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Topic: Ahmad Gragn

	Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Imam Ahmad was born near Zeila, a port city located in northwestern Somalia (then part of Adal, a tributary Muslim state to the Christian Ethiopian Solomonid dynasty), and married Bati del Wambara, the daughter of governor Mahfuz of Zeila.
		Imam Ahmad campaigned again in Ethiopia in 1531, breaking Emperor Lebna Dengel's ability to resist in the Battle of Amba Sel on October 28, then marched north to loot the island monastery of Lake Hayq and the stone churches of Lalibela.
		Ahmad's invasion of Ethiopia is described in detail in the Futuh al-habasa ("The Conquest of Ethiopia") written in Arabic by Ahmad's follower Sihab ad-Din Admad ibn 'Abd-al-Qadir, and covers the story up to March 19, 1537.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ahmad_Gragn (1253 words)

	Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi: biography and encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Ahmad campaigned again in Ethiopia in 1531, looting the island monastery of Lake Hayq and the stone churches of Lalibela Lalibela is a city in the ethnic division, or kililoch, of ethiopia called afar....
		While the Portuguese expedition were victorious in most of their engagements with Ahmad's forces, da Gama allowed himself to be trapped by Ahmad somewhere north of the Tekezé River The tekezé river is a major river of ethiopia, and forms a section the westernmost border of ethiopia and eritrea for part of its course....
		Ahmad's invasion of Ethiopia is described in detail in the Futuh al-habasa ("The Conquest of Ethiopia") written in Arabic The Semitic language of the Arabs; spoken in a variety of dialects
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /a/ahmad_ibn_ibrihim_al-ghazi (957 words)

	Ethiopia - Ethiopian History - Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al Ghazi
		In 1529, Ahmad won a key battle against Emperor Lebna Dengel at Shembera Kure and by 1535 he had invaded Dewaro, Shewa, Amhara, Lasta, and Tigray.
		On February 21, 1543, the Ethiopian force led by Emperor Galawdewos invaded Ahmad’s army in Lake Tana.
		The outnumbered Portuguese and Ethiopian forces shot and killed Ahmad in the battle.
	www.ethiopianhistory.com /solomon/gragn.html (317 words)

	Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		He was born near Zeila, a port city located in northwestern Somalia, and married Bati del Wambara, the daughter of governor Mahfuz of Zeila.
		Although his troops were fearful of their opponents, and attempted to desert upon news that the Ethiopian army was approaching, Imam Ahmad relied on his elite company armed with matchlocks, and defeated emperor Lebne Dengel at Shimbra Kure that March.
		The survivors and Galawedos were afterwards able to join forces and, drawing on the Portuguese supplies, they attacked Ahmad on February 21, 1543 in the Battle of Wayna Daga, where their 9,000 troops managed to defeat the 15,000 soldiers under Imam Ahmad.
	en.orangehedgehog.com /content/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrihim_al-Ghazi (1148 words)

	Africa and Slavery 1500-1800 by Sanderson Beck (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Ahmad Pasha claimed the sultanate of Egypt and demanded money from Jews; but he was killed as a traitor in 1524.
		Ahmad al-A'raj was deposed by his brother Muhammad al-Mahdi, who defeated the Portuguese at Agadir in 1541, the same year Spain attacked Algiers and was defeated.
		The death of Mawlay Ahmad in Morocco led to civil war there in 1603, and after that the Sudan army gave their allegiance to the prince in Marrakesh.
	www.san.beck.org /1-13-Africa1500-1800.html (22906 words)

	persceution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The leader of the Muslim forces during this conflict was Imam Ahmad Ibn Ibrahim or Gragn, as he is known in Ethiopian Chronicles.
		On the following day Ahmad partitioned the spoil; he gave one part to the Arabs and … one to the troops who had gone on the water; the rest he divided among the Muslims”.
		The Ethiopian kingdom was later restored after the death of Ahmad Gragn (1543) and after the defeat of his army by Emperor Galawdewos (1540-59) who was given effective military assistance by the Portuguese.
	www.ethiopianorthodox.org /english/churchhistory/churchhistory3.htm (3581 words)

	1542 - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		April 4 - 16 The Portuguese under Christovão da Gama encounter the army of Imam Ahmad Gragn in the Battle of Jarte, and inflict upon the Imam two successive defeats.
		August 28 - Reinforced with at least 600 arquebusiers and cavalry, Imam Ahmad Gragn attacks the Portuguese camp in the Battle of Wofla.
		The Portuguese are scattered, Christovão da Gama captured and executed.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/1542 (460 words)

	Dawit II of Ethiopia: bio and encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		With the death of Sultan Abu Bakr in 1520, a young Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi Ahmad ibn ibrihim al-ghazi (c.1507 - february 21, 1543) was a somali general who defeated several ethiopian emperors and wreaked much damage on that nation....
		Ahmad attacked in 1528, and inflicted a severe defeat on Lebna Dengel at the Battle of Shimbra Kure; Ahmad attacked again in 1531, in a campaign that destroyed churches, monasteries, and converted Christians at the point of spear.
		Ahmad assembled his troops in Dabra Berhan in April 1533 to conquer -- or at least ravage -- the northern regions of Tigray Tigray is the northern-most of the nine ethnic regions (kililoch) of ethiopia....
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /d/dawit_ii_of_ethiopia1 (787 words)

	Dynastic Marriage in Old-Time Ethiopia, 1
		These may be illustrated by the sometimes difficult relations between the central Ethiopian state and the Falashas, or Beta Esra'el, as well conflicts connected with the great northward migration of the Oromos, in former times better known as Gallas.
		Ahmad's power was based in Adal, in the east of the country, and on the Gulf of Aden port of Zayla'.
		The Imam thereupon appointed the deceased's young son Nafi, his own brother-in-law by marriage, as ruler, made the latter's aunt, his own aunt by marriage, regent, and sent back the old chief's nephew Hasan, who was with him, to act as the child's foster parent.
	www.addistribune.com /Archives/2004/01/16-01-04/Dynastic.htm (1575 words)

	History of the Ethiopian Diaspora, in India
		THE RISE OF IMAM AHMAD IBN IBRAHIM, OR AHMAD GRAGN, AND ITS AFTERMATH
		The relationship between Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim’s expeditions and the influx of Habshi slaves was evident to the contemporary Gujarat scholar Abdallah Muhammad ibn Omar al-Makki, al-Asafi, Ulugh Khan, generally known as Haji ad-Dabir.
		Most of the Habshis who arrived in Gujarat in the aftermath of Imam Ahmad’s expeditions in Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa lived a life of near anonymity, and scarcely feature in records of the time.
	www.addistribune.com /Archives/2000/04/14-04-00/Hist.htm (1534 words)

	HARRAR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		1525 - 1544 [Imam Muhammad Gragn] Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi, Sultan of Harrar.
		Del Wambara, widow of his uncle and predecessor, Imam Muhammad III Ahmad Gran ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi, Sultan of Harrar.
		Guisti Fatima, regent for her son Ahmad III, daughter of Amir 'Abdu'l Karim ibn Abu Bakar, Amir of Harrar.
	www.4dw.net /royalark/Ethiopia/harrar.htm (744 words)

	Ahmed Gragn search by address Ahmed Gragn (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Find the best info on ahmed gragn from top Internet search engines quickly and easily at Findtarget.com.
		Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi (c.1507 – February 21, 1543) was a Somali general who defeated several Ethiopian emperors and wreaked much damage on that nation.
		In retaliation for an attack on Adal in 1527–8 by the Ethiopian general Degalhan, Ahmad invaded Ethiopia in 1529, and inflicted a defeat on Lebne Dengel.
	www.find-ask.com /Encyclopedia/Ahmed_Gragn/Ahmed_Gragn.html (675 words)

	Ethiopia - Ethiopian History - History Articles
		During the sixteenth century, the expeditions of Ahmad Gragn ravaged Ethiopia.
		- the fall of Ahmad ibn Abrham (1541), end of Tigrean autonomy (1831).
		- Ahmad ibn Ibrahim conquers (1529), the Treaty of Uccialli (1890).
	www.ethiopianhistory.com /articles.html (347 words)

	List of Battles 1401-1800 Encyclopedia Articles @ KarrNet.com (Karr Net) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Battle of Shimbra Kure March 7 or 9 - Imam Ahmad Gragn, with 200 men armed with matchlocks, defeats the numerically superior army of Lebna Dengel, Emperor of Ethiopia.
		Battle of Antukyah February or March - The Ethiopian army panics and flees before Imam Ahmad Gragn's seven cannons and matchlockmen.
		Battle of Jarte April 4 - 16 The Portuguese under Christovão da Gama encounter the army of Imam Ahmad Gragn in two successive victories.
	www.karrnet.com /encyclopedia/List_of_battles_1401-1800 (5844 words)

	unganisha.org -- Ethiopia: A bit of faith on Lake Tana
		On that day, the Portuguese were routed and their leader (the son of a famous Mr.Vasco Da Gama) beheaded.
		Gragn then proceeded to plunder and pillage the churches around the lake.
		Since then many churches and their treasures had been moved to the more inaccessible islands of the lake (Gragn was later defeated by a joint force of the Portuguese and the Ethiopian Emperor Claudius).
	www.unganisha.org /home/logs/perma/20031009 (912 words)

	1541 - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		April 24 - The Battle of Sahart was fought between the army of Ethiopean Emperor and forces of Somali Ahmad Gragn.
		July 9 - Estevão da Gama departs Massawa, leaving behind 400 matchlockmen and 150 slaves under his brother Christovão da Gama, with orders to assist the Emperor of Ethiopia defeat Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi who has invaded his Empire.
		August 29 - The Janissaries of Suleiman the Magnificent take Buda by ruse, hiding themselves as tourists.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/1541 (376 words)

	The Definitive Guide to Bale Province, Ethiopia XXXX (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Taddesse Tamrat locates Bale south of the Shabele River, which separated the kingdom from Dawaro to the north and Adal to the northeast.
		The kingdom disappeared as a distinct polity following the invasion of Ahmad Gragn, and the subsequent Oromo migrations into the area.
		The later Bale, named for the earlier one, was a province in the south-eastern part of Ethiopia, with its capital city at Goba.
	www.xxxx.com /s/Bale_Province,_Ethiopia (329 words)

	[No title]
		Although his troops were fearful of their opponents, and attempted to desert upon news that the Ethiopian army was approaching, Imam Ahmad relied on his elite company armed with
		Ahmad's invasion of Ethiopia is described in detail in the Futuh al-habasa ("The Conquest of Ethiopia") written in
		The Oromo migrations that followed the end of the Gragn wars had cut off these old relationships and had drastically changed the demographics of the area.
	www.xanga.com /theelf29/462953437/item.html (2501 words)

	Ethiopia: Harar
		All of this changed with the rise of Ahmad Gragn who became Amir of Harar and the chief of the Adal (Afari) tribes.
		In 1528, with an army of 16,000, he invaded the highlands aided by Turkish mercenaries and artillery.
		Called "Gragn," the left-handed, his invasion gave little quarter to the Chrisians.
	www.fruithome.com /virtual/eth_har/harar.html (464 words)

	IndiaFamily Main Menu
		Ahmad, though brought to power by the Habshis, feared their growing strength, and placed his trust instead in Persians, Turks and other foreigners of the Shiah faith.
		Ahmad, unlike the rulers of Bengal, did not, however, banish the Habshis, who therefore continued to be both prominent.
		During the subsequent reign of Ala-ud-Din Ahmad (1436-1458) they stood for example on the left of the throne, though the other foreigners were assigned the more prestigious position on the right.
	indiafamily.net /talk/messages/12480/12479.html?971155757 (16190 words)

	Find Menas at myEweb.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi's invasion of Ethiopia, Menas had been captured but treated well as a valuable...
		wife of Imam Ahmad Gragn, Menas escaped this mutilation, and was married....
		Most likely Menas of Mareotis, Menas of Cotyaes, and Menas of Constantinople, surnamed Kallikelados, are...
	myeweb.info /web/index.php?qry_str=Menas (179 words)

	Somaliland.Org
		Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi (c1507-1543), a Somali Imam and General who was born near Zeila, capital of the medieval Adal State, conquered much of Ethiopia.
		Every Christian highlander still hears tales of Gragn in his childhood." Henze said Haile Selassie referred to him in h is memoirs: "I have often had villagers in northern Ethiopia point out sites of towns, forts, churches and monasteries destroyed by Gragn as if these catastrophes had occurred only yesterday."
		At the turn of the 20th century, the Somali hero Sayyid Muhammad Abdullah Hassan, described by one scholar as the George Washington of Somali nationalism, led an exhaustive and long resistance war against the combined colonials powers of Britain, Italy and Ethiopia (1898-1920).
	www.somaliland.org /opinions.asp?ID=06012801 (2249 words)

	ETHIOPIA.News - ChatArea.com
		The plant, called chat in Ethiopia, and qat in Yemen, is known to have been widely consumed by Muslims in Ethiopia, at least by the time of Emperor ‘Amda Seyon, as noted in his chronicle.
		Coffee, which is believed to have also originated in Ethiopia, was first mentioned there in the early sixteenth century chronicle of the Adal conqueror Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim, better known as Ahmad Gragn, i.e.
		According to Yemeni tradition, the bean was brought to Yemen by Shaykh Shams ad-Din Abu al-Hasan ibn ‘Omar al Shad’eli al-Yamani, apparently in the early fifteenth century.
	www.chatarea.com /Ethiopia.m397957 (1391 words)

	Ethiopia Across the Red Sea and Indian Ocean - Pankhurst (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Jewels were another costly import from India, destined largely for the richest Ethiopian churches.
		Emperor Galawdewos’s chronicle states that several places of worship destroyed by the soldiers of the Adal conqueror Ahmad Gragn had been thus decorated with "precious Indian stones".
		A generation or so later, at the height of Ahmad ibn Ibrahim’s invasion of the Christian highlands, a Portuguese military force, led by Christovao da Gama, intervened, in 1541, on the Emperor’s behalf.
	www.civicwebs.com /cwvlib/africa/ethiopia/pankhurst/ethiopia_across_red_sea_&_indian_ocean.htm (4575 words)

	CalendarHome.com - 1543 - Calendar Encyclopedia
		February 21 - Battle of Wayna Daga - A combined army of Ethiopian and Portuguese troops defeat the armies of Adal led by Ahmed Gragn
		February 21 - Ahmad Gragn, Imam of Adal (killed in battle)
		May 24 - Nicolaus Copernicus, mathematician and astronomer (born 1473)
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /1543.htm (397 words)

	Issue 210
		A brief glance at history will also expose the writer's ignorance of the Somali people's heroic struggle against foreign occupation from the 16th century to the colonial days and beyond.
		His forces exhausted and devastated by the Imam's assault, the Ethiopian emperor Lebna Dengel (reigned 1508–40) appealed to Portugal for help.
		The Portuguese led force eventually succeeded to defeat and kill the Imam after fierce battles.
	www.somalilandtimes.net /sl/2005/210/06.shtml (2150 words)

	Aksum - Chs. 11-16. by Dr. Stuart Munro-Hay.
		The city's monuments were falling into ruin, and, the result of a slow process of attrition, the formerly rich agricultural land surrounding the city was now capable of only a reduced yield.
		These were troubled times, and neither invasion nor revolt can be ruled out; the undefended former capital would have been easy prey to invaders, as it was to Gudit and Ahmad Gragn later.
		Nevertheless, even the most miserable conditions did not deprive Aksum of its legendary heritage, and the departure of the king, the court, the abun and all the trappings of a capital still left it pre-eminent in the possession of its cathedral and religious tradition.
	users.vnet.net /alight/aksum/mhak4.html (20396 words)

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