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Topic: Agricultural policy

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Agricultural economics

Common Agricultural Policy

Free trade

Intensive agriculture

Family farm

Subsidy

Agriculture

Fair trade

Trade barrier

Sustainable agriculture

Price floor

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United States Department of Agriculture

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	Learn more about Agricultural policy in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Most green economists argue that such measures ought to be strongly encouraged, and so consider agricultural policy that exempts small gardens and greenhouses from regulations to be desirable, especially if produce is consumed locally.
		Since imported/exported agricultural produce is mostly traded and entirely priced on commodity markets, but presents special biosafety and biosecurity risks, there is a strong bias in all agricultural markets to compromise safety to achieve low prices.
		Opponents point out that most agriculture in developed nations is produced by industrial corporations (or "agribusiness") which are hardly deserving of sympathy, and that the alternative to exploitation is poverty.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /a/ag/agricultural_policy.html (1055 words)

	Agricultural policy - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Agricultural economics studies these 'other purposes' to see what insights they provide into economics, and to help set such policies in the context of a larger economy in which most activity is not agricultural.
		A key stated goal of agricultural subsidies is food self-sufficiency to prevent the shock of rapid price rises in essential groceries.
		This position is particularly popular in competitive agricultural exporting nations in both the developed and developing world, some of whom have banded together in the Cairns Group lobby.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /agricultural_policy.htm (1593 words)

	Common Agricultural Policy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The creation of a common agricultural policy was proposed in 1960 by the European Commission.
		The CAP is funded by the European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund (EAGGF) of the EU.
		It can be described as a "path dependant" institution due to the institutional make-up of the policy; the Agricultural Council is the main decision-making body for CAP affairs and is dextrously manipulated by those states that hold the CAP most dearly, such as France.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Common_Agricultural_Policy (2583 words)

	Agricultural Policy
		Agricultural policy is important to the economy and quality of life in Maryland at three different political levels: state/local, national, and international.
		That issue is a primary focus of Economic Situation and Prospects for the Future of Maryland Agriculture (large PDF file), which reviews trends and projections of farms and land in farms, and discusses policy options.
		A second major issue is the linkage of agriculture to water quality, and the environmental policies that stem from the perception of that linkage in the state’s political decision making.
	www.arec.umd.edu /agnrpolicycenter/AgPolicy.htm (619 words)

	Policy98
		Agriculture's contribution to the GDP and employment growth will be maximised, the marketing margins between producers and consumers will be minimised, and the scope for cross-subsidisation of producers by consumers will be limited to explicit and visible policy instruments such as tariffs.
		Agriculture in South Africa is emerging from a history of protection and subsidisation (described in section 1) which affected the structure, efficiency and competitiveness of the sector.
		In general, agricultural research must lead to the development and sustained utilisation of agricultural science capacity to increase the biological potential of plants and animals, and to improve the economic management and use of natural and human resources on which the realisation of this biological potential depends.
	www.nda.agric.za /docs/policy98.htm (19184 words)

	EH.Net Encyclopedia: Common Agricultural Policy
		The objectives of the CAP as stated in Article 39 of the Rome Treaty were to (i) increase agricultural productivity (ii) ensure a fair standard of living for the agricultural community (iii) stabilize markets (iv) provide certainty of food supplies and (v) ensure that supplies reached consumers at reasonable prices.
		This met a number of the CAP's original objectives, but by the early 1980s as production consistently ran ahead of consumption the EC was compelled to purchase large amounts of surplus food, producing the "butter mountains" and "wine lakes," which often had to be resold at a loss on world markets.
		Europe's agriculturists therefore have had a strong financial incentive to apply political pressure for the continuation of agricultural support, while the individual taxpayer/consumer had a far weaker pecuniary incentive to lobby for its abolition.
	www.eh.net /encyclopedia/?article=Stead.CAP (904 words)

	National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy
		On Friday, June 24th, The National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy and the Economic Research Service of the U.S.D.A. sponsored a workshop entitled "Farm Policy and the Rural Economy: Alternative Approaches To the Economic Challenges." The workshop was held in room 902 of the Hart Senate Office Building.
		With funding support from the Howard G. Buffett Foundation, The National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy is in the process of developing a comprehensive socioeconomic and demographic database pertinent to understanding the impact of public policy on rural communities of The United States.
		Yet, it is the broad policy, such as tax legislation, trade agreements, health care policy, anti-trust rulings, and Social Security reform, that have the greatest impact on the well-being of rural families and communities.
	www.ncfap.org (649 words)

	A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union --C--
		Established in Moscow in 1949 and dissolved in 1991, Comecon was the Soviet-dominated organisation for co-ordinating communist economic policy in Eastern Europe (and later Mongolia, Cuba and Vietnam).
		Agricultural incomes were sustained not by direct subsidies to struggling farmers but by unlimited intervention buying of any produce which could not be sold at a higher price on the open market.
		The clearest example of systematic anti-competitive activities is the Common Agricultural Policy, which is exempted by the Treaty from the general ban on restrictive practices, on the grounds that it aims to ensure rural prosperity and stability of food supply.
	www.euro-know.org /dictionary/c.html (11451 words)

	Argument - Agricultural Policy Data Quality
		While policy measures and legislation are crucial factors of food security, they are difficult or impossible to measure quantitatively.
		However, the greatest obstacle to gaining detailed insight into China's (agricultural) policy, is the reluctance of Chinese officials to provide access to certain statistics, such as even simple grain trade statistics between provinces (presumably because they are afraid outsiders might learn about grain deficits or production crises in certain provinces).
		Policies are typically presented in the media as great achievements, even if they are only preventing a situation from getting worse.
	www.iiasa.ac.at /Research/LUC/ChinaFood/argu/dataqua/dq_72.htm (345 words)

	Agricultural policy Info - Encyclopedia WikiWhat.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		An agricultural policy or agricultural subsidy is an incentive to engage in a particular form of agriculture.
		Most agricultural policy or subsidy has purposes other than profit.
		See also: agriculture, agricultural economics, organic farming, safe trade, fair trade, land reform, WTO
	www.wikiwhat.com /encyclopedia/a/ag/agricultural_policy.html (979 words)

	WynGrant's Common Agricultural Policy page
		Agriculture and rural development will account for 45 per cent of the total EU budget, a reduction on the days when it was over 70 per cent, but still a large amount for countries which include some of the most urbanised in the world.
		In fact, however, all agricultural policy is affected by the age old tensions between technology; market organisation and structure; and consumer demand, all of which are drivers of change which public policy then has to deal with.
		Agriculture was seen as the most potent symbol of inequities in north-south relations in the WTO, thanks to NGO campaigns which was something new since the Uruguay Round.
	members.tripod.com /~WynGrant/WynGrantCAPpage.html (22330 words)

	Agricultural Policy Reform and Farm Employment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In developing economies, patterns of labour utilisation in the agricultural production sector vary widely, but even in these countries there is debate about long-term trends that point to eventual declines in agricultural employment, rather than labour absorption.
		Agricultural Policies in OECD Countries: Monitoring and Evaluation 2005
		As global competition among exporters of agricultural products is expected to intensify among both developed and developing countries, this annual publication is a key reference for international market trends and medium term projections in agriculture.
	www.oecd.org /LongAbstract/0,2546,en_2649_33727_2081051_119666_1_1_1,00.html (204 words)

	Policy Brief: Agricultural Policies in OECD Countries: A Positive Reform Agenda (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Central to this agenda is the need to set out clearly the objectives of agricultural policies, and to monitor the performance of alternative policies in attaining them.
		Thus, where agriculture is deemed to provide public services, such as a pleasing countryside or environmental benefits, any required support for those services could be provided directly, rather than through policies that stimulate output.
		Where agricultural households have low incomes, there may be a case for policies that concentrate benefits among poorer households, as opposed to blanket support measures that pay more to larger (and typically wealthier) farmers and to landowners.
	www.oecd.org /LongAbstract/0,2546,en_2825_33787_2513970_119696_1_1_1,00.html (354 words)

	Agricultural Policy - Nader for President 2004 - www.votenader.org
		American agriculture is being dominated by two contrary trends in the 21st Century.
		First, conventional family farm agricultural production is being destroyed by low prices and lack of market access due to mergers, acquisitions by big agribusinesses and their monopsony power over farmers.
		This entails shifting government policy to provide research and information relevant to independent food producers, organic farmers, insuring open and competitive markets, promoting new food infrastructures, and preventing pollution and degradation of natural resources.
	www.votenader.org /issues/index.php?cid=9 (566 words)

	ERS/USDA Briefing Room - Farm and Commodity Policy
		The 20th Century Transformation of U.S. Agriculture and Farm Policy (June 2005) analyzes a wide range of historical data related to farm structure over the past century and provides perspective on the long-term forces that have helped shape agricultural and rural life.
		WTO Agricultural Trade Policy Commitments Database is a queriable database on implementation of World Trade Organization (WTO) commitments organized for comparison across countries.
		On June 24, 2005, the National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy (NCFAP) and ERS held a workshop to discuss alternative approaches to farm policy and their consequences for farm households and rural America.
	www.ers.usda.gov /briefing/FarmPolicy (976 words)

	UACES: AR Agriculture: Agricultural Policy
		The objective of the Agricultural and Food Policy web site is to increase the understanding of public decision making by providing sources of information, data, analysis and news on public policy issues impacting Arkansas producers.
		Some observers note that while farm policy has served agriculture and the country well in the past, there are "unintended consequences" that should be addressed, such as the capitalization of program benefits into land prices.
		These higher land prices are cited as a barrier to entry into agriculture for new farmers; a factor in reduced profit for existing farmers; and a cause of weakened competitive position on the part of U.S. farmers compared with farmers in countries with lower-priced land.
	www.aragriculture.org /agfoodpolicy (4417 words)

	GOAP : Planning for the Future : Kentucky Agricultural Finance Corporation
		In 2002, the Kentucky Agricultural Development Board, as part of the Long-term Plan for Agriculture Development, recommended that KAFC be restructured to provide capital access for agricultural diversification and infrastructure projects.
		In keeping with that priority, KAFC was awarded Agricultural Development Funds in July 2003 to accomplish its mission.
		During the 2004 General Session House Bill 146 was approved, moving the administration of KAFC to the Governor’s Office of Agricultural Policy.
	kafc.ky.gov (109 words)

	Timbro, the think tank of Swedish enterprise
		But viable solutions to bring an end to the negative effects of European agriculture are hard to find.
		- A re-nationalisation of the policy for agricultural subsidies will reduce the effects of the agricultural lobby which represents only a small portion of the European economy and population, says Dr Wickman.
		The EU has to reform the CAP before the enlargement if we want to avoid severe policy conflicts in the future, and if we want the EU to contribute positively to the Doha negotiations, concludes Dr Wickman.
	www.timbro.com /index.asp?page=publications&bookinfo=19 (225 words)

	Governor's Office of Agricultural Policy
		This web site contains a great deal of information concerning agriculture in the Commonwealth and was created to provide a source of information to the citizens of Kentucky.
		For links to various agencies and organizations servicing the agricultural community, visit our resource page.
		Agricultural Development Fund Update: Agricultural Development Board adopts "Kentucky Wine Industry Policy Statement." Model Program Producer Reporting Forms Available.
	agpolicy.ky.gov (182 words)

	Governor's Office of Agricultural Policy : Planning for the Future : Kentucky's Near-Term Plan for Comprehensive ...
		In addition to an overview of Kentucky's present agricultural activity, our Near-Term Comprehensive Plan for Agricultural Development identifies numerous emerging opportunities for our farm families who face unprecedented reductions in their tobacco income and uncertainty about the future of our leading cash crop.
		The Kentucky Agricultural Development Board submitted this plan for public consideration in fulfillment of the requirements of KRS 248.709
		These guidelines represent the board's short-term direction and investment priorities for the first 24 months, and were offered to county councils as a guide to their activities in the first two years.
	agpolicy.ky.gov /planning/nearterm_plan.shtml (192 words)

	2002 Farm Bill
		Western Producers' Preferences for Federal Agricultural Policy and the 2002 Farm Bill was developed by the Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, and Oregon Cooperative Extension Services; Colorado State Agricultural Experiment Station; the Western Rural Development Center; and Farm Foundation.
		The Center for Agricultural Policy and Trade Studies (CAPTS) at North Dakota State University held a two-day conference, "The 2002 Farm Bill: Issues and Alternatives," October 29-30, 2001 at the Holiday Inn Convention Center, Fargo, North Dakota.
		The intent is to help key state and local leaders identify changes needed in U.S. agricultural conservation and environmental programs, help translate those ideas into proposals for incremental and large-scale change in the conservation provisions of the 2002 farm bill, and communicate the meaning and importance of the proposals to policymakers and opinion-leaders.
	www.farmfoundation.org /2002_farm_bill.htm (947 words)

	The Agricultural Economics Society (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Agricultural Economics Society is one of the world’s leading associations of professional and academic agricultural economists.
		Members receive the Journal of Agricultural Economics, a leading academic journal in the field, and/or the policy-orientated magazine of agri-food and rural resource issues EuroChoices, both of which are available in hard copy.
		We aim to promote the study and teaching of agricultural economics and relevant disciplines, and their application to issues in the agricultural, food and related industries, rural communities and the environment.
	www.aes.ac.uk (222 words)

	ERS/USDA Key Topics - Policy Topics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This topic focuses on policies adopted by government and international organizations regarding agricultural production and income, food consumption, and trade.
		Policy analysis encompasses economic impacts, costs, and benefits of policies that are proposed or enacted.
		Farm Policy, Farm Households, and the Rural Economy
	www.ers.usda.gov /topics/view.asp?T=103800 (142 words)

	agricultural policy and farm bill information and resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Food and Agricultural Policy: Taking Stock for the New Century -- The Bush administration's review of the food and agriculture system with recommendations for the future.
		Agricultural and Food Policy Center at Texas AandM University
		Agricultural Policy Analysis Center at the University of Tennessee
	cherokee.agecon.clemson.edu /ag_policy.htm (218 words)

	Agri-Environmental Policy at the Crossroads: Guideposts on a Changing Landscape (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Those policies have played an important role in reducing soil erosion, protecting and restoring wetlands, and creating wildlife habitat.
		However, emerging agri-environmental issues, evolution of farm income support policies, and limits imposed by trade agreements may point toward a rethinking of agri-environmental policy.
		It provides an indepth analysis of one policy tool that may be an important component of a future policy package—agri-environmental payments.
	www.ers.usda.gov /publications/aer794 (265 words)

	AIC Home Page
		edited by Daniel A. Sumner, emphasizes the importance of policy measures to protect against the introduction and spread of exotic pests and diseases and provides needed analysis of the policies on this important topic.
		The book grew out of a large interdisciplinary project at the University of California Agricultural Issues Center and includes ten interdisciplinary case studies which focus on specific pests or diseases representing a range of threats to U.S. agriculture, wild lands as well as the urban landscape, and possible government responses to these threats.
		The book is recommended for students, practitioners, and academics in the fields of economics, veterinary medicine, plant pathology, entomology and agriculture, as well as policy makers, state and federal regulators, government officials, and others with an interest in pest management.
	aic.ucdavis.edu (1121 words)

	ORBSEARCH.COM \| encyclopedia of knowledge
		de Soto[?], Joseph Stiglitz, argue that comprehensive land reform is more likely than any amount of tax, tariff and trade system, and more likely than any specifically agricultural policy, to improve life in developing nations.
		See also: agriculture, agricultural economics[?], organic farming, safe trade, fair trade, land reform
		Content is provided as is from wikipedia.org without guarantee of accuracy.
	www.orbsearch.com /ag/Agricultural_policy.php (806 words)

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