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	FSIS Notice 10-04, Questions and Answers, Regarding the Age Determination of Cattle and Sanitation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		The age of cattle is determinative of which parts of cattle are SRMs as defined in 9 CFR 310.22.
		While performing verification activities related to the age of cattle, inspection program personnel are to verify, in establishments using dentition, that the establishment’s determinations are consistent with the guidance provide in FSIS 5-04.
		Documentation that provides evidence of age that goes back to the farm where the cattle were born, including the name and the address of the owner.
	www.fsis.usda.gov /regulations_&_policies/Notice_10-04/index.asp (1163 words)

	Cattle - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Cattle (called cows in vernacular and contemporary usage, kine or kyne in pre-modern English, or kye as the Scots plural of cou) are domesticated ungulates, a member of the subfamily Bovinae of the family Bovidae.
		Cattle are ruminants, meaning that they have a unique digestive system that allows them to digest otherwise unpalatable foods by repeatedly regurgitating and rechewing them as "cud." The cud is then reswallowed and further digested by specialized bacterial, protozoal and fungal microbes that live in the rumen.
		Cattle are often raised by allowing herds to graze on the grasses of large tracts of rangeland called ranches.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Cattle (2516 words)

	Cattle Dictionary - The Internet Guide to the Cattle Industry
		For example, at the polled/horned locus in cattle, two common alleles are P (the dominant allele preventing growth of horns) and p (the recessive allele allowing horn growth).
		Cattle evaluations are based on field data and rely on information from the individual animal, relatives, and progeny to calculate EPD's.
		Because the majority of cows culled before the age of six are open, the EPD is primarily a prediction of sustained fertility in female offspring.
	www.cattlepages.com /dictionary (7670 words)

	Publication: Understanding How USDA-FSIS Determines the Age of Cattle for Current BSE Regulations
		The new regulations classified the skull, brain, trigeminal ganglia, eyes, vertebral column, spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia of cattle over 30 months of age as well as the small intestine of all cattle, regardless of age, as specified risk materials and prohibited their use in human food.
		Documentation that identifies the age of the animal, such as a birth certificate, cattle passport or some other form of identification that is presented with the animal when it arrives for slaughter.
		Establishments that separate cattle based on whether they are younger or older than 30 months of age may rely on documentation.
	www.ianrpubs.unl.edu /epublic/pages/publicationD.jsp?publicationId=441 (672 words)

	PHL - Anaplasmosis cattle vaccine - Anavac - Animal vaccines
		Cattle are also infected with A caudatum, which may result in severe disease, and A centrale, which generally results in mild disease.
		In cattle that are three years of age or older, the death rate is 30 to 50 percent in animals that display clinical signs Sometimes affected animals become excited and aggressive when not enough oxygen reaches the brain.
		If infected cattle are able to survive, they remain as carriers for the rest of their lives.
	www.phlassociates.com /phl_-_anavac.htm (579 words)

	Chapter 3: Cattle, sheep, goats and buffalo
		Cattle, goats, sheep and buffalo chew the cud.
		If cattle, sheep and goats are kept in the same area, let the cattle graze the pasture before the sheep, as some worms which would infect the sheep will not infect the cattle.
		Cattle and buffalo cows will come into heat after 3 weeks (give or take a day or two), and female goats and sheep will come back into heat after 17 days (give or take a day or two).
	www.fao.org /docrep/t0690e/t0690e05.htm (10058 words)

	KADH : State & County Fairs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Cattle determined by exhibition staff to have lesions of ringworm, warts or infested with mange will not be permitted to exhibit.
		Cattle and bison, except steers, not originating from a tuberculosis-free state shall be tested negative for tuberculosis within 90 days prior to the exhibition date.
		Cattle and bison (except steers and spayed heifers), six months or older, not originating from a tuberculosis-free state shall be tested negative for tuberculosis within 90 days prior to the exhibition date.
	www.accesskansas.org /kahd/livestock/fairs.html (1893 words)

	Determining the Age of Cattle by Their Teeth
		Age determinations past 4 1/2 years are less accurate and are determined by the wear on the apex surface of the incisor teeth.
		However, constant practice and examination of a large number of cattle of known age is necessary to establish proficiency.
		It is difficult to use the premolars for age determination, since their growth pattern is rather erratic (Figure 8).
	edis.ifas.ufl.edu /AN046 (1159 words)

	Age Verification of Cattle - Food Safety & Quality, BCMAL
		Age verification of cattle involves attaching the animal's actual birth date or calving start date to its identification number (ear tag).
		As many British Columbia cattle are fed and finished in Alberta, producers here in B.C. should be aware of these regulations and prepare their herds by age verifying early.
		Age verification of cattle is simply a process of recording the actual birth date or calving start date of an animal into a national database.
	www.agf.gov.bc.ca /foodsafety/age_verif_cattle.htm (455 words)

	Halfbakery: Aprion Cattle
		Mice become ataxic at 70 weeks and the proportional age for cattle is about 13 years (based on a mouse/cattle lifespans of 2/20 years).
		The breeding of cattle is carefully controlled and selected, cows are unlikely to breed randomly and spread their seed on the wind to root in fields miles away.
		Although aprion cattle have many benefits, rendering their remains and feeding them back to cattle would be a political bomb which no one would attempt.
	www.halfbakery.com /idea/Aprion_20Cattle (1254 words)

	J7 Ranch - Texas Black Angus Cattle
		Black Angus cattle were chosen specifically for their ability to excel as seed stock under all ranch conditions.
		All cattle are vaccinated each fall and spring against all common cattle diseases.
		Our goal is to be regarded as a supplier of superior, yet practical cattle for every aspect of the industry from the purebred producer, to the Commercial cattleman and to the youth of the business.
	www.j7ranch.com /cattle.cfm (614 words)

	Cattle Diseases - CANCER EYE
		The peak age for cancer eye is between 7 and 8 years of age.
		Check eyes whenever cattle are gathered for other routine procedures, especially breeds known to be commonly affected.
		Cattle with advanced lesions that have spread to other parts of the body or invaded the local tissues around the eye should be humanely destroyed and not transported to market.
	cattletoday.info /cancereye.htm (477 words)

	CDFA > AHFSS > AH > Permits for Cattle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Dairy breed over eight (8) months of age and beef breed over 12 months of age will not be allowed to enter except with a Special Entry Permit for feeding in a registered feedlot, as registered purebred beef or dairy cattle for breeding purposes, or for immediate slaughter.
		Beef Cattle All beef breeding cattle over six months of age must be TB tested within 60 days prior of entry that originate from any State that is less than Accredited Free.
		Slaughter cattle for direct delivery to a slaughter facility with government inspection must be identified sufficiently to ensure tracing to the premises of origin.
	www.cdfa.ca.gov /AHFSS/ah/cattle.htm (1354 words)

	Ranchers.net's Bull Session :: Mandatory Age Reporting In Canada
		If the cattle associations are unwilling to support the average sized producer with mandatory age verification, then at the very least, the associations should provide the necessary tools and manpower to the auction barns so that ALL PRODUCERS have equal access to age verified premiums.
		The more producer that age verifiy the more the sale barns will cater to them soon the normal will be age verified and the non will be in the second cut pen just like the horned cattle.
		We have have other options for age verifing until we can get enough producer on board without risking the integrity of a system we are depending so heavily on to do want you want it to which is guarantee to the Export market the age of the cattle we are sending to them.
	www.ranchers.net /forum/about8227.html (3369 words)

	KSU Researchers Study Cattle Eyes For A More Accurate Age Verifier 7/20/05
		They are looking at the eye lenses of cattle in hopes of developing a new age verification method, said Michael Dikeman, K-State professor in the department of animal sciences & industry.
		Researchers have found that there is a relationship between the amount of nitrogen in the eye and the chronological age of pigs, Dikeman said.
		But Dikeman said that the actual age of a steer or heifer and the age that it appears to be can vary greatly from animal to animal.
	www.oznet.ksu.edu /news/sty/2005/cattle_eyes072005.htm (648 words)

	Age Verification for the Japanese Market - Livestock and Forage Hot Topics
		Verification activities for age requirements must be conducted at the slaughter, feedlot, and producer levels as required by the QSA program.
		The age of all calves within a group must be derived from the actual date of birth of the first calf born within the group.
		Records indicating the date the bulls are given access to the cows may be used as a supplementary measure to verify the oldest age of animals in the group.
	www.aragriculture.org /livestock/hot_topics/age_verification.htm (611 words)

	Cattle Listing
		As the need for cattle meeting certain specifications grows, IMI Global is working to both verify and help buyers find these cattle.
		The Cattle Listing creates awareness of verified cattle, and where the cattle will be marketed, if a marketing avenue has been determined.
		If you are a buyer interested in accessing the listing contact IMI Global today at (303)-895-3002 or email: info@imiglobal.com so we can set you up with a Username and Passcode.
	cattledirectory.com (172 words)

	Mi-Feed... Micronised Feed Solutions
		Roasted Cattle Weaner Flakes: Beef Cattle producers are encouraged to wean their stock at a stage, which is beneficial to both the mother and the young calf.
		In drought seasons this may be as early as 12 weeks of age.
		Dairy cattle calves may be changed from our calf museli to weaner flakes preferably at five months but as early as three months of age.
	www.mi-feed.com.au /main.php?page=calf (160 words)

	New Program Allows KY Beef Producers to Make Cattle Ready for Export
		A new national program was created to help U.S. beef producers document the source and age of cattle to make their herds ready for export markets.
		Cattle with electronic ID are eligible for the Beef Export Verification program.
		Producers who want to certify the age of their calves can do so by keeping records and participating in the Kentucky Beef Network program, said UK Agricultural Economist Lee Meyer.
	www.ca.uky.edu /AGC/NEWS/2006/Feb/bev.htm (396 words)

	The cattle trade and the cracker cowmen
		Tampa became the railhead for cattle shipments to Cuba during the golden age of the Florida Cattle Trade, 1850's
		Golden Age of cattle – thousands of cattle roam the state's unfenced interior.
		Florida's total cattle population ranked 4th in the southeast and 23rd in the nation.
	www.tampabayhistorycenter.org /cracker.htm (140 words)

	Livestock Marketing Association
		Eligible beef products must be derived from cattle that are 20 months of age or younger at the time of harvest.
		Cattle must be individually identified and traceable back to the ranch of origin.
		This may not be the most practical option for most auctions due to the costs associated, difficulty in managing the data to be traced back and the liability associated with accepting responsibility for consignors’ records and management.
	www.lmaweb.com /member/QSA/qsa.html (1454 words)

	CARD: Cattle Producers Need a Quality System Assessment for Japan
		The primary requirement affecting cattle producers is verification that their cattle are less than 21 months of age at the time of slaughter.
		Records documenting age of the cattle and signed affidavits by the producer are needed, but these alone are not enough.
		Cattle that are not part of a QSA program will still trade in the existing market but not with Japan.
	www.card.iastate.edu /iowa_ag_review/summer_05/article5.aspx (1175 words)

	Prove It!
		As stocker operators purchase cattle, they should be aware of those that are moving through the marketplace verified for source and age,” says Cara Gerken, IMI Global vice president of quality services.
		In the case of verifying source and age, for example, a QSA program provides USDA-approved corroboration that the system used for verification is accurate enough to withstand periodic audits by a third-party source.
		With age and source, for example, it could be that the way you procure and manage cattle wouldn't comply with a particular feedlot's QSA, whereas an approved program of your own could make them eligible.
	beef-mag.com /mag/beef_prove/index.html (1446 words)

	The Winchester Star (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Earlier this year, Stickley organized a voluntary program for area cattle producers which is a precursor to a national identification system for cattle that the U.S. Department of Agriculture plans to launch by 2007.
		The number would tie cattle to paperwork showing their age and health records.
		In October, Stickley held two sales for cattle registered in the program, hoping feed lot buyers would pay a higher price for cattle that were “source verified” and carried proof of age.
	www.winchesterstar.com /TheWinchesterStar/051221/Area_cattle.asp (591 words)

	2007 Premium Book - Beef Cattle Special Rules & Classes
		Heifers 24 months of age or older to be eligible must have produced a calf or be safe in calf as verified by a graduate veterinarian.
		Each animal exhibited must be exhibited with the correct age and shown in the class corresponding to their correct age.
		Each exhibitor shall submit his registered Santa Gertrudis cattle to such tests and examinations as may be requested and/or required by SGBI, its authorized representatives, or the authorized representatives of the relevant show or fair.
	www.southfloridafair.com /premium/beefcattle_stagertrudis.html (1827 words)

	The Cow-Calf Manager
		Current and future strategies for cow/calf producers regarding age and source verification is the focus of this month's article.
		In the case of Japan, a specific requirement is that the beef be from cattle of 20 months of age or less.
		Simply put, beef is not eligible for export to Japan unless it comes from cattle less than 20 months of age and from cattle certified through a PVP or QSA.
	www.ext.vt.edu /news/periodicals/livestock/aps-06_02/aps-295.html (1272 words)

	U of M Beef Center
		Age and Source Verification have taken on a new meaning.
		Cattle to be age and source verified must be uniquely identified, which in most cases electronic id maybe recommended.
		In almost all cases, cattle that are destined for a Source and Age Verification program will need to be tagged with an RFID (electronic) eartag.
	www.extension.umn.edu /beef/components/releases/09-12-06-Hall.htm (948 words)

	Public Citizen \| Press Room - Evidence of Weak Meat Inspection Program Found in Nearly a Thousand Violations of Mad Cow ...
		In 10 percent of the NRs analyzed, plants incorrectly identified the age of cattle.
		Properly determining the age of cattle is a crucial step in proper SRM removal because the definition of SRMs is dependent on age; in cattle older than 30 months, there is a greater likelihood that SRM will carry BSE and therefore must be removed.
		Accurately identifying the head, spine and carcass of cattle by age is necessary to ensure that all SRMs are removed as the carcass moves down the slaughter line.
	www.citizen.org /pressroom/release.cfm?ID=2024 (622 words)

	Mammals » Cattle » Red Sindhi Main Page
		The rumps of Red Sindhi Cattle slope gently, and the ribs tend to be nicely sprung.
		These cattle have a careful method of breeding: bulls will observe their cows until the cows are prime for breeding.
		Red Sindhi Cattle are valued as cross breeding bulls because of their incredible hardiness and heat resistance, which are passed on to beef cattle crosses.
	centralpets.com /animals/mammals/cattle/cow5295.html (654 words)

	Running Deer Farms -- Software CD -- Cattle Age Calculator
		With Cattle Age Calculator you can go through the sale catalog before the sale and calculate the age of each animal so you need only glance at your notes to determine the age of the animal in the ring.
		With Cattle Age Calculator, determining the due date of an animal is a snap.
		If you are calculating ages for a future sale and want to use the sales date, simply change the date as desired.
	www.runningdeerfarms.com /cattleage.html (682 words)

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