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	Ocean current - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		However the importance of currents is also illustrated by the El Niño, in which a temporary reversal of an ocean current causes devastating climatic changes along the west coast of South America.
		Surface ocean currents are generally wind driven and develop their typical clockwise spirals in the northern hemisphere and counter-clockwise rotation in the southern hemisphere due to the coriolis effect.
		These currents that flow under the surface of the ocean, and are thus hidden from immediate detection, are called submarine rivers.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ocean_current (316 words)

	The Agulhas Current
		On the average, the Agulhas current retroflects and returns eastward with part of the flow recirculating in the counter-clockwise flowing subtropical gyre and part of the flow feeding the Antarctic Circumpolar Current.
		The Agulhas Current is the western boundary current of the South Indian Ocean.
		Lutjeharms, J.R.E and R.C. van Ballegooyen, 1988: The Retroflection of the Agulhas Current.
	oceancurrents.rsmas.miami.edu /atlantic/agulhas.html (2095 words)

	VOA: The Agulhas Retroflection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Agulhas current flows from the equator, south-westward along the east coast of southern Africa.
		Agulhas rings are very large (kilometres wide) and carry heat (from the warm Agulhas current water) into the cold water of the Benguela current in the South Atlantic ocean.
		The interaction of the currents with the plateau creates immense undulations in the current that are evident almost 2000 kilometers east of the Retroflection.
	www.volvooceanadventure.org /volvooceanadventure/article.php/rz_1_rom_02_rl_00100_00100.shtml (441 words)

	The Benguela Current
		The Benguela Current is the eastern boundary current of the South Atlantic subtropical gyre.
		The Benguela Current is the eastern boundary current of the South Atlantic subtropical gyre (Peterson and Stramma 1991, Wedepohl et al.
		In the area between the continental shelf and Walvis Ridge it was found that 50% of the source water came from the central Atlantic, 25% came from the Indian Ocean, and 25% came from the Agulhas Current and the tropical Atlantic (Garzoli et al.
	oceancurrents.rsmas.miami.edu /atlantic/benguela.html (1340 words)

	Indian Ocean Currents - Part4
		The dominant feature of the observed southern hemisphere circulation in the Indian Ocean is the subtropical cyclonic (clockwise) gyre comprised of the westward flowing South Equatorial Current (SEC) at 12°S to the south, the South Equatorial Countercurrent to the north, and the East African Coastal Current in the west.
		The Agulhas, south of 30°S is one of the strongest currents of the world ocean with a mean speed of 1.6m.s-1.
		The East Madagascar Current is the southern branch of the South Equatorial Current which seperates as it reaches the eastern coast of Madagascar (Tomczak and Godfrey, 1994).
	indianocean.free.fr /annual4.htm (1178 words)

	Fluid Dynamics Laboratory: Glossary
		The northward flowing current along the west coast of Africa; it is one of the swiftest of ocean currents, the strongest current in the South Atlantic.
		In oceanography, a current associated with horizontal pressure gradients in the ocean and determined by the condition that the pressure force due to the distribution of mass balances the coriolis force due to the earth's rotation.
		The Guiana current is an extension of the south equatorial current (flowing west across the ocean between the equator and 20 degrees), which crosses the equator and approaches the coast of South America.
	taylor.math.ualberta.ca /~bruce/glossary.html (9921 words)

	A Subtidal Spree at Sodwana Bay
		The current meter results from Project L showed dominant bottom eastward flow at the Plettenberg Bay and St. Francis Bay sites, which is counter to the Agulhas Current.
		This bottom flow, opposing the Agulhas Current, was thought to be part of a recently observed undercurrent first reported by Toole and Warren (1993), and later confirmed by Beal and Bryden (1997) while conducting a transect spanning 230 km across the Agulhas Current off Port Alfred using a Lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler.
		BEAL, L.M. and H.L.BRYDEN 1997 – Observations of an Agulhas Undercurrent.
	www.botany.uwc.ac.za /sancor/april2004pg18.htm (1515 words)

	Agulhas Undercurrent Experiment
		In March 1995, as part of the Agulhas Current Experiment aboard RRS Discovery at 32°S, the first observations of the deep velocity structure of the Agulhas Current were made using a Lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (LADCP).
		The primary reason that the Agulhas Undercurrent is of interest to oceanographers and climatologists is its potential role in the global thermohaline circulation.
		The Agulhas Current, the western boundary current with speeds exceeding 250 cm/s, is oriented southwestward, except at Richards Bay (30°S) where the continental slope topography guides it to the southeast around the Natal Bight.
	www-ccs.ucsd.edu /~teri/auce/auce.htm (708 words)

	Nature 421, 904 - 905 (2003): Oceanography: The brawniest retroflection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Agulhas Current draws water from the Pacific Ocean through the Indonesian throughflow and Drake Passage, and from the Tasman Sea.
		The South Atlantic Current adds water to the cauldron, as does the subsurface flow of the Benguela undercurrent along the west coast of Africa, and salty Red Sea water along the east coast.
		The significance of the Agulhas retroflection does not end with its momentary loop into the southeast corner of the South Atlantic, for there are its outputs and inputs to consider.
	www.clivar.org /publications/journals/agulhas_nature.htm (1430 words)

	Satellite Observations of the Agulhas Current System
		The Agulhas Current System lies at a critical point on the global thermohaline circulation, the distribution of currents linking all the main ocean basins.
		The Agulhas Current is fed by waters flowing south along the Mozambique Channel and around the southern tip of Madagascar, as well as recirculation within the southwest corner of the Indian Ocean.
		The region of the Agulhas Return Current (ARC) is often obscured by cloud, but the occasional clear SST (sea surface temperature) images of these waters show wide north-south meanders with a strong thermal contrast.
	www.soc.soton.ac.uk /JRD/csp1_th1/csp1_th1_02.php (1885 words)

	A COMPARISON OF DIRECT AND GEOSTROPHIC VELOCITIES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Agulhas Current is the Western Boundary Current of the southwest Indian Ocean.
		Although the high PV gradients appear to be coincident with the region of greatest velocity shear on the cyclonic side of the Agulhas Current, in fact they are primarily a result of increased stratification and not of increased relative cyclonic vorticity (see figure 8).
		The PV distribution across the Agulhas Current is shown in figure 10 using potential density as the vertical co-ordinate and with contours of salinity and oxygen overlayed.
	www.ldeo.columbia.edu /res/fac/physocean/LBeal/halpost.htm (2262 words)

	AGAPE - Agulhas As Primitive Equations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The formed Agulhas Return Current is indicated by a very strong front with a temperature contrast of almost 8 to 10 °C over a few hundred kilometers meridional distance.
		Source Regions of the Agulhas Current: It is unclear to which proportion the Agulhas Current is fed by the three possible sources: its own recirculation cell, the South Equatorial Current and through the Mozambique Channel.
		Separation Processes / Drift of Agulhas Rings: The responsive mechanism of spinning an Agulhas Ring and its possible correlation with the volume flux of the current should be examined, also the influence of the rings on the environment in the Atlantic Ocean and their decay rates.
	www.ifm.uni-kiel.de /fb/fb1/tm/research/woce/agulhas/introduction.html (457 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		As described in section 3.8.9, the Agulhas Current flowing off and parallel to the East coast of South Africa is about 60 miles wide and attains rates of up to 5 knots on occasions.
		This current is normally kept outside the continental shelf by the fact that it extends downwards to a depth of more than 200m.
		This current, moving in a NE direction, is composed of a gradient current caused by the level of the sea being raised in the low pressure area and the surface drift caused by wind friction.
	www.dynagen.co.za /eugene/freaks.html (380 words)

	Interactions of the Eastern and Western Boundary Systems Off South America and South Africa With the Large-Scale ...
		These basin-scale currents are affected by the equatorial currents on their northern boundaries and the eastward flowing west wind drift currents and Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) to their south.
		Similarly, the Brazil Current is thought to be impacted by upstream eddies that originate in the Agulhas Retroflection Area, after crossing the South Atlantic.
		Off South Africa, analysis of regional models and altimeter data have documented the annual cycle of transport in the Agulhas Current and determined that this variability is not propagating into the Agulhas region from the mid-latitude South Indian Ocean to its east [Matano et al., 1998; Matano et al., 1999].
	topex-www.jpl.nasa.gov /science/invest-strub.html (849 words)

	IUGG 2003 Scientific Program
		In particular, the Agulhas Undercurrent flows equatorward below the Agulhas Current, which is the western boundary current of the Southwest Indian Ocean subtropical gyre.
		The primary reason that the Agulhas Undercurrent is of interest to oceanographers is its potential role in the global thermohaline circulation.
		Should it be a continuous current, facilitating rapid inter-ocean exchange of NADW, it may be responsible for some 40% of the ventilation of the deep Indian Ocean.
	www.olympus.net /IAPSO/abstracts03/P01/03/020257-1.html (427 words)

	AUCE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Agulhas Current is the Western Boundary Current of the subtropical gyre in the south Indian Ocean.
		The Agulhas Current is oriented southwestward, except at Richards Bay where the continental slope topography guides it to the southeast around the Natal Bight.
		The Agulhas Current appears to be modified by a cyclone (sea-surface low) offshore during the occupation of this section.
	www.rsmas.miami.edu /divs/mpo/People/Faculty/Beal/current.html (1380 words)

	Southern African Cruising Guide and Sailing Notes by Tony Herrick.
		THE AGULHAS CURRENT: This current is one of the great ocean currents of the world, running mainly from northeast to southwest, following the two hundred meter contour of the continental shelf and dissipating over the Agulhas Bank south of Mossel Bay.
		It is a known fact that giant waves occur on the South African coast in the Agulhas current region, where southwesterly gales prevail against the southward flowing Agulhas current.
		The Agulhas Current is strongest next to the shelf edge, attaining rates of 3-4 knots or more during the Autumn.
	www.cruisingconnections.co.za /books2.htm (1552 words)

	South Atlantic Ocean and Southern Ocean
		Both currents respond to the wind, the ACC responding to the wind stress along its path, whereas the Malvinas Current responds to a barotropic adjustment to changes in the wind stress curl to the north of 50°S, mostly in the Pacific sector [Vivier et al., 2001].
		As the estimated mean value of the current was obtained with one year of in situ data, we have to be very cautious in using this time series for estimating interannual variations.
		The Agulhas system plays an important role in two ways: first, as the inter-ocean conduit for warm Indian Ocean water into the Atlantic Ocean (the warm water route), thus maintaining the global thermohaline circulation; second, as a key active region in the carbon cycle.
	sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov /science/invest-provost.html (1200 words)

	Numerical Modelling of the Agulhas Region (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		AGAPE "Agulhas As Primitive Equations" is a numerical model project to simulate the dynamics in the Agulhas region.
		Aims of this study are to identify the source regions of the Agulhas Current and calculate its volume transport, to study the separation processes and drift of Agulhas rings, and to estimate the interoceanic transport of mass, heat, and salt.
		Eddies are generated in the Mozambique Channel and southeast of Madargascar, travel towards the Agulhas Current and are advected by it.
	www.ifm.uni-kiel.de /fb/fb1/tm/research/woce/agulhas/woce_halifax.html (524 words)

	Path and variability of the Agulhas Return Current
		The current meanders between 38°S and 40°S in a spatially and temporally continuous fashion and has a core width of approximately 70 km with an associated transport of 44 ± 5 106 m3 s-1 in the upper 1000 m.
		Peak surface velocities decrease from 2.1 m s?1 near the Agulhas Retroflection to 1.1 m s-1 around 32°E. Meander troughs (northward extremes) are found predominantly near 26.8°E, 32.6°E and 38.9°E, while crests (southward extremes) are located with high probability near 29.7°E, 35.5°E and 42.9°E, resulting in a typical wavelength of 500 km.
		Cold eddies are shed along the northern boundary of the current from meander troughs into the recirculation regime between the Agulhas Current proper and the Agulhas Return Current.
	www.awi-bremerhaven.de /Publications/Boe2002d_abstract.html (244 words)

	Current Off South Africa Coast Rotates The Wrong Way
		The water in the center is also about 50 centimeters lower than at the edges, whereas normal Agulhas rings form a raised area on the surface of the ocean.
		Agulhas rings occur around the coast of South Africa where the current coming from the Indian Ocean makes a sharp clockwise turn back on itself.
		At the edge of an Agulhas ring, "cyclones" often occur that rotate in the opposite direction in the surrounding water, which is virtually motionless.
	unisci.com /stories/20013/0731012.htm (506 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Along the east coast of Madagascar the small East Madagascar Current fulfils this role, whereas the flow along the west coast of Madagascar seems to be indistinct and variable.
		By contrast, what all these coastal oceans have in common is, first, that they form part of the greater Agulhas Current system and, second, that they are all grossly underexplored and studied.
		The motion of its waters is largely inertial, with a residual parallel to the current.
	ioc.unesco.org /icam/regional15.doc (591 words)

	RSS / Research / Viewing Ocean Currents with SST (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The eastern and western edges of the Loop Current are bound by the geography of the Gulf of Mexico basin.
		The Agulhas Current, is a large western boundary current which flows southward along the east coast of Africa.
		The Kuroshio Current leaves the coast of Japan around 35 degrees N and becomes the Kuroshio Extension.
	www.remss.com /rss_research/viewing_ocean_currents_with_sst.html (403 words)

	Global Thermohaline Circulation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Brazil Current is western boundary current, Benguela is eastern boundary current.
		Agulhas is western boundary current, Leeuwin is eastern boundary current and flows poleward, which is opposite from the equatorward flow of eastern boundary currents in the other oceans.
		East Australia Current is western boundary current, Peru or Humbolt Current is eastern boundary current, westward flow is called the South Equatorial Current.
	sam.ucsd.edu /sio210/lect_6 (808 words)

	Ocean Currents and Tides
		The warm Agulhas runs south and west from the Indian Ocean pushing against the near-freezing waters of Antarctica, before meeting the cold Benguela current off the Cape of Good Hope.
		The second swiftest current in all the world's oceans, the Agulhas is deadlier than the swiftest current (the Gulf Stream) for two reasons.
		After Bartholomew Dias successfully sailed the treacherous intersection of the Benguela and Agulhas current (the Cape of Good Hope), it took three separate Portuguese voyages between 1486 and 1497 to learn to navigate successfully through the Agulhas current, travelling in the opposite direction.
	www.ruf.rice.edu /~feegi/ocean.html (345 words)

	Physical Oceanography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The transport of the Benguela Current and its variability is measured by a moored array of instruments as well as analysis of the TOPEX/POSEIDON satellite altimeter and CTD density field observations.
		A transect between the southern IES mooring was undertaken to support the moored instrument array and to inspect for streams of South Atlantic Current and Agulhas Current directed into the Benguela Current, and to investigate their relationship to the eddy field.
		The Agulhas eddies are carriers of Indian Ocean water, but they also determine the ratio of Atlantic to Indian contribution to the Benguela Current as they direct streams of regional current systems (South Atlantic Current and Agulhas Current) into the Benguela Current.
	www.ldeo.columbia.edu /res/fac/physocean/BEST/WOCE_v6.html (1283 words)

	AVISO Altimetry - Newsletter 8 - South Atlantic ocean and Southern Ocean (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) allows for inter-ocean transport of heat and freshwater anomalies, permitting ocean route telecommunication of climate anomalies to regions remote from the southern ocean at various timescales.
		Malvinas Current transport at 42°W in the upper 1,500 meters (in red from the currentmeter array, in blue from TOPEX).
		Both currents respond to the wind, the ACC responding to the wind stress along its path, whereas the Malvinas Current responds to a barotropic adjustment to changes in the wind stress curl to the north of 50°S, mostly in the Pacific sector [Vivier et al.
	www-aviso.cnes.fr:8090 /HTML/information/publication/news/news8/provost_uk.html (1299 words)

	Agulhas Current -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The southeast trade winds move the Indian South Equatorial Current toward the east coast of Africa, off which, because of the Earth's rotation, it is directed south to follow the outline of the mainland and its continental shelf.
		(or Earth current), a natural electric current that flows on and beneath the surface of Earth parallel to its surface; arises as charges from different sources try to reach equilibrium; several causes, including low-frequency electromagnetic waves from space and charged masses in ionosphere and atmosphere; used by geophysicists to map such subsurface structures as...
		Argues that while the public generally supports current levels of defense spending, this support is mostly a result of imperfect information--most people would prefer lower defense spending.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9004102?tocId=9004102 (954 words)

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