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	Part IV - The Middle Ages: Lesson No. 20 - The Political Papacy
		The seeds for this transition in the nature of the papacy had been sown earlier in the form of territorial grants to the popes in virtual exchange for papal recognition of the status of temporal rulers.
		It was decreed that the election of the popes would be primarily in the hands of the cardinals who would reach their decision after consultation with the clergy and people.
		Finally, a compromise was reached between Henry V and Pope Calixtus II in the Concordat of Worms in 1122.
	www.bible.ca /history/eubanks/history-eubanks-20.htm (939 words)

	History of the Popes
		For the early popes the main written source is the "Liber Pontificalis." This account of the lives of the popes was begun probably early in the sixth century while the Ostrogoths ruled Italy.
		Pope Sylvester sent two legates to represent him Vitus and Vincentius, and it seems that it was the Pope who suggested the term consubstantial to describe the relation of Christ's nature to the Father.
		The pallium is a vestment of white wool which a pope wears as a symbol of the fullness of his apostolic power and an archbishop wears as a symbol of his participation in that power.
	www.geocities.com /gvwrite/popes.htm (22170 words)

	President's Statement on the Death of Pope John Paul II
		Pope John Paul II left the throne of St. Peter in the same way he ascended to it -- as a witness to the dignity of human life.
		And during the Pope's final years, his witness was made even more powerful by his daily courage in the face of illness and great suffering.
		Pope John Paul II was, himself, an inspiration to millions of Americans, and to so many more throughout the world.
	www.whitehouse.gov /news/releases/2005/04/20050402-4.html (310 words)

	Imperial Popes
		Pope Gregory VII reigned from 1073 to 1085.
		Pope Gregory VII declared that the Pope has the right to depose kings and emperors, to make laws, and to require secular rulers to kiss his feet.
		Pope Boniface VIII reigned from 1294 to 1303.
	www.catholicconcerns.com /Imperial.html (2719 words)

	Pope Benedict IX Information
		The son of Alberic III, Count of Tusculum, Benedict IX was the nephew of Pope Benedict VIII (1012–24) and Pope John XIX (1024–32).
		In September 1044 he was forced from the city again and replaced by Pope Silvester III (1045), who is sometimes considered an antipope, though generally Benedict's abdication for a financial reward is recognized as valid.
		Pope Leo IX (1049–54) may have lifted the ban on him.
	www.bookrags.com /Pope_Benedict_IX (622 words)

	The Norton Anthology of English Literature: The Middle Ages: Topic 3: Explorations
		Pope Urban's speech at the Council of Clermont is a classic of political rhetoric.
		Compare the language and imagery the Pope employs to demonize the "accursed race" which occupies the Holy Land with Rabbi Eliezer bar Nathan's description of the atrocities committed by the crusaders.
		Pope Urban was the first of several popes to summon the Christian West to the Crusades.
	www.wwnorton.com /college/english/nael/middleages/topic_3/explorations.htm (1059 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Paypal
		In Roman Catholicism, the doctrine that the pope, acting as supreme teacher and under certain conditions, as when he speaks ex cathedra ('from the chair cannot err when he teaches in matters of faith or morals.
		He is pope by reason of being bishop of Rome and thus, according to Roman Catholic belief, successor in the see of Rome (the Holy See) to its first bishop, St. Peter.
		The pope therefore claims to be the shepherd of all Christians and...
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Paypal (867 words)

	Late Middle Ages - Avignonese Popes of the Schism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Robert of Geneva was the son of Count Amadeus III of Savoy.
		As pope, Clement made the decision to return to Avignon, where he created his own papal government, appointed cardinals and bishops, and so on.
		Pedro de Luna, from Aragon, was elected pope by the Avignon faction.
	history.boisestate.edu /hy309/papacy/schismpopes.html (298 words)

	Catholic Culture : Document Library : Popes Through the Ages
		The pontificate of this first third-century pope was to see a storm of heresy rage around the pontiff, who had to keep a firm hand on the tiller of Peter's bark.
		The next pope was to see the end of the long period of peace and the start of a most violent persecution, the persecution of Diocletian.
		After the death of Pope Zosimus, the Archdeacon Eulalius at the head of a mob of clerics and laymen seized the Lateran Basilica and prevented the rest of the priests from entering and holding the election of the pope according to custom.
	www.catholicculture.org /docs/doc_view.cfm?recnum=5823 (15974 words)

	News \| Gainesville.com \| The Gainesville Sun \| Gainesville, Fla. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		937 – May 14, 964), was Pope from 955 to 964, the son of Alberic II (932–954), whom he succeeded as Patrician of Rome in 954, at only eighteen years of age.
		As a temporal ruler, John XII was devoid of the vigour and firmness of his father, and his usage of the papal office, through his controversial private life, he is said to have made a byword of reproach with his civil dignities.
		Pope Benedict V (964–966) soon succeeded him but was successfully deposed by Leo VIII.
	www.gainesville.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Pope_John_XII (634 words)

	The Pope - History for Kids!
		In the later Roman Empire and the Middle Ages, the Pope was the leader of the Catholic Church.
		Pope means "father", as the Pope is the father of the Church family.
		Like other bishops, the Pope was chosen by a council of bishops from among the powerful men of the city, and once he had been chosen he would stay the Pope for the rest of his life.
	www.historyforkids.org /learn/religion/christians/pope.htm (781 words)

	Viterbo
		In a period in which the Popes had difficulties asserting their authority over Rome, Viterbo became their favourite residence, beginning with Pope Eugene III (1145-1146) who was besieged in vain in the city walls.
		In 1207, Pope Innocent III held a council in the cathedral, but the city was later excommunicated as favourite seat of the heretical Patari and even defeated by the Romans.
		Other popes elected in Viterbo were Gregory IX (1271) and John XXI (1276) (who died in the Papal Palace when the floor of his room crumbled down), Nicholas III and the French Martin IV.
	www.dejavu.org /cgi-bin/get.cgi?ver=93&url=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.gourt.com%2F%3Farticle%3DViterbo%26type%3Den (1445 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Sergius II
		Pope Sergius II Date of birth unknown; consecrated in 844, apparently in January; d.
		Educated in the schola cantorum, he was patronized by several popes, and was ordained Cardinal-priest of the Church of Sts.
		Hist.: Epp., V, 583; DUCHESNE, The Beginnings of the Temporal Sovereignty of the Popes (London, 1908), 138 sqq.; MANN, Lives of the Popes in the early Middle Ages, II (London, 1906), 232 sqq.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/13728c.htm (464 words)

	[No title]
		His title as pope exemplifies the decline in value of the Church in the early-medieval period.
		The majority of popes, mostly sons of powerful Roman families, are corrupt or incompetent.
		Pope Urban II calls the crusade to strengthen the Gregorian papacy by bringing the Greek Orthodox Church under papal authority and by humiliating the German emperor Henry IV who had forced Urban to flee Italy.
	eawc.evansville.edu /chronology/mepage.htm (6304 words)

	News \| Gainesville.com \| The Gainesville Sun \| Gainesville, Fla. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		While the term "Pope" (Latin: papa "father'") is used in several churches to denote their high spiritual leaders, this title in English usage generally refers to the supreme earthly head of the Roman Catholic Church.
		On that basis, the current Pope Benedict XVI would be the 267th pope.
		There has never been a pope John XX as a result of confusion of the numbering system in the 11th century.
	www.gainesville.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=List_of_popes (595 words)

	Prophecies of Bishops and Popes through the ages
		While on his way to the Vatican to assume the post of papal legate for Ireland, he fell into trance and saw a line of papal reigns stretching from the successor to Innocent II and extending through centuries to the last of the line, identified as Peter of Rome.
		The pope will change his residence and the Church will not be defended for twenty-five months or more because, during all that time there will be no Pope in Rome...
		The Pope is all alone; he is praying.
	www.crawford2000.co.uk /popes_proph.htm (5446 words)

	St. Gregory III
		When George returned from the East, the Pope was surprised to find that the timid legate had been afraid even to deliver the letters to the fierce Isaurian.
		The Emperor also transferred the Church in Calabria, Sicily, and Illyricum from the jurisdiction of the bishop of Rome as patriarch to the jurisdiction of the patriarch of Constantinople.
		The Pope granted the request of Egbert of York that he should be made archbishop, thus restoring to England the two metropolitan sees planned by Gregory the Great.
	www.ewtn.com /library/MARY/GREG3.htm (567 words)

	The Lies And Fallacies Of The Encyclopedia Britanica
		The notice of the Pope in the 11th edition adds that "his (the noble abductor) reputation suffered but a momentary eclipse," which is perfectly true, for the abducting family were high both in church and nobility and the Romans in large part supported them.
		The Pope -- his words are preserved -- dangled the loot of the highly civilized East before their eyes in summoning the first Crusade; and the story, almost from beginning to end, is a mixture of superstition, greed, and savagery.
		In 1309 the Pope was compelled, by his deal for the tiara with the French king, to put them on trial for corruption, and a great trial by the leading lawyers of France, four cardinals appointed by the Pope, and a number of French prelates was held at Paris.
	www.infidels.org /library/historical/joseph_mccabe/lies_of_britannica.html (17577 words)

	Late Middle Ages - Pisan Popes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Alexander VI Pietro Philargi, a Venetian, was elected by the Council of Pisa, taking the name Alexander VI, after having deposed both the Roman and the Avignonese popes.
		To the dismay of everyone, the other two popes refused to recognize their deposition or the validity of the council, and now Christendom had three popes.
		By March, formal proposals were put forward that all the popes should resign.
	history.boisestate.edu /hy309/papacy/pisanpopes.html (376 words)

	Part IV - The Middle Ages: Lesson No. 24 - The Decline of the Papacy
		Boniface VIII (1294-1303) was a pope who possessed conceptions and aspirations in regard to papal supremacy as lofty as any of his predecessors on the papal throne.
		Indeed, while the papal seat was in Avignon (1309-1377) all of the popes were Frenchmen, and the first Avignon pope catered to Philip, canceling his interdicts and excommunications and modifying the bull Unum sanctum.
		Not long after the return of the papal seat to Rome in 1377 the cardinals elected a pope whom they soon found to be much to their dislike.
	www.bible.ca /history/eubanks/history-eubanks-24.htm (1158 words)

	Medieval Studies - Christianbook.com
		She publicly preached monastic reform, founded two nunneries, and was embroiled in the politics surrounding popes and anti-popes.
		Under his reign, the marauders were quelled, a new age of learning came to England and through the influence of one of their own cheiftains, King Canute, many Vikings were converted to Christianity and to English laws and ways.
		Karen Armstrong enters the minds of kings and sultans, popes, saints, assassins, and simple pilgrims, skillfully presenting the Crusades from the perspective of all three traditions and with a view toward their profound and continuing influence.
	www.christianbook.com /Christian/Books/cms_content/305477990?page=57552&sp=1008&event=6857RNL\|1099739\|6857 (1212 words)

	Interesting Facts - The Middle Ages
		Relics of saints and holy people were so valued in the Middle Ages that when Elisabeth of Thuringia, a very holy woman, died in 1231, a crowd quickly dismembered her body for holy relics.
		In the Middle Ages, the skulls of saints were used as drinking cups on ceremonial occasions.
		Common in Europe and the British Isles during the Middle Ages and later even in the New World was the practice of trying and condemning animals for injuring or killing a human being.
	www.sentex.net /~ajy/facts/medievaleurope.html (1312 words)

	WebMuseum: La Renaissance
		Italian scholars and critics of this period proclaimed that their age had progressed beyond the barbarism of the past and had found its inspiration, and its closest parallel, in the civilizations of ancient Greece and Rome.
		The term Renaissance, describing the period of European history from the early 14th to the late 16th century, is derived from the French word for rebirth, and originally referred to the revival of the values and artistic styles of classical antiquity during that period, especially in Italy.
		The new age began in Padua and other urban communes of northern Italy in the 14th century, where lawyers and notaries imitated ancient Latin style and studied Roman archaeology.
	www.ibiblio.org /wm/paint/glo/renaissance (1448 words)

	List of 10 shortest-reigning popes - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		This is the list of 10 shortest-reigning popes.
		The number of calendar days includes part days, so if a pope died the day after he was consecrated, this would count as having reigned for two calendar days.
		After 1959, he was removed from the Vatican's official list of popes.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/l/i/s/List_of_10_shortest-reigning_popes.html (243 words)

	In Italy Online - The Basilica of Santa Maria Sopra Minerva
		Internecine battles and empty coffers forced the popes' flight to Avignon in 1308, and in Rome, anti-popes, false popes, and rival Roman families fought fiercely among themselves.
		From the time of the saint's canonization in 1461 until 1887, the popes honored her memory by making a commemorative procession to her tomb each year on the feast of the Annunciation.
		Two of the Renaissance's most powerful popes, Leo X (Giovanni de Medici, 1513-1521) and Clement VII (Giulio de Medici,1523-1534), are buried in the choir area behind the altar.
	www.initaly.com /regions/latium/church/smsm.htm (1301 words)

	Famous Hoaxes: Before 1700
		But if we take hoaxes to be any form of outrageous deception, then there was certainly plenty of that going on during the middle ages.
		However, while riding one day from St. Peter's to the Lateran, he had to stop by the side of the road and, to the astonishment of everyone, gave birth to a child.
		As Europe lost contact with the rest of the world during the dark ages, classical knowledge of the outside world receded, and what emerged in its place was a peculiar mixture of fact and fiction.
	www.museumofhoaxes.com /hoax/history/before_1700 (862 words)

	Party Till You Drop has everything from sex toys to cigarettes and outdoor raves to absinthe
		Jovinian in 385 A.D. was excommunicated by the Pope for arguing that marriage was superior to celibacy.
		Scandal-ridden popes reigned (e.g., pope of 904 A.D. practiced incest and was a lecher with children).
		Aging Pope Alexander VI had many teenage mistresses.
	www.party-till-you-drop.com (12759 words)

	List_of_10_longest-reigning_Popes
		Some non-Catholics dispute St. Peter being on this list (and the list of popes) at all, on the grounds that the papacy as we know it now did not exist until some centuries after Jesus' death.
		Catholics, on the other hand, consider St. Peter to necessarily be the first pope by virtue of his commission by Jesus and especially for being the first Bishop of Rome, regardless of whether he was generally known by, or personally claimed, that title.
		By Catholic understanding, all later popes reign by virtue of their succession to St. Peter in his office.
	www.yournursery.com /search.php?title=List_of_10_longest-reigning_Popes (401 words)

	Omnipelagos.com ~ article "List of popes"
		The pope also bears the spiritual titles Bishop of Rome, Vicar of Jesus Christ, Successor of St.
		Since 1929, the pope's temporal title has been Sovereign of the State of the Vatican City (the Holy See).
		Last non-Italian to be elected pope until John Paul II in 1978.
	www.omnipelagos.com /entry?n=list_of_popes (1007 words)

	Suchmaschine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		However, at least since the time when Pope Pius IX completed his twenty fifth year as Pope in 1871, thus surpassing the traditional figure for Peter's sojourn in Rome, Peter's term as Pope has been reckoned from the time that Catholics consider Jesus to have bestowed the office upon him.
		Originally, popes were styled "Vicar of Peter," before this was changed to "Vicar of Christ," which also seems to suggest that the pontiff is, by definition, a representative or successor of Peter.
		He is not recognized a valid pope, but was added to the lists of popes in the fifteenth century as Stephen II, causing difficulties in enumerating later popes named Stephen.
	www.dmoz.ch /lexikon.cgi?sprache=en&q=List_of_10_shortest-reigning_popes (902 words)

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