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Topic: Agricultural subsidy

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	IV. DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH AND NUTRITION STATUS IN EGYPT
		Agricultural exports, which were the major foreign exchange earnings sector before 1974 was placed by the oil in 1974 and declined from 40% in 1974-79 to 20% in 1980-86 (Figure 16).
		The implicit subsidy burden was estimated to have risen to L.E 13.5 billion by FY 1988/89 (Carr, D., 1990).
		This may be investigated by studying the income effects of the agricultural policy reform for rural and urban households and the effects of the adjustment policies on the employment opportunities and thus the rate of growth in wages.
	www.unsystem.org /scn/archives/egypt/ch7.htm (9605 words)

	Extension Services for Quality Milk Production - Proceedings
		Agricultural Estonian Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) is responsible of the regulation, policy and supervision of the Advisory Fund.
		Estonian University of Agriculture has included the advisors’ training in the curriculum and is involved in the extension and certification (technical skills) of the advisors as well as preparation of the publications, and handbooks.
		Agricultural Registers’ and Information Centre (ARIC) is responsible for the milk recording, central milk laboratory, genetic evaluation of cattle and data processing for performance recording (cattle, pigs) and agricultural registers.
	www.fao.org /regional/seur/QMP/Est_en.htm (2815 words)

	ZNet Commentary: Farm Subsidies: The Report Card
		In India, agriculture continues to be negatively taxed and therefore more than 40 per cent of the farming population appears keen to abandon agriculture in search of menial jobs in the urban centres.
		The real beneficiaries of the agricultural subsidies in the developed countries are therefore not the small farmers.
		Developing countries should ask for: o agricultural subsidies to be classified under two categories: one which benefits small farmers and the remaining which goes to agri-business companies and the big farmers/landowners.
	www.zmag.org /sustainers/content/2005-11/24sharma.cfm (1313 words)

	SICE-Revised Treaty of Chaguaramas-Chapter 5, PART FOUR
		Subsidies provided by a Member State to agriculture shall be made through publicly funded programmes which benefit the agricultural sector generally, in areas such as research, training, extension and advisory services, pest and disease control, inspection services, marketing and promotion services and infrastructural services.
		Where a Member State provides a subsidy, except for the provision of general services programmes or direct payments satisfying the conditions stated in Article 119, in excess of the levels prescribed in paragraphs 1 and 2, such a subsidy shall be considered as a subsidy causing injury, nullification, impairment or serious prejudice.
		A subsidies programme undertaken in conformity with the provisions of this Part shall be subject to action based on Article 106 to 110 inclusive where a determination of injury or threat thereof is made in accordance with the provisions of this Part.
	www.sice.oas.org /trade/caricom/caric4.asp (2916 words)

	EWG Report \|\| Green Acre$ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In Mississippi, the state where the subsidy inequities were greatest, 10 percent of the participants took in 83 percent of all payments to the state–an average of $217,000 per recipient over three years.
		Farm subsidy recipients should be required to document their financial need before being eligible for farm subsidy payments, and aid should be targeted to working farmers.
		Subsidies should be reapportioned to reflect rural needs, particularly in New England states, California, Florida and other states fighting to preserve green space and promote farming systems that protect the environment.
	www.ewg.org /reports/greenacres/exec.html (603 words)

	The Daily Star Web Edition Vol. 4 Num 116 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		As I could understand from news reports, the villain of peace was agricultural subsidy and a battery of tariff and non-tariff barriers in developed countries to contain exports from developing countries.
		Second, Northern agricultural policies are having devastating impacts on the agriculture of the Southern countries and thus the livelihood ladder, on which they tend to depend, is being weakened.
		For example, power subsidy increased from 43 per cent in 1983/84 to 64 per cent in 1999/00, fertiliser subsidy went up from 14 to 22 per cent but irrigation subsidy declined from 43 per cent to 14 per cent during the same period.
	www.thedailystar.net /2003/09/19/d30919020224.htm (1569 words)

	Developed Nations' Agricultural Subsidy/Protection - History Forum
		CAP - Common Agricultural Policy - created subsidies etc due to the over production that was been seen in Europe, creating way to much goods than could be sold on the market, so they subsidise farmers so they produce less but get paid for what they could essentially grow.
		CAP does no directly hurt farmers in the developing world, it is not the subsidies that hurt the developing world - without them the market would be flooded with over produced goods and probably fobbed off to the Developing world, in aid and such, which would also be detrimental to agricultural development.
		Kill the subsidies and you kill those people - to be more specific, you force them to move in the large cities, flood the markets with non-specialized workforce, cause mass unemployment and drop of wages, social instability, possible recession.
	www.simaqianstudio.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=4640 (949 words)

	Agricultural Subsidy Procedures Facilitated by GIS
		Fields are often the land unit most associated with claims, and by using ArcIMS technologies, farmers will be able to locate their field on a map service and fill in the details directly to a server.
		As many subsidy payments depend on historical land information on a parcel-by-parcel basis, this information could also be included so that rules governing the validity of claims could be built-in at the data entry level.
		This would indicate to the farmer when it was known that the claim in its current form would be inadmissible, thereby reducing the need to send the information back to the farmer for correction and allowing immediate correction.
	www.esri.com /industries/agriculture/business/subsidy.html (550 words)

	kickAAS
		The existence of agriculture subsidies - whereby rich countries bribe their farmers to produce food that could be more economically done by developing countries - is an economic evil that benefits no one.
		Cotton subsidies are among the most pernicious because they have helped America become the world's biggest exporter at the expense of unemployed people in Africa where the climate is well suited to developing this labour-intensive industry.
		Europe's Commissioner for Agriculture, Mariann Fischer Boel has merely replied that the EU "will take account of this verdict" when reform proposals are published in June, according to a report in BusinessWeek They can do better than that.
	kickaas.typepad.com /kickaas (9975 words)

	Agricultural Subsidies:
		I do believe that the agricultural subsidies provided to my father, if eliminated, would have had positive impact on the world economy and the income level of our country in general.
		So perhaps the solution is not the elimination of all agricultural subsidies but the control of overproduction.
		Although I cannot completely disagree with the efforts of the WTO to eliminate agricultural subsidies, some finer points must be recognized.
	www.rh.edu /~stodder/BE/AgSubsidies.htm (890 words)

	NAFTA's Relationship to State Support of Industries and Export Subsidies
		The main exception to NAFTA's "silence" on domestic support and export subsidies is the extensive discussion and explicit allowance of such domestic support in the agricultural sector.
		Currently, there are export subsidy programs to promote exports to Mexico of many U.S. agricultural commodities, including the export enhancement program, the dairy export incentive program and the cottonseed oil and sunflower seed oil assistance programs.
		The report noted that while export subsidies had been virtually eliminated for industrial goods, the Uruguay Round was "designed to begin the reduction of these subsidies in the agriculture sector." [No. 19] All direct export subsidies, according to the report, are "intended to be disciplined.
	w3.uchastings.edu /plri/spring95/nafta01.html (1696 words)

	The Daily Star Web Edition Vol. 5 Num 15 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		It appeared to be a cause for rejoicing of the farming community as Finance and Planning Minister M Saifur Rahman yesterday proposed to double the farm subsidy from existing Tk 300 crore to Tk 600 crore.
		Still the subsidy figure fell far short of what the Ministry of Agriculture had pleaded for, Tk 1200 crore, for the salvage of the 11 million hard-pressed peasants of the country.
		He said it was the Bangladesh Nationalist Party-led alliance government that had earlier upped the agriculture subsidy to Tk 300 crore from Tk 100 crore in Awami League's rule.
	www.thedailystar.net /2004/06/11/d4061101022.htm (358 words)

	Uruguay Round Summary - Agriculture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Government participation in income safety nets, provided that eligibility is based solely on agricultural income loss, defined as an income shortfall of 30 percent from a three-year average, or an average based on three of the past five years, and that all producers meeting the criteria are eligible to receive payments.
		Members are required to reduce their export subsidies during the implementation period from 1995/1996 to 2000/2001.
		Export subsidies that are within a country's export subsidy reduction commitments will continue to be subject to countervailing duties, provided that they are shown to cause or threaten material injury to domestic producers of the like products in an importing country.
	www.sice.oas.org /summary/ur_round/ur6.asp (2779 words)

	Agricultural subsidy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Proponents of agricultural subsidies argue that they are necessary because of the unusual nature of the agricultural industry.
		For one, a big part of crop yield, and therefore price, is based upon the weather both both at home and abroad in remote parts of the world.
		Because of the uncertain nature of the weather, price subsidies are necessary to ensure that farmers receive a liveable wage.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Agricultural_subsidy (878 words)

	APAC Weekly Articles - March 26, 2004
		For some agricultural subsidies are limited to checks that arrive in the mailbox.
		Trade negotiators talk about various subsidies in terms of colored boxes: red (prohibited subsidies), amber (trade distorting, but subject to limits), green (subsidy that does not distort trade), and blue (payments linked to acreage or animal numbers which involve production quotas or setasides).
		The food stamp program and the school lunch program could be considered as an agricultural subsidy to the extent that it increases the net demand for food and thus for agricultural products.
	www.agpolicy.org /weekcol/190.html (808 words)

	Wikinfo \| Subsidy
		The term subsidy refers to fund given by a private person or entity (often by a government) to another private person or entity.
		Supporters of subsidies often justify their use as intended for some socially beneficial purpose, although economists point out that subsidies may often have socially detrimental effects.
		Examples of subsidies include welfare and certain aspects of student loans.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=subsidy (146 words)

	Oxfam International - US must reform agricultural subsidy program
		Oxfam said that the US is still paying billions of dollars in trade-distorting subsidies to its cotton farmers, despite having lost a WTO case against Brazil in 2005.
		In 2005, US cotton subsidies reached almost $5 billion for a crop that was worth less than $4 billion.
		These subsidies help to depress world cotton prices, hurting developing country cotton farmers including more than 20 million African farmers who rely on cotton for their livelihood.
	www.oxfam.org /en/news/pressreleases2006/pr060901_wto_cotton_subsidies (736 words)

	ALCA - FTAA - ZLEA - FTAA Draft Agreement - 2003 - Chapter IX
		The Parties may apply an automatic Special Agricultural Safeguard, while this Agreement remains in force, to imports of a product originating in another Party that is covered in Annex I to the WTO Agreement on Agriculture and that at the date of its application is incorporated in the Liberalization Program.
		Agricultural products produced domestically that are donated by one government to the government of an importing Party or to an inter-governmental organization or private institution, for free distribution directly to final consumers in the importing Party.
		Agricultural products produced domestically that are donated by one government to the government of an importing Party or to an inter-governmental organization or private institution, for free distribution in the importing Party through sale in the open market.
	www.ftaa-alca.org /FTAADraft03/ChapterIX_e.asp (8744 words)

	subsidy - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Subsidy, government payment intended to support a desirable enterprise or policy, usually one that is not viable or competitive under existing...
		history of U.S. farm subsidies, agricultural subsidies by wealthy countries
		The agency administers operating- and construction-differential subsidies, to make up the difference between U.S. costs of building and operating...
	encarta.msn.com /subsidy.html (120 words)

	Farm subsidies: The report card
		Marita Wiggerthale, a German researcher and activist, has in a paper:’What’s wrong with EU agricultural subsidies?’ revealed that in Denmark alone, four of the 18 ministers (or their spouses) received agricultural subsidy from the European Union.
		· agricultural subsidies to be classified under two categories: one which benefits small farmers and the remaining which goes to agri-business companies and the big farmers/landowners.
		· Since less than 20 per cent of the US$ 1 billion farm subsidy being doled out every day genuinenly benefit small farmers, the remaining 80 per cent subsidies need to be outrightly scrapped before proceeding any further on agriculture negotiations.
	nation.ittefaq.com /artman/exec/view.cgi/37/23466 (1316 words)

	CalTrade Report - US Is Only Moderately Thrilled by Europe's Farm Reforms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		CalTrade Report Asia Quake Victims The US is giving only polite applause to the European Union's measured overhaul of the hugely expensive agricultural subsidy program that Washington has blamed for major distortions in the global trade in agricultural products.
		And the subsidies will only be partially "decoupled" from production levels, rather than the complete severance of the link sought by EU Agriculture Commissioner Franz Fischler.
		According to the EU farm officials that negotiated the reforms, the measures also impact subsidies that can be withheld if farmers violate food safety rules, animal welfare and environment protection.
	www.caltradereport.com /eWebPages/front-page-1056682634.html (1036 words)

	Economist's View: Agricultural Welfare
		In Fight Against Farm Subsidies, Even Farmers Are Joining Foes, by Scott Kilman and Roger Thurow, WSJ: A movement to uproot crop subsidies, which have been worth nearly $600 billion to U.S. farmers over the decades, is gaining ground in some unlikely places -- including down on the farm.
		But now, farm leaders, federal officials and politicians are seriously discussing alternatives, such as buying farmers out from subsidy programs, incentives to encourage farmers to save during good years and paying growers for environmentally friendly practices...
		The most egrious agricultural subsidy is the tariff on sugar.
	economistsview.typepad.com /economistsview/2006/03/agricultural_we.html (1240 words)

	RTE News - Walsh attacks US agricultural subsidy approach
		The Minister for Agriculture has strongly criticised the United States' approach to the forthcoming World Trade talks.
		Joe Walsh said that he is fed up with being lectured to by a country which wants to abolish subsidies in Europe while payments to American farmers have increased by 400% in the past decade.
		The Minister's angry rejection of the American attitude to foreign subsidies came in an address to the Agricultural Science Association in Galway.
	www.rte.ie /news/2001/1012/worldtrade.html (195 words)

	Govt to raise agricultural subsidy to 21bn/-
		The government has said it will increase fertiliser and seed subsidy from the current 7bn/- to 21bn/-, effective July this year.
		Minister for Agriculture and Co-operatives Joseph Mungai said the subsidy would go up by 30 per cent subsidy in the next financial year.
		He, however, said that each region would be required to select agents to distribute the fertilisers to villages.
	www.ippmedia.com /ipp/guardian/2006/05/16/66518.html (344 words)

	AEI - Short Publications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		President Chirac knows he will be the one hold-out against a removal of agricultural subsidies to help African exporters, so he needs a bargaining chip.
		If he draws a ‘new targets and timetables’ line in the sand on climate, which he believes the US will never cross, he may once again allow the French to escape from being the sole scapegoats should no climate or subsidy deal be agreed.
		The British team who want both a climate agreement and a removal to agricultural subsidies (also proposed by Bush) hope that President Bush acquiesces on climate.
	www.aei.org /publications/pubID.22809,filter.economic/pub_detail.asp (590 words)

	Rural News - 07/02/2005: US flags agricultural subsidy cuts
		Australian farmers are on the brink of what could be one their biggest victories ever, in the fight for free trade.
		The industries most likely to benefit from a cut in US subsidies are cotton, grain, rice and soybean producers, but the move has bigger implications for global trade as a whole.
		This is a transcript from the ABC National Rural News that is broadcast daily to all states on ABC Regional Radio's Country Hour and in the city on ABC News Radio.
	www.abc.net.au /rural/news/stories/s1297387.htm (440 words)

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