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Learn more about Economics in the online encyclopedia.   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05) Economics may in principle be applied to any problem that involves choice under scarcity; this includes such diverse topics as the governance of production, distribution of wealth as well as the various related problems of finance, taxation, labour, law, poverty, pollution etc. Despite the extreme controversy surrounding larger economic issues, there is significant agreement among mainstream economists on the fundamentals of the subject, especially as reflected in microeconomics as opposed to macroeconomics. This is viewed as a failure to respect economics by libertarians, and viewed as a failure of economics to respect society by socialists. www.onlineencyclopedia.org /e/ec/economics_1.html   (1841 words)

CONK! Encyclopedia: Economics   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05) Central to economics is the concept that choices must be made when a particular resource or good becomes scarce, that is, insufficient to satisfy all of the participants in the economy. Economics is said to be positive when it attempts to explain the consequences of different choices given a set of assumptions or a set of observations, and normative when it prescribes that a certain action should be taken. Economics may in principle be (and increasingly is) applied to any problem that involves choice under scarcity or determining economic value. www.conk.com /search/encyclopedia.cgi?q=Economics   (3802 words)

SICE/TRADE UNIT - Competition Policy: Inventory of Domestic Laws & Regulations - Panama   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05) Economic combinations are prohibited which have or may have the effect of diminishing, restricting, harming or unreasonably impeding free economic competition and free competition with respect to equivalent, similar or substantially related goods or services. Economic concentration shall be understood to mean a merger, takeover or any act whereby corporations, partnerships, shares, partners' shares, trust funds, establishments or assets in general are combined, by suppliers, customers or other economic agents who compete with one another. Economic concentrations are prohibited which have or may have the effect of diminishing, restricting, harming or unreasonably impeding free economic competition and free competition with respect to equivalent, similar or substantially related goods or services. www.sice.oas.org /cp_comp/english/dlr2/ldr2PANe.asp   (3330 words)

reg   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05) Two or several economic agents who are minor shareholders in another economic agent can obtain the joint control even if they have no special voting rights, when they establish and apply together, through a legal or de facto agreement, the means of controlling the economic agent going to be purchased. Economic agents, which exchange elements from their own asset-ownership are considered economic agents involved in the exchange of assets. The economic agents involved are the economic agent that is to be acquired and the individual acquirer (the turnover of the economic agent/economic agents controlled by this natural person must be included when calculating the turnover). www.aneir-cpce.ro /chapter5/laws/reg.htm   (12954 words)

ECONOMIC THEORY, ANTICIPATORY SYSTEMS AND ARTIFICIAL ADAPTATIVE AGENTS   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05) Economic systems can be considered as evolving complex systems where economic agents rationally perform actions in order to reach a better degree of satisfaction. Therefore, consistent models for the economic agents’ behavior have to consider two aspects: the uncertainty related to the environment and the limitations of the agents rationality. Our artificial economic agents have limited memory capacity to retain all its observations of the past and all its rules that allow to form expectations about the future; furthermore, they will evaluate all the time of their artificial life (this means, the whole time of simulation). www.beje.decon.ufpe.br /rivero/rivero.htm   (3553 words)

[No title]   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05) During this period, 306 cases were initiated, including 130 cases related to the undue barriers to activities of economic agents on the part of executive authorities, and 47 cases in connection with the unwarranted granting of incentives to individual economic agents. If there are administrative barriers, an economic agent, even though it may have been created and operates in full compliance with the legislation, is not entitled to entrepreneurial activities in the chosen area. As a rule, these instructions not only limit the decision-making capacity of economic agents and the freedom of their business activities, but also create favorable conditions for those economic agents to whom commodities are to be delivered or with whom contracts are to be signed. www.nobribes.org /Documents/Russia.doc   (1578 words)

Law on Competition (1996)   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05) Economic concentrations that exceeds the level provided at art.15 are under control and have to be notified to the Council of Competition. Economic concentration that are done through an agreement, must be notified by each of interested parts ; in the other cases, the notify must be submitted by that economic agent that initiated the concentration. The authorisation duty for economic concentration is levied at 0.1% from the cumulative turnover of the authorised economic concentration beneficiaries and is computed based on the turnover produced in the fiscal year prior to the authorisation of the economic concentration, determined according to the regulations of the Council of Competition. www.cefta.org /memberstates/romania/rolegis/competitionact.htm   (7932 words)

Chapter IV details topics indicated in the Federal Law. Also it identifies the concentrations that shall not be ...   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05) The identification of the economic agents referred to in Article 18, section II, of the Law shall refer at least to the principal economic agents which together supply the relevant market. The Commission may require information from other economic agents related with the concentration, without it being construed thereby that the said agents are accorded the nature of party to the concentration procedure. Transactions in which an economic agent has had in property or possession, directly or indirectly, over a period of at least three years, 98% of the shares or partner’s capital contribution within itself or the economic agents involved in the transaction. www.cfc.gob.mx /cfc99i/code_of_regulations.htm   (1368 words)

REA Economic Agents as Homines Economici in an Agent-Oriented Information Systems Environment In REA, economic agents are assumed to be homines economici, that is rational parties who engage in arms-length commerce with the specific objective of maximizing utility. For a traditional information system, these REA economic agents are representation artifacts (like tuples in a relational database) that model retrospectively the actual behavior of real world parties. This speech will overview current REA research that seeks to build information system prototypes with intelligent software agents that act as homines economici, both in the way their assumptions, goals, and plans are modeled and in the way in which they act on those modeled components as parties in e-commerce. www.aois.org /2000/McCarthy-abstract.html   (317 words)

ECCA 260a - The Methods of Economic History: Data and Models Reading: Rosenberg and Birdzell is an analysis of the interaction of institutions and economic agents to explain how institutions in Europe, and by extension, North America evolved to become so successful at generating wealth (growth). More formal attempts have been to assume that economic growth was somewhat greater in the colonies than in England, and then to set an upper bound on its rate of increase. Assess debate that economic hardships imposed by the "Navigation Acts" caused colonists in 12 colonies to rebel and withdraw from Empire. www.trentu.ca /economics/260/260_LecIntro.html   (2235 words)

Internet Public Library: Economics This site is a general information economics site with papers and lecture notes concerning the many practical issues that confront the information economy such as information bundling and pricing. This site is a collection of information on economic issues of networks, such as the telephone and fax communications networks, the Internet, financial exchange and credit card networks, as well as on "virtual networks," such as the virtual network of all Windows or all Mac computers. This site investigates the economic possibilities of the internet in the coming years in which billions of economically-motivated software agents find and process information and disseminate it to humans and, increasingly, to other agents. www.ipl.org /div/subject/browse/bus28.00.00   (3793 words)

Economic Theory, Anticipatory Systems and Artificial Adaptive Agents   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05) These agents are heterogeneous, autonomous, adaptive and anticipatory. The choice of this kind of system is based on its suitability to the definition of the anticipatory model. We can see that the structure of a classifier is a proper implementation to the anticipatory agent model. www.beje.decon.ufpe.br /number2/rivero.html   (3051 words)

[No title]   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05) From economics we adopt the goal of designing auctions and other mechanisms that support particular allocative objectives. Both economics and AI (in particular multi-agent systems) also study the emergent behavior of the collective. Specifically, we solicit papers dealing with, but not limited to, the following: agent technology applicable to the design of economic mechanisms; economic modeling of agent-based systems; economic theory that facilitates agent implementation; empirical evaluations of economically-motivated agents or economic mechanisms; position statements about the application of economics in artificial intelligence. www.cs.brown.edu /people/amygreen/workshop.html   (162 words)

Christian Zimmermann's RBC Bibliography Online Center for Research on Economic Fluctuations and Employment, University of Quebec at Montreal, dated in July 1996 and authored by Within this theory, economic agents are subject to various type of shocks and take optimal decisions in a dynamic environment. Kydland and E. Prescott, "The workweek of capital and its cyclical implications," Journal of Monetary Economics, vol. ideas.repec.org /zimm/papers/rbcbib.html   (11541 words)

Evolutionary Economic Agents - Nolan, Wilkiewicz, Dasgupta, Franklin (ResearchIndex)   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05) Evolutionary Economic Agents - Nolan, Wilkiewicz, Dasgupta, Franklin (ResearchIndex) Abstract: An empirical work is described which compares the optimization levels produced by a group of economic agents versus those of a similar group of economic agents which additionally employ a genetic algorithm (GA) to attain a higher level of optimization. Nolan, J. Wilkiewicz, D. Dasgupta, S. Franklin (1999), Evolutionary Economic Agents, Proceedings of the sixteenth national conference on artificial intelligence and eleventh innovation applications of AI conference, American Association for Artificial Intelligence, Menlo Park, CA, USA, pages 38-43 http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/nolan99evolutionary.html More citeseer.ist.psu.edu /nolan99evolutionary.html   (419 words)

Software agents and the route to the information economy -- Kephart 99 (Supplement 3): 7207 -- Proceedings of the ... agents with making economic decisions on their behalf. Agent strategies were based on two CDA strategies that had been Trades between two agents are shown with open circles, between two humans with open squares, and between an agent and a human with solid circles. www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/99/suppl_3/7207   (5866 words)

WEHIA 2005 - 10th Annual Workshop on Economic Heterogeneous Interacting Agents at the Centre for Computational Finance ... WEHIA 2005 - 10th Annual Workshop on Economic Heterogeneous Interacting Agents at the Centre for Computational Finance and Economic Agents (CCFEA), University of Essex, UK. Anniversary of WEHIA, the pre-eminent international Interacting and Evolving Economic Agents Conference, will be hosted by the Centre for Computational Finance and Economic Agents (CCFEA) at the University of Essex, UK. anniversary WEHIA papers will be published in a specially edited book entitled "Interacting and Evolving Economic Agents: Ten Years On". www.essex.ac.uk /wehia05   (319 words)

Professor Edward Tsang, Centre for Computational Finance and Economic Agents (CCFEA), University of Essex - June 25, ... Professor Edward Tsang, Centre for Computational Finance and Economic Agents (CCFEA), University of Essex - June 25, 2004 He has broad interest in applied artificial intelligence, especially constraint satisfaction, scheduling, computational finance and evolutionary computation. He is the Deputy Director of Centre for Computational Finance and Economic Agents (CCFEA), a multi-disciplinary centre at University of Essex. www.cs.sfu.ca /SeminarsAndEvents/2004-06-18-01.html   (178 words)

Glossary of Terms: Mi Contrariwise, the ever intricate theories of microeconomics led to intractable complexities as soon as it was attempted to draw macro-conclusions from the analyses. Keynesian macroeconomics, which focussed on fiscal methods of economic regulation, was thrown into disrepute in the wake of the break-down of the Bretton Wood arrangements in 1968-73 and capitalist governments embraced its opposite, monetarism. The failure of monetarism to extricate the major western capitalist economies from Stagflation, and then the stock market crash of October 1987 forced the bourgeoisie to look elsewhere. www.marx.org /glossary/terms/m/i.htm   (1045 words)

Jeffrey K. MacKie-Mason: Resume   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05) Co-Chair, Economics of Cyberinfrastructure, NSF Workshop on Cyberinfrastructure and Social Sciences, Airlie House, Virginia, March 2005. MacKie-Mason, Jeffrey K. "Economic Incentives", in The Marshall Cavendish Encyclopedia of the Environment, Marshall Cavendish, Tarrytown, NY, 2000. MacKie-Mason, Jeffrey K., "Using Economic Incentives for Environmental Policy," in The Encyclopedia of the Environment, R. Eblen and W. Eblen, eds. www-personal.umich.edu /~jmm/resume.html   (3068 words)

Shopbots as Economic Agents Next: Related Work Up: Shopbot Economics Previous: Lower limit on A truly unique aspect of shopbots is that they possess the (as yet unrealized) potential to act as economic agents themselves -- that is, they could charge buyers directly for providing a pricing information service. Thus, search costs need not be merely an exogenously determined constant -- they could be set strategically by shopbots in an effort to maximize their own profits. www.research.ibm.com /infoecon/paps/html/aama00/node9.html   (1827 words)

Fundamental Research on Economic Agents and on Evolutionary Algorithms   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05) Fundamental Research on Economic Agents and on Evolutionary Algorithms Title of the page: Fundamental Research on Economic Agents and on Evolutionary Algorithms Project name: Fundamental Research on Economic Agents and on Evolutionary Algorithms (FREA) db.cwi.nl /projecten/project.php4?prjnr=169   (43 words)

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