul21art06.htm (1627 words)

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