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	agrarian reform: History — FactMonster.com
		Agrarian reform has been a recurrent theme in history.
		The land reform issue was a major factor in the Gracchian
		Agrarian reforms began in Japan during the Meiji Restoration (1868–1912), when feudal fiefs and stipends were abolished.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/sci/A0856507.html (486 words)

	Agrarian Reform \| Land Reapportioning \| Farmland Redistribution \| Questia.com Online Library
		Traditionally, agrarian, or land, reform is confined to the redistribution of land; in a broader sense it includes related changes in agricultural institutions, including credit, taxation, rents, and cooperatives.
		The land reform issue was a major factor in the Gracchian agrarian laws.
		African agrarian reforms have included distribution of excess land (Algeria, 1971); nationalization of all land (Ethiopia, 1974); and abolition of all land titles to be replaced by rights of occupancy (Tanzania, Zambia and Nigeria).
	www.questia.com /library/politics-and-government/political-science/political-movements/agrarian-reform.jsp (0 words)

	foodfirst.org: Tides Shift on Agrarian Reform
		5 The redistribution of land through comprehensive agrarian reform is a basic prerequisite for the kind of inclusive, broad-based development that would allow nations to provide all of their citizens with a decent standard of living, and make possible more ecologically-sustainable management of natural resources.
		In such "reforms," there is also a very real likelihood that the parcels sold by landowners will be those which are in dispute, most likely from indigenous peoples' land claims, turning indigenous people into a second set of potential losers, and setting the poor against the poor.
		Finally, and perhaps most importantly, successful reforms are distinguished from failed ones by a motivation and perception that the new small family farms which are created are to be the centerpiece of economic development, as was the case in Japan, Taiwan, China, and Cuba.
	www.foodfirst.org /pubs/backgrdrs/2001/w01v7n1.html (0 words)

	Agrarian reform and the economics of modernisation - JAMAICAOBSERVER.COM
		Before the late 1960s, agrarian reform was regarded as the panacea to rectify more than 500 years of social and economic injustice across Latin America and the Caribbean.
		The first practical example of land reform occurred in Haiti, where the large sugar estates were destroyed during the revolution and the land distributed to small farmers after 1804.
		The National Institute of Agrarian Reform (INRA) initiated a programme that brought the vast majority of Cuban lands under the control and administration of the national government.
	www.jamaicaobserver.com /columns/html/20051129T200000-0500_93615_OBS_AGRARIAN_REFORM_AND_THE_ECONOMICS_OF_MODERNISATION.asp (0 words)

	Agrarian Reform
		For defending the introduction of Agrarian Reform in Brazil, 17 rural workers connected with the MST have been detained throughout Brazil.
		The detention of each of these workers represents the imprisonment of all the landless of Brazil, who are being treated as outlaws for struggling for land and against the latifundio (large landed estates).
		That same year, the local Agrarian Reform offered to conduct an investigation of land use to proceed with Jamau Paipai rights on the condition that the Paipai vacate Jamau.
	www.lycos.com /info/agrarian-reform.html (318 words)

	agrarian reform - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Traditionally, agrarian, or land, reform is confined to the redistribution of land; in a broader sense it includes related changes in agricultural institutions, including credit, taxation, rents, and cooperatives.
		Agrarian reforms began in Japan during the Meiji Restoration (1868-1912), when feudal fiefs and stipends were abolished.
		African agrarian reforms have included distribution of excess land (Algeria, 1971); nationalization of all land (Ethiopia, 1974); and abolition of all land titles to be replaced by rights of occupancy (Tanzania, Zambia and Nigeria).
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-agrarianr.html (1186 words)

	The Challenge of Agrarian Reform
		Agrarian reforms intended to ensure a more just division of land ownership and use have been implemented in many developing countries in recent decades, but have proved a deep disappointment, except in those few cases where they have fulfilled their aims.
		Agrarian reform not only helps to solve the problem of latifundia, but is also very valuable in supporting policies which ensure that the rights of indigenous populations are recognized and respected.
		Agrarian reform must, on the one hand, guarantee indigenous communities access to productive and social services that they judge suited to their social organization and their view of environmental issues, and, on the other hand, provide a fresh orientation for economic and social factors that can otherwise be drawbacks.
	www.ewtn.com /library/CURIA/PCJPAGRA.HTM (11341 words)

	The Vatican on Farm Subsidies and Agrarian Reform
		Land reform projects, however, "cannot be reduced simply to the repartition and assignment of land, but must be inserted in strategies of rural development that also provide the necessary investments in public and social-service infrastructures," the Vatican said in the position paper.
		The International Conference on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development, organized in Porto Alegre by FAO together with the Brazilian Government, is an opportunity for attentive reflection on the situation of the rural world and for formulating adequate responses to the concern for justice and the desire for development of those who live there.
		All agrarian reform in favour of indigenous communities needs not only to guarantee effective protection of their rights to the land, but also to promote truly integral development, avoiding any discrimination against them in comparison with other sectors of the population.
	www.ncrlc.com /AgrarianReformHOLY_SEE.html (1867 words)

	Iraq Land Tenure and Agrarian Reform
		Because the promise of land reform kindled part of the popular enthusiasm for the 1958 revolution and because the powerful landlords posed a potential threat to the new regime, agrarian reform was high on the agenda of the new government, which started the process of land reform within three months of taking power.
		Legislation in 1970 reduced the maximum size of holdings to between 10 and 150 hectares of irrigated land (depending on the type of land and crop) and to between 250 and 500 hectares of nonirrigated land.
		The original purpose of the land reform had been to break up the large estates and to establish many small owner-operated farms, but fragmentation of the farms made extensive mechanization and economies of scale difficult to achieve, despite the expansion of the cooperative system.
	www.country-studies.com /iraq/land-tenure-and-agrarian-reform.html (1180 words)

	agrarian reform. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		During the Middle Ages, demands for land reform triggered peasant rebellions, including the Peasants’ Revolt in England led by John Ball and Wat Tyler in 1381 and the German Peasants’ War of 1524–26.
		Agrarian reforms began in Japan during the Meiji Restoration (1868–1912), when feudal fiefs and stipends were abolished.
		Chile’s land reform (1970–73) was reversed when Socialist Salvador Allende was overthrown.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ag/agrarianr.html (747 words)

	El Salvador Agrarian Reform
		Peasant organizations were disorganized, mainly as a result of violent actions directed against their members by right-wing groups, and were unable to exert much influence on the junta government at the time of the original agrarian reform decree in 1980.
		The overall agrarian reform program was to be implemented in three phases, only the first of which achieved any effective results.
		Moreover, the involvement of army personnel in the implementation of agrarian reform led to an upsurge in combat between government and guerrilla forces in the countryside.
	www.country-studies.com /el-salvador/agrarian-reform.html (1177 words)

	Agrarian Reform in the DPRK
		The agrarian reform was a prerequisite to freeing the peasants from feudal exploitation, rapidly developing agricultural productive forces and achieving prosperity of national industries and the national economy as a whole.
		The agrarian reform was urgently required to do away with the economic foundation of the reactionary forces, including landlords in rural villages and powerfully rouse the peasants, the driving force of the revolution, to the building of new Korea.
		The policy was aimed at enforcing the agrarian reform on the principle of confiscation without compensation and distribution without charge and confiscating the land of the Japanese, pro-Japanese elements and traitors to the nation, the land of landlords who had more than five hectares of fields and the land rented out to others.
	www.fortunecity.com /meltingpot/champion/65/reform.htm (406 words)

	COMPREHENSIVE AGRARIAN REFORM LAW OF 1988 - CHAN ROBLES & ASSOCIATES LAW FIRM
		The agrarian reform program is founded on the right of farmers and regular farm workers, who are landless, to own directly or collectively the lands they till or, in the case of other farm workers, to receive a share of the fruits thereof.
		For this purpose, an Agrarian Reform Community shall be defined as a barangay or a cluster of barangays primarily composed and managed by Agrarian Reform Beneficiaries who shall be willing to be organized and undertake the integrated development of an area and/or their organizations/cooperatives.
		All officers and employees of the Secretariat shall be appointed by the Secretary of Agrarian Reform.
	members.tripod.com /chanrobles/legal4agrarianlaw.htm (9634 words)

	The Manila Times Internet Edition \| OPINION > Agrarian reform
		This is further worsened by the fact that agrarian reform in the country has basically been implemented by the central government, without any significant role given to the local governments.
		With regard to the new agrarian relationships that have emerged, particularly in the rice-growing areas, the new landowners, who were supposed to cultivate the land themselves, have really usually hired farm laborers for the purpose.
		It is clear, therefore, that agrarian reform is a major and complex undertaking that needs to be supported on many fronts—institutional, fiscal, infrastructural, etc. But it is a prerequisite for realizing a basically agricultural country’s aspirations to sustained economic development.
	www.manilatimes.net /national/2006/may/31/yehey/opinion/20060531opi4.html (0 words)

	SD: Institutions : Agrarian reform in the Philippines
		The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL or RA 6657) was passed in 1988 to change this situation.
		The government's slowness in land transfer activities is due to its lack of political will to implement agrarian reform, manifest in operational and legal bottlenecks and in blockades by big landowners who have seats in Congress and posts in the government bureaucracy.
		Agrarian reform requires a redistribution of political and economic power so that democratization, social justice and peace can be created.
	www.fao.org /sd/ltdirect/ltan0021.htm (0 words)

	The Voice of the Turtle
		Panels were deluged with tough and unflinching questions about agrarian reform from the peasant movements who have suffered at the hands of such programmes.
		The one-size-fits-all school of agrarian reform isn't one that Via Campesina are keen to replicate.
		The agrarian reform Via Campesina advocates isn't about reconstructing some past idealised rural existence -- in these rural idylls, women were uniformly exploited and no amount of nostalgia through the soft focus of "heritage" can alter that fact.
	voiceoftheturtle.org /show_article.php?aid=427 (2843 words)

	Agrarian Reform In Brazil
		Everything from agrarian reform to a new dictatorship leader, Brazil has come to agree with itself the problem that still haunts them today about the agrarian reform problem.
		Agrarian reform is a topic with much published literature.
		Fifteen sources might be enough to write a research paper on Agrarian reform, but for a true literature search the bibliography should be a list of all of the available literature.
	lilt.ilstu.edu /psanders/litsearch/agreform.htm (766 words)

	Tides Shift on Agrarian Reform: New Movements Show the Way
		The re-distribution of land through comprehensive agrarian reform is a basic prerequisite for the kind of inclusive, broadbased development that would allow nations to provide all of their citizens with a decent standard of living, and make possible more ecologically-sustainable management of natural resources.
		In contrast, when 'reforms' gave only poor quality land to poor families and failed to support them with favorable polices, credits, and access to markets, or failed to alter the rural power structures that work against the poor, land reform failed.
		The often tragic outcome of failed reforms was to condemn the 'beneficiaries' to even worse poverty, as they frequently assumed heavy debts to pay for the poor quality land they received, in remote locations without credit or access to markets, and in policy environments hostile to small farmers.
	www.thirdworldtraveler.com /Reforming_System/Agrarian_Reform.html (3692 words)

	Agrarian reform and rural transformation (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Agrarian Reform implies restructuring the ownership, use and control over all means of production including lands.
		The main objective of agrarian reform is to enhance productivity ensuring equity and social justice with a view to ensure economic development.
		Agrarian reform mayor may not include the concept of land reform.
	nation.ittefaq.com /artman/publish/article_31134.shtml (1731 words)

	Choike - International conference on agrarian reform and rural development
		The International Conference on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development (ICARRD) in Porto Alegre, Brazil is organized jointly by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the Government of Brazil.
		The civil society Forum was held parallel to the March 7-10 second International Conference on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development, organised by the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) in Porto Alegre, Brazil.
		What agrarian reform means has been at the center of debate at the FAO International Conference on Agrarian Reform and Rural Development in Porto Alegre.
	www.choike.org /nuevo_eng/eventos/27.html (289 words)

	Choike - World Forum on Agrarian Reform
		Delegates from 70 countries participated in the World Forum on Agrarian Reform (WFAR), which took place in Valencia, Spain, from 5 to 8 December 2004.
		A final declaration was released under the title Agrarian Reform and Access to Natural Resources: A Peoples’ Demand (doc version).
		After identifying the historical and contemporary roots of the agrarian crisis, participants of the Forum crafted alternative strategies for agrarian reform based on peoples’ struggles and the principles of human rights and peoples’ food sovereignty (doc version).
	www.choike.org /nuevo_eng/eventos/7.html (190 words)

	Iraq - Impact of Agrarian Reform
		The impact of the reforms on the lives of the rural masses can only be surmised on the basis of uncertain official statistics and rare observations and reports by outsiders, such as officials of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO).
		Political instability throughout the 1960s hindered the implementation of the agrarian reform program, but after seizing power in 1968 the Baath regime made a considerable effort to reactivate it.
		Given the experience of similar efforts in other countries, foreign observers surmised that a new stratification has emerged in the countryside, characterized by the rise of middle-level peasants who, directly or through their leadership in the cooperatives, control much of the agricultural machinery and its use.
	www.countrystudies.us /iraq/41.htm (785 words)

	Mexico Law Agrarian
		The Federal Ministry of the Agrarian Reform was long ago created to regulate the vast parcels of land that were acquired by the government after the revolution and to care that the feudal system could not come back into power.
		The Federal Agrarian Legislation created a Federal National Agrarian Registry, wherein all acts regarding the disposition, use and modification (of the disposition and use) of land under the agrarian control, as well as the creation of agrarian programs, "ejidos", colonias and similar are all registered therein.
		The present day Agrarian Law (February 26, 1992) foresees, in its transitory article 8th (at the end of the law), the ability of the "ejido" to decide not to continue to be an "ejido" by choosing a dis-incorporation process.
	www.mexicolaw.com /LawInfo02.htm (969 words)

	The World Bank Undermines Agrarian Reform in Brazil
		They argue that land reform has not been successful in any country to date, and that a different model is needed.
		Not only does the IMF fail to collaborate with agrarian reform in Brazil, it actually drives the Brazilian government to reduce its allocation to social programs to combat poverty.
		We are demanding changes not only in the official agrarian policies, but also in the overall economic policy that generates more poverty in our country.
	isla.igc.org /Features/Brazil/braz2.html (1138 words)

	ZNet \| Brazil \| Agrarian Reform in Brazil
		On the other hand, public funds should be concentrated in areas that improve the conditions of life for the people and activate the economy, such as agrarian reform and family farming, education, and health care.
		Stedile - Between the alternatives that we have in searching for a policy of full employment, which is urgently needed, agrarian reforms is the cheapest, quickest, and can reach the population that is the poorest and least provided-for.
		Not all of the ministers are in agreement, for example, with agrarian reform in the form upheld by the MST.
	www.zmag.org /content/print_article.cfm?itemID=5116§ionID=48 (0 words)

	Eldis - Display
		It examines in particular the question of what contribution land and agrarian reform can make to reducing inequality and addressing the structural nature of rural poverty in post-apartheid South Africa.
		It suggests that the problem needs to be conceptualised in terms of an ‘agrarian question of the dispossessed’, that can only be resolved through a wide-ranging agrarian reform.
		The chapter suggests five core propositions as a possible basis for rethinking land and agrarian reform policies and programmes.
	www.eldis.org /static/DOC18810.htm (483 words)

	Focus on the Global South - "IF LULA DOES NOT CARRY OUT AGRARIAN REFORM, IT WOULD BE DEMORALIZING" (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Stedile - Between the alternatives that we have in searching for a policy of full employment, which is urgently needed, agrarian reforms is the cheapest, quickest, and can reach the population that is the poorest and least provided-for.
		Stedile - The reaction of the owners of the latifundios against reform is a class position, not a position of the party.
		Not all of the ministers are in agreement, for example, with agrarian reform in the form upheld by the MST.
	www.focusweb.org /if-lula-does-not-carry-out-agrarian-reform-it-would-be-demoraliing-11.html (1570 words)

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