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Topic: Agonistic pluralism

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Chantal Mouffe

Ernesto Laclau

	Agonism - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		In the view of agonists, proponents of the aforementioned traditions, in keeping their eyes fixed on forms of utopian cooperation, have failed to respond usefully to the messiness of contemporary political practice.
		Marx would have agreed with the agonists that society had always been full of conflict, he wrote: 'The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles' [1].
		Chantal Mouffe says, 'I use the concept of agonistic pluralism to present a new way to think about democracy which is different from the traditional liberal conception of democracy as a negotiation among interests and is also different to the model which is currently being developed by people like Jurgen Habermas and John Rawls.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Agonistic_pluralism (1015 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Pluralism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In the social sciences, pluralism is a framework of interaction in which groups show sufficient respect and tolerance of each other, that they fruitfully coexist and interact without conflict or assimilation.
		Pluralism is arguably one of the most important features of modern societies and social groups, and may be a key factor of progress in science, society and economic development.
		Pluralism also implies the right of individuals to determine universal truths for themselves.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /topic/Pluralism.html (263 words)

	CM2006 Article: Tambakaki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Pluralism is taken seriously in her approach because the constructed character of citizenship ensures that both different articulations and plural interpretations of what it means to be a citizen are always possible.
		It follows that, if within the context of agonistic pluralism the objective is to transform the potential antagonism into agonism, by ‘providing channels through which collective passions will be given ways to express themselves’ (2000: 103), within the context of an interconnected world the objective is, or should be, to multiply passions.
		Secondly, an agonistic confrontation which is secured at a variety of levels, as we have endeavoured to show, provides us with an insight as to the task ahead: keeping the democratic contestation alive instead of resolving it by privileging consensual solutions, such as reinforcing the participatory rights of humanity.
	culturemachine.tees.ac.uk /Articles/tambakaki.htm (7139 words)

	Antagonismes. Casos d´estudi
		When the agonistic dynamic of the pluralist system is hindered because of a lack of democratic identities which one could identify, there is a risk that this will multiply confrontations over essentialist identities and non-negotiable moral values.
		Such a pluralism is anchored in the recognition of the multiplicity within oneself and of the contradictory positions that this multiplicity entails.
		It is also a pluralism that valorizes diversity and dissensus, recognizing in them the very condition of possibility of a striving democratic life.
	www.macba.es /antagonismos/english/09_04.html (3300 words)

	Staff List: alphaSplit - The School of Politics and International Relations - The University of Nottingham (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The models of pluralism are distinguish respectively as ‘segmented’, ‘aggregative’, ‘procedural’ and ‘agonistic’ pluralism, and are evaluated in terms of their ontological assumptions about the nature of social and cultural groups, and the relationships between groups.
		The case is made for the preeminence of agonistic pluralism, because of its distinctive emphasis on the inessential and politically constructed nature of group identity.
		His research interests include the history of the concept of pluralism in twentieth century political theory, alternative conceptions of power, and the impact of post-structuralism on the discipline of politics and political theory.
	www.nottingham.ac.uk /politics/lookup/lookup_az.php?id=ODA0ODY2&page_var=personal (348 words)

	Value-Pluralism, Liberalism & Postliberalism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Over the past fifteen years, Gray has developed Berlin’s value-pluralism in relation to liberalism, to create a form of post-liberal political theory, in which the facilitation of difference among the world’s many diverse cultures, moralities, and political regimes, is considered essential.
		Agonistic liberalism is, thus, one in which practical and political negotiation is axiomatic.
		To Gray, Berlin’s agonistic liberalism involves a conscious recognition of the ‘objective fact’ of value-pluralism.
	www.allannoble.net /value-pluralism_liberalism_&_postliberalism6.htm (805 words)

	Value-Pluralism, Liberalism & Postliberalism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		By contrast, agonistic liberalism is a more practically-oriented, political liberalism, since it recognizes that “there can be no theory or principle which determines how these [incommensurable] conflicts are to be resolved.”
		While agonistic liberalism adds an element of complexity and pragmatism to liberalism, it still retains a strong preference (or a ‘groundless commitment’) for liberty among all values.
		In agonistic liberalism, and in liberalism, in general, individuals are always accorded a place of central significance.
	www.allannoble.net /value-pluralism_liberalism_&_postliberalism9.htm (819 words)

	Jouvert 6.3: Mohammed Ben Jelloun, "Agonistic Islam"
		In fact, is is basically agonistic as it objects to established views on international relations and, insofar as it draws on a larger, maybe world-wide, human tradition of inwards and outwards, intra-community and inter-community contest and competition, it recommends the self-overcoming ideal from pre-Socratic Greece to contemporary globalization society.
		Clearly, Zizek's sort of criticism is directed basically at liberal pluralism and liberal toleration, applying even reflexively to any leftist or working-class patronizing, for example, and to any cultural distance or rootlessness, should it be embodied in the best thinkable confederation of world socialist theocracies.
		Having said that, the question of whether "Agonistic Islam" is an Islam for the cultural Muslim primarily, not for the Muslim faithful, is, to say the least, an open one.
	social.chass.ncsu.edu /jouvert/v613/agon.htm (4826 words)

	Exchange with Tomaz Castello Branco on John Gray
		Berlin's value pluralism is inevitably relativistic, and his calling it "objective" is merely an assertion that doesn't really add up to a difference, especially when what "objective" is supposed to MEAN would depend on a fairly serious theory about the nature of value--the kind of theory Gray would regard as impossible.
		I have no doubt that respecting a considerable value pluralism in society is a good thing and that a nomocratic regime that, mostly, leaves people alone is morally superior to a teleocratic regime that specifies and engineers the kinds of values that people should have.
		Thinking that the existence of the pluralism as such itself implies that pluralism is good commits the fallacy of inferring an "ought" from an "is." And thinking that the pluralism exists BECAUSE it is good is both to beg the question and, again, to contradict the theory itself.
	www.friesian.com /branco.htm (2660 words)

	Hangwoo Lee
		Mouffe’s agonistic pluralism is based on the modern democratic ideal of pluralism where no hegemonic power secures its permanency and all the established hegemony is put under persistent contestations (Mouffe 1993).
		According to her, political antagonisms and conflicts cannot be resolved by rational agreement or mutual understanding but come to a partial and temporary closure by establishing a specific hegemony doomed to be challenged.
		Thus, in the agonistic model of democracy, differences and antagonisms should not be suppressed for a formation of consensus but encouraged for the expansion of democracy.
	conferences.aoir.org /viewabstract.php?id=533&cf=5 (564 words)

	The Research
		It is proposed here that disputes over windfarms represent an opportunity to explore the possibilities agonistic pluralism and to do so one has to begin with a deeper understanding of the discourses of objection to windfarm proposals.
		Given the given the tendency to dismiss opposition as NIMBYism on the one hand and frustration that objectors fail to engage with broader issues of sustainability on the other, it is suggested such research may provide a fertile basis for discursive engagement with the decision-making process and contribute transforming ‘enemies’ into ‘adversaries’ (Mouffe, 1999).
		The second, an evaluation of the potential use of the concept of agonistic pluralism to improve the delivery of planning policy.
	www.qub.ac.uk /research-centres/REDOWelcome/TheResearch (3097 words)

	Pluralism \| Pluralism Theory \| Pluralist Views \| Pluralism in Philosophy \| Questia.com Online Library
		Pluralism and the Politics of Difference: State, Culture, and Ethnicity in Comparative Perspective » Read Now
		...Plural values and conflicting values are often held to be conceptually problematic, threatening the very possibility of ethics, or at least of rational ethics.
		BY CHANTAL MOUFFE As testified by...model that I propose to call "agonistic pluralism." To be sure, the aim of the...
	www.questia.com /library/politics-and-government/political-science/pluralism.jsp (661 words)

	b o r d e r l a n d s e-journal
		As a plurality, Mouffe insists, democracy is necessarily agonistic, insofar as the sustaining of difference is the sustaining of dissension.
		In contrast to Rorty’s conception of democracy to come as the promotion of tolerance through the privileging of consensus and harmony (with plurality being quarantined to the private sphere), Mouffe argues that every truly democratic community requires that both pluralism and its character of conflict are recognised as constitutive of the public sphere.
		Although she contends that ethical approaches are not adequate by themselves to establish or sustain democracy or democratic pluralism, she does assert that it is the ‘never-ending interrogation of the political by the ethical’ that best informs democracy to come (140).
	www.borderlandsejournal.adelaide.edu.au /vol4no1_2005/mummery_rethinking.htm (6252 words)

	Amazon.com: "agonistic respect": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		I argue that agonistic respect (Connolly 1991), attempts at intersubjective understanding (Benhabib 1992; Habermas 1970a, 1970b; Honneth 1992), inclusive, open discourse free from domination and...
		What is useful in applying agonistic respect to politics is that we do not have to equate respect with "positive regard," or with problematic notions such as...
		In the theoretical realm, agonistic respect (Connolly 1991, 1995), attempts at intersubjective understanding (Benhabib 1992; Habermas 1970a, 1970b; Honneth 1992), and inclusive, open discourse free from...
	www.amazon.com /phrase/agonistic-respect (501 words)

	DARK MARKETS - INFOPOLITICS, ELECTRONIC MEDIA AND DEMOCRACY IN TIMES OF CRISIS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		As a consequence of this displacement of politics, morality has recently been promoted to the place of master narrative and it is rapidly becoming the only legitimate vocabulary, as instead of thinking in terms of right and left, we are now urged to think in terms of right and wrong.
		And this is why I will outline the main points of the conception of the agonistic approach which I am putting as an alternative to the deliberative one.
		Contrary to the model of 'deliberative democracy' the model of 'agonistic pluralism' that I am advocating asserts that the prime task of democratic politics is not to eliminate passions nor to relegate them to the private sphere in order to render rational consensus possible, but to mobilize those passions towards the promotion of democratic designs.
	darkmarkets.t0.or.at /materials/abstract_mouffe.htm (1688 words)

	Fathom :: The Source for Online Learning
		Second, those most invisible and unheard who should be first to offer the truth of their testimony are often, initially, not capable of speaking as they are locked into post-traumatic silence and even amnesia.
		And as Chantal Mouffe points out, for agonistic pluralism the prime task of democratic politics is not to eliminate passion from this sphere of the public in order to render a rational consensus possible, but to mobilize passion towards democratic designs.
		As Michel Foucault puts it in his work, Fearless Speech, which more appropriately should be translated "Fearless Speaking," parrhesia--speaking freely--is a verbal activity in which a speaker expresses her personal relationship to truth and risks her reputation, security, and even life because she recognizes truth-telling as a duty to help others, as well as herself.
	www.fathom.com /feature/190245/index.html (1865 words)

	German Law Journal - ESSAY: Postnationalism, (Dis)organised civil society and Democracy in the European Union: Is ...
		Whilst each originates from a distinct intellectual background, there is a startling convergence in their advocacy of pluralism ‘at all levels' of constitutional interpretation, formal and informal inclusion of marginalized voices and focus on decentralisation and an incremental program of mutual learning or mutual recognition in an open-ended constitutional dialogue.
		[36] It is questionable however, by embracing pluralism ‘at all levels' and rejecting in the case of agonistic democracy any definitive constitutional arrangement, and in the case of experimentalism any personification of political community, where the space is left for the substance of postnationalism in the EU.
		He notes that "if the image of the social remains law's familiar image of imperium, difficult questions present themselves as to how law's hierarchy of authority is to be understood, including the relationship between national and transnational legal authorities and law-creating agencies and their jurisdictions" (388).
	www.germanlawjournal.com /article.php?id=192 (6024 words)

	Hegel and Postmodern Discourse Theory by Geoff Boucher
		The promise of modernity is a democracy as an agonistic pluralism
		Within such an agonistic democratic society, enemies would not be destroyed, but turned into adversaries whose politics we might not agree with, but whose existence would be legitimate and should be tolerated.
		The limit for the agonistic inclusion of enemies as legitimate adversaries is, of course, those who apply anti-democratic means in their attack on the basic democratic values and procedures.
	home.mira.net /~deller/ethicalpolitics/geoff-boucher/2000/postmodernism.htm (4203 words)

	The TransAtlantic Assembly: 02/01/2005 - 03/01/2005 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		This is the essence of the agonistic democrats approach
		The more tolerant are we towards the intolerant and challengers of the system, the more liberal the system is. Balancing risk and a desire to protect the system can be conceived in terms of an artist walking on a tightrope.
		Agonistic democrats would tolerate proletarian expropriation as a form of civil dissobedience or at least their attitude towards this practice would be much more lenient.
	transatlanticassembly.blogspot.com /2005_02_01_archive.html (6165 words)

	MIT Architecture - 4.370 Subject Description Fall 03
		Developed in the context of recent events that bring into question the health and viability of democracy in the United States and abroad, this workshop will involve an examination of design as an interrogation and response to the nature of democracy, both theoretic and applied.
		The struggle for recovery (from trauma) and the airing of grievances has a greater chance of success when performed publicly as a testimony, even more so when directed as a social utterance to and on behalf of others.
		This workshop proposes to promote the potentially therapeutic aspects of design connected to agonistic democracy through the psychological development and post-traumatic reconstruction of memory and its public articulation beyond a private testimony.
	architecture.mit.edu /subjects/fa03/4370.html (650 words)

	agonistics: a language game
		Mouffe's alternative to a utopic, moral, deliberative democracy is -- what she calls -- an "agonistic pluralism" where agon is understood as the ancient Greek term denoting "A public celebration of games; a contest for the prize at those games; or, a verbal contest or dispute between two characters in a Greek play" (OED).
		Moreover, this reimagining of politics leans heavily on Friedrich Nietzsche's understanding of agonistics and ancient Greek philosophy.
		In some ways the current proposed work is a simplification of the Conversation Map: rather than an analysis of social and semantic networks, the current system will compute a combined sociolinguistic result in the form of clusters of players arranged according to their respective opinions about the themes of discussions.
	people.ucsc.edu /~wsack/Agonistics/proposal.html (1338 words)

	Deliberative democracy or agonistic pluralism? The relevance of the Habermas-Mouffe debate for third world ...
		Her "agonistic pluralism" accentuates ways for democratic politics to represent difference.
		After developing Habermas's views on "deliberative democracy" and Mouffe's counterproposals on "agonistic pluralism," I analyze the relevance of their debate to Third World politics in terms of both what they share and what sets them apart.
		It is such (quasi-) transcendence that gives consensual decisions their universal appeal, since all participants discover norms that are generalizable (or potentially generalizable) and accept them as universally binding.
	goliath.ecnext.com /coms2/summary_0199-886934_ITM (1529 words)

	Amazon.com: "agonistic pluralism": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		This is what she calls 'agonistic pluralism', and it works on the basis of 'con- frontation between democratic political positions' and 'real debate about possible alternatives'.4 The...
		Key learnings Freedom and agonistic pluralism I have come to appreciate the centrality of the idea of freedom in my life.
		It envisages a constant conflict of what Mouffe refers to as `agonistic pluralism' where antagonism is turned into consensus on basic democratic procedures and values while a certain amount of dissent is allowed...
	www.amazon.com /phrase/agonistic-pluralism (626 words)

	kctownsh
		In particular, a political programme could never simply represent the immediate interests of social groups -- 'it was inherently symbolic or metaphorical in its attempts to fix meanings' (271).
		As usual, 'the question is whether she offers efficient theoretical resources to support her plea for an "agonistic pluralism"' (281).
		Her insistence on pluralism also means she cannot simply support political movements that claim to be true, as do the new social movements, despite their potential to develop radical democracy.
	www.arasite.org /kctownsh.html (1659 words)

	polylog / themes / aspects / Chantal Mouffe: Wittgenstein, Political Theory and Democracy
		Indeed what it requires is envisaging a plurality of just answers to the question of what is the just political order.
		This means fostering the institutions that would allow for a plurality of ways in which the democratic rules can be followed.
		This type of "agonistic pluralism" is unthinkable within a rationalistic problematic because it, by necessity, tend to erase diversity.
	them.polylog.org /2/amc-en.htm (5474 words)

	Oxford Scholarship Online: Environmental Justice and the New Pluralism
		The acceptance of multiplicity as the precondition of political action is central to the new generation of theorists and activists that the author designates as ‘critical pluralists’.
		Solidarity (unity without uniformity) is complex in that it centres on the process of reconciling difference with the need for concerted political action.
		The author focuses on how the notion of unity suggested by Follett was discarded by the second generation of pluralism, but is now mirrored by numerous contemporary theorists, including Richard Rorty (1989), Donna Haraway (1991), and Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari (1987).
	www.oxfordscholarship.com /oso/public/content/politicalscience/0199256411/acprof-0199256411-chapter-4.html (411 words)

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