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Topic: Ahmad ibn Tulun

	Ahmed ibn tulun mosque
		THE MOSQUE OF AHMAD IBN TULUN 263- 65H.(876/877- 879).
		TULUN was one of the Turkish slaves whom the Governor of Bukhara had sent to the Khalif al- Ma'mun.
		Ahmad ibn Tulun may be regarded as one of the most important figures in the history of Muslim Egypt.
	www.a-1hotels.com /eg/history/html/ahmed_ibn_tulun_mosque.html (1347 words)

	Ahmad ibn Tulun - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ibn Ţũlũn was born in Baghdad during the month of Ramadan 220 AH (September 835).
		Ibn al-Mudabbir was disliked by the local population because of high rates of taxation (particularly against non-Muslim citizens, which comprised over half of Egypt's population) and greed.
		Ibn Ţũlũn's forces followed and took control of large portions of Syria, but the campaign was cut short when ibn Ţũlũn had to return to Egypt to deal with a revolt led by his own son, Abbas.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Tulun (897 words)

	Al-Qatta'i (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Ibn Tulun arrived with a large military force that was too large to be housed in al-Askar.
		Ibn Tulun's palace, the Dar al-Imara ("Emir's Home") was built adjacent to the mosque and a private door allowed the governor direct access to the pulpit, or minbar.
		Ibn Tulun also commissioned the construction of an aqueduct to bring water to the existing town, and a maristan (hospital), the first such public institution in Egypt, founded in 873.
	libraryoflibrary.com /E_n_c_p_d_Al-Qatta'i.html (604 words)

	Ibn Tulun in Cairo, Egypt
		As a young man, Ahmad was a loyal servant to his caliph in Samarra (north of modern Baghdad), Mesopotamia and when his father died and his stepfather was given Egypt as a sort of private estate by the caliph, Ahmad Ibn Tulun was sent to administer the country.
		Ibn Tulun's appointment as prefect of Egypt came in 868 and at the end of a long period of political strife.
		Ibn Tulun was a great horseman and an enthusiastic soldier, so he used the midan for parades and polo, and the historian Makrizi says that everybody in Fustat loved this big square.
	www.touregypt.net /featurestories/itulun.htm (2062 words)

	Early Islamic Period
		The commander of the Caliph’s troops, ‘Amr Ibn al-‘As, led the new military settlement and redug the canal connecting the Nile River and the Red Sea.
		Ibn Tulun later built the mosque of Ibn Tulun and a citadel.
		Ibn Tulun constructed many other building at this time like a grand palace with gardens and a hippodrome, a stadium for horse races and polo.
	www.class.uidaho.edu /arch499/nonwest/cairo/early_islamic_period.htm (637 words)

	Ahmed biography
		Yusuf ibn Ibrahim is known to have been a member of a group of scholars and this must have provided a strong intellectual environment for Ahmed.
		Ahmad ibn Tulun soon built up an army under his own control and managed to take control of the finances of the country.
		Ahmed ibn Yusuf was appointed as a private secretary to the family, in particular he was employed by one of Ahmad ibn Tulun's sons.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Biographies/Ahmed.html (687 words)

	Muslim American Society
		Ibn Sina discovered that stomach ulcers may be formed by either of two causes: a psychic cause such as worry or depression, and a material or organic cause acting on the stomach itself.
		Ibn Rushd divided medical knowledge into seven branches: anatomy; health and its conditions; disease and its varieties; symptoms of illness and health; the instruments of health such as foodstuffs and medicines; methods of health preservation; and methods for illness removal.
		Ibn al Haytham was also responsible for determining the effects of atmospheric pressure and the earth's magnetic force on weight.
	www.masnet.org /history.asp?id=1033 (5716 words)

	Mosque of Ibn Tulun - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is arguably the oldest mosque in the city surviving in its original form, and is the largest mosque in Cairo in terms of land area.
		The mosque was commissioned by Ahmad ibn Ţūlūn, the Abbassid governor of Egypt from 868–884 whose rule was characterized by de facto independence.
		The grand ceremonial mosque was intended as the focal point of Ibn Ţūlūn's capital, al-Qatta'i, which served as the center of administration for the Tulunid dynasty.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mosque_of_Ibn_Tulun (688 words)

	Egypt - The Tulinids, Ikhshidids, Fatimids, and Ayyubids, 868- 1260 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		A new era began in Egypt with the arrival in Al Fustat in 868 of Ahmad ibn Tulun as governor on behalf of his stepfather, Bayakbah, a chamberlain in Baghdad to whom Caliph Al Mutazz had granted Egypt as a fief.
		Ahmad ibn Tulun inaugurated the autonomy of Egypt and, with the succession of his son, Khumarawayh, to power, established the principle of locally based hereditary rule.
		Ahmad ibn Tulun and his successors were orthodox Sunni Muslims, loyal to the principle of Islamic unity.
	countrystudies.us /egypt/16.htm (1074 words)

	Saudi Aramco World : A City Adorned (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Ibn Tulun was educated in Tarsus, in Anatolia, and then appointed in 868 by the caliph to govern his Egyptian domains.
		Beyond the courtyard, attached to the inner of the courtyard’s double walls, was a minaret with a spiral staircase on the outside—again in imitation of Samarra.
		Compared to Ibn Tulun’s sprawling and essentially horizontal desert grandeur of fired brick five hundred years before, Sultan Hasan’s madrasa-mosque was built out of huge blocks of stone in soaring vertical splendor.
	www.saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/200501/a.city.adorned.htm (2160 words)

	Mosques of Middle East
		Ibn Tulun Mosque is located in Cairo, Egypt.
		Ahmad Ibn Tulun is the son of a Turkish military slave Tulun, who had been sent from Bukhara as tribute to the Abbasid court at Samarra, and the one who founded the Tulunid rule in Egypt.
		The Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad ibn Qala'un Mosque, commonly known as the Qala'un Mosque, is an early 14th century mosque in the heart of Cairo, Egypt.
	www.mosquesofmiddleeast.com (1461 words)

	Mosque of Ibn Tulun - Cairo, Egypt
		Courtyard of the Ibn Tulun Mosque in Cairo.
		The Ibn Tulun Mosque is a huge and historic mosque in Cairo built by Ahmad Ibn Tulun.
		Ibn Tulun built this mosque in 879 AD with the intention of accommodating his entire army during Friday prayers.
	www.sacred-destinations.com /egypt/cairo-ibn-tulun-mosque.htm (463 words)

	Chronological Timeline
		503-4 The Lakhmid al-Mundhir III ibn al-Nu'man of al-Hira.
		529-69 The Ghassanid al-Harith IV ibn Jabala, Byzantine patricius and phylarch of the Arabs, defeats Mundhir III in 554.
		The traditionalist Ahmad ibn Hanbal (780-855) is persecuted as the representative of the opposition of the ahl al-hadith to rationalist theology.
	www.princeton.edu /~batke/itl/chron.html (6732 words)

	Saudi Aramco World : Beacon Across the Ages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		In Ibn Battuta's time the lighthouse was nearing the end of an existence that had begun more than 15 centuries earlier, when it was erected in 279 BC by Alexander the Great, who had arrived in Egypt in the course of his conquests and driven out the Persian occupiers.
		Andalusian traveler Ibn Jubair, who toured the lighthouse in 1183 described the first level as maze-like filled with "stairways and entrances and numerous apartment, so that he who penetrates and wanders thorough its passages may be lost.
		Yusuf ibn al-Shaykh, an architect and builder, took measurements of the lightouse in 1165, confirming that pharos was still intact—apart from the dome and statue.
	www.saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/199402/beacon.across.the.ages.htm (2912 words)

	Egypt: The Mosque of Ahmad ibn Tulun
		The Ibn Tulun Mosque was completed in 879 AD on Mount Yashkur in a settlement named al-Qata'i by the founder of Egypt's Tulunid Dynasty (868-905 AD), Ahmad ibn Tulun.
		It was damaged when used as a shelter for pilgrims from North Africa to the Hijaz in the 12th c., but restored and refounded with madrasa-type functions by 'Alam al-Din Sanjar al-Dawadar at the behest of Mamluk Sultan Lajin in 1296.
		The Ibn Tulun mosque reflects all the characteristic features of Abbasid art within the realm of architecture, and was obviously influenced, particularly with regards to the minaret, the great rectangular piers with engaged corner columns, the decorative motif and other features by the famous Samarra mosque in present day Iraq.
	www.touregypt.net /featurestories/ibntulun.htm (1290 words)

	intoegypt.com - Directories (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.netlab.uky.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Built by Ahmed Ibn Tulun in 879 (265 H), the Ibn Tulun Mosque in the Sayyedah Zeinab district has an atmosphere of tranquillity unlike that of any other mosque in the city.
		Ahmed Ibn Tulun was sent to govern Cairo by the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad, which explains the Mesopotamian influence.
		It was used as a military hospital by Ibrahim Pasha during the 19th century and was later used as a salt warehouse and beggar~s prison prior to its restoration in 1918.
	www.intoegypt.com.cob-web.org:8888 /docs/view_directories.asp?cp_id=1000&cp_parent_id=6... (308 words)

	The Early Islamic Period
		Amr Ibn Al-As established Fustat north of Babylon-in-Egypt as his military headquarters and seat of government and the Egyptians swiftly embraced the new religion of Islam.
		Ahmad Ibn Tulun who had been sent by the Abbassid Khalif Al-Mu'taz to govern Egypt in AD868, declared Egypt an independent state and successfully defended his new domain against the Abbassid armies sent to unseat him.
		Ibn Tulun built Al-Qitai, a new capital centered on a vast central mosque, the courtyard of which could accommodate his entire army and their horses.
	www.goegypt.org /aboutegy/history/12-theearlyislamicperiod.htm (249 words)

	[No title]
		Their first leader, Muhammad Ibn Ali, was a descendant of Abas, the prophet's uncle.
		In the year 878 Ahmad Ibn Tulun annexed Palestine to Egypt, thus detaching it from the center of Abbasid rule in Baghdad.
		Ibn Tulun and his successors held their unstable and uneasy rule over Palestine till 905 CE, when the Abbasid caliphs renewed their connections with Jerusalem (905-940 CE).
	www.archpark.org.il /article.asp?id=235 (427 words)

	Architecture of Cairo
		Ahmad ibn-Tulun: A Turkish governor sent by the Abbasids who managed through cunning and superb organization to create a semi-independent principality in Egypt and parts of Syria.
		The new settlement built north of Fustat around the site of the future Citadel of Cairo by Ahmad ibn-Tulun as his capital.
		The center of al-Qata'i` was occupied by Ibn Tulun's palace complex, his hippodrome, and a stately mosque that still stand today.
	web.mit.edu /4.615/www/handout03.htm (357 words)

	Ahmed Ibn Tulun Mosque, Cairo, Egypt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		In addition, Ibn Tulun built an canal to bring water from the Nile, as well as a palace, a hippodrome, a mosque, offices, and housing for his troops, all probably based on his experiences at Samarra.
		The Ibn Tulun Mosque (876-879) bears many superficial resemblances to the mosques of Samarra, although it is clearly the product of local craftsmen working to the specifications of a foreigner.
		The Ibn Tulun Mosque is often nowadays seen as an Egyptian imitation of the imperial Abbasid style seen at Samarra.
	www.islamicarchitecture.org /architecture/ibntulunmosque.html (1119 words)

	[No title]
		The Ummayyad Dynasty ruled Egypt from Damascus until the Abbasids took control of the Caliphate and shifted the political capital of Islam to Baghdad.
		Ahmad Ibn Tulun, who had been sent by the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mu'taz to govern Egypt in 868 AD, declared Egypt an independent state and successfully defended his new domain against the Abbasid armies sent to unseat him.
		Ibn Tulun built Al-Qitai, a new capital centred around a vast central mosque, the courtyard of which could accommodate his entire army and their horses.
	www.arab.net /egypt/et_earlyislam.htm (206 words)

	868-905. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		He began construction of the mosque that remains in modern Cairo.
		Death of Ahmad al-Baladhuri, the author of an important biographical dictionary (Ansab al-ashraf) and a history of the Muslim conquests (Futuh al-buldan).
		The son of the regent al-Muwaffaq displayed talent in pulling together the military, which remained loyal to him and became critical to implementing his policies of state reconsolidation.
	www.bartleby.com /67/296.html (687 words)

	Walk3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Except for the Ibn Tulun mosque, the area was developed mostly by
		Ahmad Ibn Tulun whose mosque was at its core.
		The spot fell from favor for some 400 years, but was then gradually redeveloped by Mamluk amirs who saw the advantage of proximity to the seat of the throne at the citadel.
	www.aucegypt.edu /walking_tours/cairo/walk3/walk3.html (273 words)

	ibn tulun (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		uilt on Mount Yashkur, Ibn Tulun's mosque was the focal point of the Tulunid capital that lasted only 26 years.
		The mosque fell into disuse when the city center moved north and west but was restored in later periods.
		An engraved image of the mosque of Ibn Tulun graces the Egyptian Five pound note.
	www.aucegypt.edu /walking_tours/cairo/walk3/ibn_tulun/ibn_tulun.html (245 words)

	Ahmed (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The Caliphs had strengthened their armies in the 9th century with Turkish slaves and began to put their Turkish commanders into positions as governors of certain territories in the Empire.
		The complete Arabic text of this treatise is given in [2].
		Ahmed ibn Yusuf also gave methods to solve tax problems which appear in
	www.educ.fc.ul.pt /icm/icm2003/icm14/Ahmed.htm (633 words)

	Kingdoms of North Africa - Tulunids
		Ancient Egypt had long been controlled by the Islamic Empire, and first drifted out of Arabian Abbasid control under its originally faithful Tulunid governors.
		Ahmad built one of the oldest monuments in Cairo (at the time still called Fustat), the Ibn Tulun Mosque.
		The dynasty fell victim to the brief revival of Abbasid power at the beginning of the 10th century.
	www.kessler-web.co.uk /History/KingListsAfrica/EgyptTulunids.htm (61 words)

	Mosque ahmad ibn tulun Stock Images and Photos. 8 Mosque ahmad ibn tulun photography pictures available to download ...
		Mosque ahmad ibn tulun Stock Images and Photos.
		Egypt, Hallways in the Cairo Mosque of Ibn Tulun Cairo
		Egypt, Mosque of Ibn Tulun Archways and staircase Cairo
	www.fotosearch.com /photos-images/mosque-ahmad-ibn-tulun.html (166 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Built by Ahmad Ibn Tulun (Egptian Ruler between
		Ibn Tulun has a large (92 m2) rectangular enclosure with a central courtyard.
		Central building enclosed by an outer enclosure or ziyada Opposite the central mihrab is a minaret consisting of a square tower with a spiral section on the top external staircase.
	gallery.sjsu.edu /IslamicTutorial/IbnTulun/IbnTulun.html (59 words)

	Catalog :: Wooden Frieze
		In the 870's, Ahmad Ibn Tulun, the Iraqi governor of Egypt for the Abbasid caliph of Baghdad, began to build the Mosque named after him north of the capital, Fustat.
		Completed by 879 AD, this Mosque has ever since been considered one of the architectural wonders of the Islamic world.
		The other inscriptions in tiny gold letters comprise the text of Surah CXII, Al-Ikhals, Purity, which maintains the Unity of Allah, but is often mixed up in popular belief with superstitious practices.
	www.islamicart.com /main/calligraphy/catalog/egypt.html (501 words)

	LoL: A Struggle that Led to Conversion 1/3 (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.netlab.uky.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Ibn Abbaas reported that Muhammad said, "If a runaway slave steals, he is not subject to the cutting off (of hands), neither is the dhimmi (free non-Muslim living in a Muslim country who pays the capital tax)" (al-Daarqatni in the Sunan).
		In this hadith Sa'd Ibn Abaada brought to the surface the difficulty of proving the crime of adultery by bringing four witnesses who are then supposed to see the adulterers.
		When Ahmad Ibn Tulun died, he left behind 10,000 dinars of gold, 7,000 Mamelukes (white slaves), 24,000 fl slaves, 7,000 horses, 6,000 heads of mules and donkeys, 10,000 camels, 100 chests of pearls, jewels and rubies, and an endless number of antiques, not to mention all the homesteads, holdings and orchards.
	www.light-of-life.com.cob-web.org:8888 /eng/answer/a4990et1.htm (12623 words)

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