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Topic: Agricultural history of Peru

	Agricultural history of Peru - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Peru is both afflicted and blessed by a peculiar climate due to the Peru Current.
		On land, it results in a cold mist that covers coastal Peru to the extent that the desert plants have adapted to obtain water from the air instead of from the infrequent rainfall.
		In the 19th century the Inca fertilizer guano (saltpetre) became the most important resource in Peru's modern history, both for its use as a fertilizer and as firepowder.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Agricultural_history_of_Peru (918 words)

	History of Peru (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Once the Viceroyalty of Peru was established, Gold and silver from the Andes enriched the conquerors, and Peru became the principal source of Spanish wealth and power in South America.
		Peru's independence movement was an uprising of Spanish landowners and their forces, led by José de San Martín of Argentina and Simón Bolívar of Venezuela.
		Emancipation— which in Peruvian history means emancipation of the landholding class from ineffective Spanish control— was finally completed in December 1824, when General Antonio Jose de Sucre defeated the Spanish troops at Ayacucho, ending Spanish rule in South America.
	www.encyclopedia-1.com /h/hi/history_of_peru.html (1610 words)

	Peru
		Peru, Massachusetts Peru is a town located in 2000 census, the town had a total population of 821.
		Peru (town), New York Peru is a town located in 2000 census, the town had a total population of 6,370.
		Peru, Vermont Peru is a town located in 2000 census, the town had a total population of 416.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/peru.html (988 words)

	Search Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Peru -> History Early History Peru has been inhabited since at least the 9th millennium BC It was later the center of several developed cultures, including the Chavín (see Chavín de Huántar), the Chimu, and the Nazca.
		Peru -> Land Peru, which varies greatly in climate and topography, falls into three main geographical regions—a narrow strip of desert along the coast, a region of high mountains in the center, and a large area of forested mountains and lowlands in the east.
		Chile -> History Early History Before the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th cent., the Araucanians had long been in control of the land in the southern part of the region; in the north, the inhabitants were ruled by the Inca empire.
	www.encyclopedia.com /searchpool.asp?target=peru (549 words)

	Encyclopedia: History of Peru (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Peru's movement toward independence was launched by an uprising of Spanish landowners and their forces, led by JosÃ© de San MartÃn of Argentina and SimÃ³n BolÃvar of Venezuela.
		NicolÃ¡s of PiÃ©rola (1839-1913) was twice the President of Peru, from 1879 to 1881 and from 1895 to 1899.
		BelaÃºnde declared that "Peru was ready to support Argentina with all the resources it needed." This included a number of fighter planes and possibly personnel from the Peruvian Air Force, as well as ships, and medical teams.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/History-of-Peru (7653 words)

	PERU HISTORY
		Peru’s early history is often left to hypothesis and is believed to have begun as long as ten thousand years ago as people of Asiatic descent crossed the Bearing Straight to what is now North America and on to what is now South America.
		Peru became embroiled in the dispute between 1879 and 1883 and was shaken to its knees both economically and socially.
		Futhermore, Peru is attempting to come to grips with the terrorism of the 1980’s and 1990’s where at least 30,000 people lost their lives at the hands of the guerillas and military.
	www.latinamericalinks.com /peru_history.htm (6602 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Peru
		The Holy Office was established in Peru in 1570, during the regime of the viceroy Francisco de Toledo, the tribunal of the Inquisition sitting at Lima and extending its jurisdiction over the Captaincy-General of Chile, the Presidency of Quito, the Viceroyalty of Buenos Ayres, and part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada.
		According to the "Annuario Ecclesiastico" of Rome (1909), the Catholic population of Peru is 3,133,830, distributed as follows among the various dioceses: Lima, 606,900; Arequipa, 270,460; Ayacucho, 200,610; Chachapoyas, or Maynas, 95,370; Cuzco, 480,680; Huánuco, 288,100; Huaraz, 350,000; Puno, 260,810; Trujillo, 580,900.
		There are some thirty hospitals in Peru administered by various charitable societies, one old people's home, one orphan asylum, and several congregations especially dedicated to charitable works, besides a great number of private associations devoted to the work of gratuitous teaching, visiting the sick poor in their homes, legalizing illicit unions, etc.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/11732b.htm (3197 words)

	VirtualPeru.net: brief history of Peru
		Peru is best known as the heart of the Inca empire, but it was home to many diverse indigenous cultures long before the Incas arrived.
		Freedom from Spanish rule, however, was imported to Peru by outsiders.In September 1820 the Argentine soldier and patriot José de San Martín, who had defeated the Spanish forces in Chile, landed an invasion army at theseaport of Pisco.
		Peru was badly defeated by Chile in a conflict (1879-83) known as the War of the Pacific.
	www.virtualperu.net /peru_history.html (2191 words)

	Peru Home
		Peru is a very geographically diverse country. Covering 1,285,215 sq km (496,225 sq mi), it has three distinct geographic areas running roughly parallel to each other: The Coastal Desert, the Mountains and the Jungle.
		Peru is the third largest country in South America. It is over 2,613 km by road from the border with Ecuador in the north to the border with Chile in the south (over 1,622 miles).
		On November 14, 2000 Peru's opposition increased the pressure on President Fujimori ousting one of his key allies, the president of the Congress, and releasing a new video showing his former spy chief congratulating military leaders for their role--which was unspecified--in last May's elections.
	www.questconnect.org /Peru.htm (2779 words)

	Peru History & Peru Culture \| iExplore (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Peru is a major producer of copper; in addition, there are sizeable deposits of lead, zinc, silver, gold, and some oil reserves.
		During the early- to mid-1990s, Peru implemented important market-oriented reforms, including a drastic overhaul of the fiscal and monetary systems, privatization of key industries (mining, telecommunications and energy), trade deregulation and measures to attract investment from abroad.
		Peru is a member of the Andean Treaty and the Latin American Integration Association, ALADI, which promotes trade and economic development in Latin America.
	www.iexplore.com /dmap/Peru/History (1328 words)

	Meso-America and Peru (from history of agriculture) -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Agriculture in the West from 200 to 1900
		The Republic of Peru is a land of contrasts: high mountains, dense rain forests, and barren deserts are all found in close proximity.
		History is a science—a branch of knowledge that uses specific methods and tools to achieve its goals.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-10769?tocId=10769 (860 words)

	Peru Tourism Bureau - PERU: GOURMET PARADISE
		The first is Peru’s ecological and climatic diversity which has given rise to a major supply of fresh produce that satisfy not only the housewife but also the most demanding chef.
		The rich Peruvian fishing grounds, the ancient agricultural techniques of the Andes and the rivers and cloud forest of the Amazon produce an endless variety of native ingredients which come together to create the peerless flavor and aroma of Peru’s cooking.
		In northern Peru, the locals are particularly fond of pepian, a stew based on grated corn kernels mixed with onion, garlic and the chilli pepper which takes on a particularly heightened flavor when cooked with turkey.
	www.visitperu.com /perugourmet.htm (2281 words)

	History Lesson Peru
		Peru continued to remain loyal to Spain until 1824 when the country was liberated by two `outsiders': the Venezuelan Simón Bolívar and the Argentinian José de San Martín.
		In 1866, Peru won a brief war with Spain but was humiliated by Chile in the War of the Pacific (1879-83), which resulted in the loss of lucrative nitrate fields in the northern Atacama Desert.
		Peru is in western South America and shares borders with Chile (to the south), Bolivia (southeast), Brazil (northeast), Colombia (north) and Ecuador (northwest).
	www.gypsylounge.com /x/sam/history_lesson/peru.htm (3862 words)

	Peru - History
		Pottery, metalwork and weaving reached a pinnacle of technological development throughout Peru and hence this period is often referred to as either the Florescent or Classic.
		He built agricultural terraces and many buildings, including the famous Coricancha temple and his palace on what is now the western corner of the Plaza de Armas in Cusco.
		By the autumn of 1532, however, Pizarro was in northern Peru, Atahualpa had defeated Huascar and a fateful meeting was arranged between the Inca and Pizarro.
	www.travelvantage.com /per_his.html (2224 words)

	Machu Picchu Peru, travel and tourism guide and information center
		The citadel is divided into two sectors: the agricultural (terracing) and the urban, where there are main squares, temples, palaces, storehouses, workshops, stairways, cables and water fountains which run through both sectors, which measure 20 and 10 hectares respectively.
		The agricultural and urban sectors are split by a dry ditch, the result of a geographic fault line.
		While the agricultural sector is cut short by a dry ditch, one can see a long stairway that leads to the front gate.
	www.peru-explorer.com /machu.htm (2502 words)

	wikien.info: Main_Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Agriculture is an economic sector that employs most of the people of the world.
		Agriculture is a major industry in the United States and the country is a net exporter of food.
		Agriculture in the Soviet Union was organized into a system of state and collective farms, known as sovkhozes and kolkhozes, respectively.
	pardus.info /browse.php?title=A/AG/AGR (3774 words)

	Peru on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		LIMA, PERU - President Bush declared Saturday, in Lima, Peru, that the United States would work to bolster "democratic foundations" in Peru as a means of fighting terrorism.
		A volunteer with Peru's election organization ONPE gives voting lessons to peasants during Sunday market in the central Andean highlands city of Andahuaylas, Peru in March 2001.
		ICA, PERU -- Peru is the largest asparagus producer in the world; Agrokasa is the one of the largest producer in Peru.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/P/PeruU1S1.asp (582 words)

	Peru - P
		A catalogue of all the languages and dialects spoken in Peru, with details of the numbers of speakers of each language.
		Detailed handbook describing the history of Peru and analysing its political, economic, social, and national security systems and institutions, the interrelationships of those systems and the ways they are shaped by cultural factors.
		Particular attention is given to the people who make up the society, their origins, dominant beliefs and values, common interests and the issues on which they are divided, and their attitudes toward each other and toward their social system and political order.
	www.electronicsee.com /Resources/Peru.htm (579 words)

	Inca Religion, Peru cultural trips
		He was born in Peru, the son of a Spanish father and an Incan mother.
		Maya folk religion still centers on these agricultural deities, and Catholic and native beliefs are more distinct from each other than they are among the descendants of the Aztecs.
		However, the Incan imperial cult, like the Mesoamerican worship of agricultural deities, was an expression of the ancient and widespread religious tradition of ancestor worship.
	www.peru-explorer.com /get.htm (1605 words)

	Early agricultural societies (from history of agriculture) -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		More results on "Early agricultural societies (from history of agriculture)" when you join.
		The Agricultural Adjustment Act (May 1933) was an omnibus farm-relief bill embodying the schemes of the major national farm organizations.
		The campus of the Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical (A and M) University—a state-supported, land-grant institution—covers some 2,000 acres (809 hectares) in Normal, Ala., near Huntsville.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-10766?tocId=10766 (879 words)

	Popcorn Exhibit - NAL Special Collections
		Although Americans are now such avid consumers of popcorn, and its agricultural history is long, its commercial history is comparatively short.
		These better adapted hybrids were developed by the Indiana and Kansas Agricultural Experiment Stations in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Bureau of Plant Industry, and were released in the early 1940s.
		Agricultural Marketing Service, United States Department of Agriculture page explaining the history and major provisions of the Popcorn Promotion, Research, and Consumer Information Act [7 U.S. 7481-7491], which was signed into law on April 4, 1996.
	www.nal.usda.gov /speccoll/images1/popcorn.html (1695 words)

	ITINERARY FOR PERU COURSE
		Peru is one of the two centers of Spanish culture in the New World.
		One of the premiere colonial cities of Peru, Trujillo is Peru’s second largest city, located on the agricultural north coast.
		Directed Studies in Sociology, students will focus on the society and culture of Peru, examining the questions of social class, racism, education, family, religion, indigenous movements, guerrilla movements, the role of drug trafficking, agrarian reform, politics and government, popular culture and the economy.
	www.lapc.cc.ca.us /faculty/gilletp/PeruTrip.html (1663 words)

	AgPage International Consulting web design: A Short History of Peru
		The first entry of humans into the area later known as Peru, occurred as descendants of the original migrants who crossed the land bridge over what is know the Bering Straits reached northern South America.
		Peru fought as an ally of Bolivia against Chile (Peru lost territory to Chile in the peace settlement).
		1883-1979 Peru is governed by a long line of dictators, with coups to mark the transitions between factions.
	www.agpage.com /consulting/peru-history.htm (786 words)

	WWW Virtual Library Labour History: Geographical
		Cradle of Collective Bargaining: History of Labour and Technology in Hamilton and District A visual history of the rise of trade unionism in Hamilton and the changing conditions of work in the city from the early decades of the century through to the 1950s.
		Danish Emigration Archives The Danish Emigration Archives in Aalborg, Denmark was established in 1932 to record the history of the Danes who emigrated and to maintain cultural bonds to those who have their roots in Denmark.
		Bracero History Project An attempt being coordinated by the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History, the Center for History and New Media at George Mason University, and the Institute of Oral History at the University of Texas at El Paso to collect, document, exhibit, and share a history of the bracero migrant workers from Mexico.
	www.iisg.nl /~w3vl/vl-geo.html (9179 words)

	Maca for export from Peru, Natural products suppliers from Peru
		Archeologist Ramiro Matos, who studies pre-Hispanic agriculture in the Junin puna region, claims that maca L. meyenii might have been domesticated in the superior medium formative period (700 BC) and that there is no evidence in the zone dating before such period.
		However, it is noteworthy that the agricultural activity in the high plateau of Junin is much older than the Peruvian maca domestication (Lepidium meyenii W.).
		The archeological evidences demonstrate that the sedentarization process of human groups in the puna region of Junin took place in very early stages due to the characteristics of the environment, which were stable and with enough hydrobiological resources.
	www.amazon-nutrition.com /maca.htm (478 words)

	Utah History Encyclopedia
		Mining for metals, coal, hydrocarbons, and minerals was a vital aspect of Utah's economic, industrial, political, and social growth and development.
		Mormon gold miners participated in the initial discovery of gold in California, and gold dust imported from California between 1848 and 1851 to Utah was processed by Mormon pioneers.
		Although early leaders of Mormon Church placed a higher value on agricultural development than on mining for the precious metals, Brigham Young did recognize the need for iron, a metal that was costly to import by wagon from the East.
	www.media.utah.edu /UHE/m/MINING.html (2558 words)

	Andean History
		At the time of the arrival of the first Europeans in the last years of the fifteenth century, the native population of the South America, was estimated to have numbered 10 to 15 million, more than half of whom lived in the the northern and central Andes and adjacent areas.
		During the eighteenth century this entity was divided into three main administrative units: the Viceroyalty of New Granada, established in 1717 (Venezuela, Colombia, Panama and Ecuador); the Viceroyalty of Peru, in 1542 (Peru and Chile); and the Viceroyalty of La Plata, in 1776 (Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Bolivia).
		All the new states became formal republics, with constitutions similar, in most cases, to that of the United States; they were headed by a President with wide executive powers and had a legislature composed of two chambers.
	www.ddg.com /LIS/aurelia/andhis.htm (969 words)

	Chronological information about the history of Peru, including pre-Inca cultures and the Inca empire. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		After a few rulers governing a small territory around Cusco, their capital city, in the mid 1400s an explosive expansion of the empire took place under the ruling of Pachacutec.
		Abundant remains of their surprising highways, agricultural systems and advanced architecture still surprise and wonder today's visitors.
		The agriculture was well developed with a sophisticated irrigation system and soil conservation.
	www.andeanodyssey.com /briefper2.htm (471 words)

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