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Topic: Age of the universe

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	The Age of the Universe is a Function of Time
		The estimated age of the universe as a function of the time the estimate was made.
		This should not be surprising, considering that early estimates of the age of the earth were largely guesswork based on poor methodology, while the more recent estimates of the age of the universe are scientific guesswork based on advanced techniques and instrumentation.
		If these age estimates are to be taken seriously one cannot escape the conclusion that as time goes on the age of universe not only increases, but does so at an accelerating rate.
	www.lhup.edu /~DSIMANEK/cutting/ageuniv.htm (1242 words)

	The Age of the Universe
		Note that this age is not exactly equal to the age of the star itself; it is essentially the "mean age" of the supernovae that formed it, which themselves may not have happened all at the same time either.
		And while any given white dwarf may be relatively young and therefore not a useful constraint on the age of the universe, since white dwarfs are permanent objects, for a sufficiently large sample, in a large enough sample we should expect at least a few the oldest white dwarfs should originate from the earliest stars.
		This age difference is due to the varying ages at which the white dwarfs actually emerge from their progenitor stars: the hotter, "younger" dwarfs came from longer-lived stars (see Figure 8).
	astron.berkeley.edu /~dperley/univage/univage.html (3957 words)

	The Age of the Universe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Thus, the age of such clusters place a limit on the age of the Universe, for it must be at least as old as the objects that it contains.
		Thus, it is a measure of the age of the Universe.
		Reasonable assumptions for the value of the Hubble constant and the geometry of the Universe typically yield ages of 10-20 billion years for the age of the Universe.
	csep10.phys.utk.edu /astr162/lect/cosmology/age.html (537 words)

	THE AGE OF THE UNIVERSE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		If the universe were old there would be much helium and little hydrogen, but just the opposite is true.
		Each island universe cannot revolve as a single body tightly held together, because it is composed of billions of separate stars.
		Such time length for the age of the universe would be far less than the billions postulated by the evolutionists.
	www.pathlights.com /ce_encyclopedia/03-ss5.htm (2793 words)

	Age of the Universe
		The age of the Universe can also be estimated from a cosmological model based on the Hubble constant and the densities of matter and dark energy.
		The age of the chemical elements can be estimated using radioactive decay to determine how old a given mixture of atoms is. The most definite ages that can be determined this way are ages since the solidification of rock samples.
		Thus to use this age to determine the age of the Universe, a model of when the elements were made is needed.
	www.astro.ucla.edu /~wright/age.html (1532 words)

	TELLING TIME AND THE AGE OF THE UNIVERSE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The chronology of the universe is depicted schematically in Fig.
		Taken in conjunction with the age of the solar system, we find a lower limit to the age of the galaxy of 6.5 billion years and the age of the universe of 7.5 billion years.
		GLOBULAR CLUSTERS AND THE AGE OF THE UNIVERSE
	www.lpi.usra.edu /newsletters/lpib/lpib77/black77.html (2947 words)

	SPACE.com -- Age of Universe Revised, Again
		It was based on when stars are thought to end the main sequence of their lives, a point at which they've used up the hydrogen that fuels thermonuclear fusion and therefore begin to dim.
		The new estimates were made as part of a larger effort to understand how the universe is structured, and they agree with an increasingly solid case suggesting that 95 percent of the universe is controlled by so-called dark energy.
		Dark energy is sometimes described as applying a negative pressure to the universe.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/age_universe_030103.html (521 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| Breaking News \| New lower limit for age of universe claimed
		Cosmologists from Case Western Reserve University and Dartmouth College have continued efforts to refine the age of the universe by using new information from a variety of sources to calculate a new lower age limit that is 1.2 billion years higher than previous age limits.
		Dating the age of the universe has evolved since 1929 when Edwin Hubble's discovery that the universe is expanding suggestedbased on his earliest measurements that the universe was only 1.5 billion years old.
		The new comparison of the lower limit on the age of the oldest stars in our galaxy with the upper limit on the age of the universe itself, determined by refined measurements of the expansion rate produces independent evidence for dark energy, said Krauss.
	spaceflightnow.com /news/n0301/06universeage (987 words)

	The Age Of The Universe
		The hot dense phase is generally regarded as the beginning of the universe, and the time since the beginning is, by definition, the age of the universe.
		When applied to the universe, assuming the Cosmological Principle (the universe is uniform and isotropic on very large scales), the theory provides a relationship between the mass density and the age of the universe.
		However, it could be that the ages of the oldest stars are too high, or that the assumptions of the inflationary model are wrong, or the measurement of Hubble's constant is in error.
	www.physics.fsu.edu /Courses/Spring98/AST3033/Universe/age.htm (1675 words)

	IPS Official Statement on the Ancient Age of the Earth and Universe
		The age of the Earth is measured by studies of radioactive elements.
		It is somewhat like estimating the age of a person by looking at features of his or her face and knowing how our faces change as we age.
		A third reason why these ages, and other scientific paradigms such as Einstein's theory of relativity, are so widely accepted is that by the nature of its acquisition--through independent lines of evidence and always subject to scrutiny--scientific evidence is built up only very slowly, one step at a time.
	www.ips-planetarium.org /pubs/age-of-universe.html (1058 words)

	WMAP Cosmology 101: Age of the Universe
		Astronomers estimate the age of the universe in two ways: 1) by looking for the oldest stars; and 2) by measuring the rate of expansion of the universe and extrapolating back to the Big Bang; just as crime detectives can trace the origin of a bullet from the holes in a wall.
		Presumably, the universe itself is at least as old as the oldest globular clusters that reside in it.
		An alternative approach to estimating is the age of the universe is to measure the “Hubble constant”.
	map.gsfc.nasa.gov /m_uni/uni_101age.html (1034 words)

	Gerald Schroeder - Articles - The Age of the Universe
		Since the universe is some 78% hydrogen atoms, and has been so since quark confinement (changes since then have been minuscule), that is the only logical moment to choose from which Torah views those evocative six 24 hour days.
		One of the most obvious perceived contradictions between Torah and science is the age of the universe.
		Essentially the estimate of the age of the universe.
	www.geraldschroeder.com /age.html (5474 words)

	Age of the universe - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The problem of determining the age of the universe is closely tied to the problem of determining the values of the cosmological parameters.
		This is significant, since before the cosmological constant became generally accepted, the Big Bang model had difficulty explaining why globular clusters in the Milky Way appeared to be far older than the age of the universe as calculated from the Hubble parameter and a matter-only universe [4] [5].
		Introducing the cosmological constant allows the universe to be older than these clusters, as well as explaining other features that the matter-only cosmological model could not [6].
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Age_of_the_universe (1491 words)

	HubbleSite - NewsCenter - Hubble Uncovers Oldest "Clocks" in Space to Read Age of Universe (04/24/2002) - Introduction
		Because earlier Hubble observations show that the first stars formed less than 1 billion years after the universe's birth in the big bang, finding the oldest stars puts astronomers well within arm's reach of calculating the absolute age of the universe.
		Knowing the universe's age could help astronomers in that quest, especially in understanding the evolution of our galaxy and solar system.
		Though previous Hubble research sets the age of the universe at 13 to 14 billion years based on the rate of expansion of space, the universe's birthday is such a fundamental and profound value that astronomers have long sought other age-dating techniques to cross-check their conclusions.
	hubblesite.org /newscenter/archive/releases/2002/10 (672 words)

	Universe - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In strictly physical terms, the total universe is the summation of all matter that exists and the space in which all events occur or could occur.
		Because cosmic inflation removes vast parts of the total universe from our observable horizon, most cosmologists accept that it is impossible to observe the whole continuum and may use the expression our universe, referring to only that which is knowable by human beings in particular.
		In cosmological terms, the universe is thought to be a finite or infinite space-time continuum in which all matter and energy exist.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Universe (1786 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| Breaking News \| Hubble reads age of universe
		In 1928, Edwin Hubble's measurements of galaxies made him realize that the universe was uniformly expanding, which meant the universe had a finite age that could be estimated by mathematically "running the expansion backward." Edwin Hubble first estimated the universe was only 2 billion years old.
		Estimates of the ages of the oldest normal "main-sequence" stars were at odds with the lower value, since stars could not be older than the universe itself.
		Globular clusters are among the oldest clusters of stars in the universe.
	spaceflightnow.com /news/n0204/24hubbleage (1632 words)

	Age of Universe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		We said earlier that main sequence stars are stars in the first age of their evolution that are composed of hydrogen and helium roughly in the mass ratio of 74:26 at the start of their lives.
		And, of course any red giant of around a solar mass anywhere in the universe puts a lower age on the universe of 10 billion years as that is the length of time a solar mass star takes to reach red giant stage and such stars are, indeed, known.
		All of this is consistent with the latest estimate of the age of the universe derived from measurements of the anisotropies in the Cosmic Microwave Background of 13.7 billion years.
	www.evolutionpages.com /age_universe_astro.htm (3303 words)

	A new look at the age of the universe
		The Universe is filled with conglomerations of galaxies called clusters that are millions of light years across, consisting of hundreds or thousands of galaxies held together by gravity.
		To measure the age of the Universe by means of the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect, it is necessary to have high-quality X-ray observations of a cluster's atmosphere and corresponding radio images of the CMBR in the direction of the cluster.
		The reciprocal of the Hubble Constant (i.e., "1" divided by "H") is the approximate age of the universe.
	science.nasa.gov /newhome/headlines/ast22feb99_1.htm (2256 words)

	The Size and Age of the Universe - Introduction
		They estimate the age of the Universe in two ways: (a) by looking for the oldest stars; and (b) by measuring the rate of expansion of the Universe and extrapolating back to the Big Bang.
		This extrapolation depends upon the current density of the Universe and on the composition of the Universe.
		If the Universe is flat and composed mostly of matter, then the age of the Universe is 2/(3 H
	imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov /docs/science/mysteries_l1/age.html (817 words)

	Astronomers calculate age of the universe
		If the entire universe is 12 billion years old, our area of the cosmos is young by comparison.
		The Hubble Team worked under the premise that the key to determining the age of the universe was to calculate an accurate value for the Hubble Constant -- the rate at which the universe has been expanding since the Big Bang.
		And that means the Universe was born 12 billion years ago.
	www.indiana.edu /~geol105/images/gaia_chapter_1/age_of_universe1.htm (593 words)

	SPACE.com -- 'Astounding' Findings Pin Down Age of Universe, Birth of First Stars
		Astronomers announced today a slew of remarkable findings about the early cosmos, including a firm determination of the age of the universe and the discovery of when the first stars were born.
		Further, the study finds that early universe was 4 percent real matter in the form of atoms, about 23 percent unseen dark matter, and about 73 percent dark energy, a totally unknown and exotic force that causes the universe to accelerate at an ever-faster pace.
		Princeton University's David Spergel, co-investigator for MAP, said the new findings result from using the MAP data and running them against millions of computer simulations to look for matches of what the composition and geometry of the young cosmos must have been like.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/map_discovery_030211.html (1617 words)

	Age of the Universe
		In plain language, if the universe is not expanding, we cannot apply the redshift technique to measure distance, speed or time (age of the universe is calculated using v = H(o) r; v = velocity, r = distance from earth).
		Cowen then explains that the discrepancy between Tanvir's estimate on the universe's age and the age of the old white dwarfs suggests that astronomers have come to a crossroads.
		Persistent belief among astronomers that the universe cannot be less than 15 billion years is due to the mistakenly assumed age of white dwarfs based on the current theory of stellar evolution.
	www.ldolphin.org /univ-age.html (2692 words)

	Uranium reveals the age of the universe (February 2001) - News - PhysicsWeb (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Roger Cayrel of the Observatoire de Paris-Meudon, France, and colleagues have used a kind of 'stellar carbon dating' to estimate the age of the star - and therefore the minimum age of the universe.
		The possible range of ages for the universe will also narrow as we learn more about the ratios in which elements are created in stars.
		Other methods of dating the universe - such as measuring how quickly galaxies recede from us - are less reliable because they are based on untested assumptions about the evolution of the universe.
	physicsweb.org /article/news/5/2/5 (590 words)

	Physics 110 Universe Age and Size
		In the current, best model for the universe, the universe was created in the Big Bang event 12 to 15 billion years ago.
		The universe is so old that all of recorded human history occupies only the last 13 seconds or so of the year.
		Strange as it may seem, the universe could be finite, a finite universe would not have to have any edges or an end, it could 'wraparound'.
	www.cs.csubak.edu /Physics/phys110/UniverseScale.html (1035 words)

	The age of the universe -- Spergel et al. 94 (13): 6579 -- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
		are vital to determining the expansion rate and age of the universe.
		Here, we optimistically set the age of the universe equal to the age of the oldest stars, clearly an underestimate.
		The determination of the age of the universe from the Hubble constant depends on the total density and on the composition
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/94/13/6579 (4427 words)

	Hubble Measures the Expanding Universe
		Combining Hubble's constant measurement with estimates for the density of the universe, the team determined that the universe is approximately 12 billion years old -- similar to the oldest stars.
		Alternatively, the universe is pervaded by a mysterious 'dark force' pushing the galaxies farther apart, in which case the Hubble measurements point to an even older universe.
		The universe's age is calculated using the expansion rate from precise distance measurements, and the calculated age is refined based on whether the universe appears to be accelerating or decelerating, given the amount of matter observed in space.
	science.nasa.gov /newhome/headlines/ast25may99_1.htm (1035 words)

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