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Topic: Ahmed Gragn

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	Emperor Libne Dingel (Wanag Seged)
		Ahmed married the daughter of the Emir Mahfuz of Harrar and the Adal, Bati Dil Wenbera (whose name translates to Victory is her Throne).
		Gragn entered the town of Axum and burned down St. Mary of Zion Cathedral and looted much of the treasure there, although the monks had already taken away and hidden the great relic which they claim to this day, is the Ark of the Covenant.
		Gragn's Vizier, Abdel Lenim fought a brutal battle with Tesfa Leul, ruler of Hamasein, and was defeated.
	www.angelfire.com /ny/ethiocrown/Libne.html (4628 words)

	Emperor Gelawdewos (Atsnaf Seged)
		Gragn became quite alarmed at the possiblity that the young Emperor Gelawdewos would combine his forces with is mother and the Portuguese, so he decided to act swifty and marched into Akale Guzai (in modern day Eritrea).
		Gragn, so as not to panic his troops is said to have simply stated "Fight on" and went sat under the cover of a boulder so as not to show how seriously he was hurt.
		Gragn's widow Bati Dil Wenbera and the remnants of his once proud army fled back to Harrar, witdrawing from vast stretches of the Empire in their hasty retreat.
	www.angelfire.com /ny/ethiocrown/gelaw.html (1034 words)

	Untitled Document
		Ahmed began to use the title of "Imam" and the Muslims of the Empire began to regard him as their greatest hope of taking the leading role.
		Gragn, so as not to panic his troops, is said to have simply stated, "Fight on." and then sat under the cover of a boulder so as not to show how seriously he was hurt.
		Gragn's widow Bati Dil Wenbera and the remnants of his once-proud army fled back to Harrar, withdrawing from vast stretches of the Empire in their hasty retreat.
	www.solomoniccrownheraldry.org /history_of_ethiopia_monarchy_medieval_emperors.htm (12041 words)

	GIRR No 13 1
		Ahmed Gragn is said to have besieged the impregnable hill top for a long time but he failed to control her fortress.
		The first was held in September 1542, at which the Portuguese met Ahmed Gragn with Turkish volunteers of 900 strong who had come to his side to counter-balance the Christian solidarity between Ethiopia and Portugal.
		Contemporary to Seble Wongel in the Muslim camp was a renowned woman of courage, Bati Del Wanbara, who was the wife of Ahmed Gragn and daughter of a Muslim military commander of Adal known as Mahfuz.
	www.ossrea.net /girr/no13/minale.htm (6439 words)

	EthioNl: a site for Ethiopians
		Ahmed Garg's invasion was simply a cintinuation of the hundreds- of- years- long Turkish war against the great Habesha people.
		The crimes of Ahmed Gragn, who burnt and destroyed ethiopian churches are simply savage.
		Comparing what Ahmed Gragn did to Ethiopia with what Yohannes did to moslems of his time, we find Yohannes was fair.
	www.ethio.nl /comments/yohanes_hero.html (966 words)

	news
		In fact, in the late 1520s, the Gragn forces crossed the river Dukem and this was a wake up call for the Ethiopian king Lebne Dingil who soon mobilized his forces (close to 200,000) from Tigray, Agaw, Gojjam, Begemdir, Shewa and the rest of his domain.
		Gragn, on the other hand, had assembled only 12,000 troops but he had a distinct advantage of the Turkish muskets which the Lebne Dingil forces were lacking.
		The Gragn campaign to destroy Ethiopia was conducted in the name of Islam and Jihad and to be sure there were some Arabs (especially from Mahra in southern Arabia) among the rank-and-file of his forces who came to assist the Jihad wars.
	www.ethiopiafirst.com /news2001/Nov/The_Enigma.html (1510 words)

	Sterling gratitude to Ana Gomes
		Belatedly because Ahmed Gragn had already started his brutal invasion of Ethiopia through Harar and advancing swiftly to the north of the country ruthlessly overcoming resistance, destroying property, burning churches and plundering invaluable treasures and sacred relics thereof.
		The ruthless forces of Gragn, assisted by arms and/or moral support given by Turkey and other Arab countries, rapidly advanced northwards scoring victories in Balle, Harar, Arsie, Shewa, Wollo, Tigrai, Godjam, and part of Begemdir leaving in their wake death and destruction.
		Ahmed Gragn died in the battle field and the remainder of his badly beaten and demoralized forces speedily fled back to Harar suffering casualties on their way.
	www.ethiomedia.com /carepress/sterling_gratitude.html (1820 words)

	The Ethiopian Muslim and Christian War
		However, the order of Prophet Mohammed not harm Ethiopians did not prevent Ahmed Gragn, a militant Muslim leader, whose forces swept across Ethiopia from Harar in the east of the country and threaten the complete distruction of Ethiopian Christendom in 1528.
		In 1543, Emperor Galawdewos, the son of Emperor Lebna Dengel, took the throne and defeated and killed Ahmed Gragn in a Battle near Lake Tana with the assistance of the Portuguese.
		After the defeat of Ahmed Gragn, Galawdewos attempted to build the churches destroyed and restore peace but he was unsuccessful due to constant raids by Ahmed Gragn followers led by his widow Bati Del Wambara.
	www.ethiopiantreasures.toucansurf.com /pages/rel-war.htm (381 words)

	Harar Network \| Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Ahmed Bin Ali Al-Maqrizi, who in 1435-36 wrote Kitab Al-Ilmam bi Akhbar man bi-Al- Habasha min Muluk Al-Islam (The Book of True Knowledge of the History of the Muslim Kings of Abyssinia), focussed on the mediaeval Muslim sultanates in the Horn of Africa, including those within the country today known as Ethiopia.
		Ahmed Gragn''s ultimate aim was to unite the Muslims of the Horn of Africa by establishing an Islamic state in the region.
		Despite the attempts of Gragn''s widow, Bati Del Wambara, to carry on his jihad, the Muslim Sultanate of Adal was finally destroyed by Christian Ethiopia in 1577.
	www.harraris.com /y25/article_read.asp?id=8 (4272 words)

	The Cross and the River: Ethiopia, Egypt and the Nile
		From his stronghold in the eastern Ethiopian Muslim city of Harar, Ahmed Grang's armies sacked the main Christian cities of the northern Ethiopian highlands, converting in the process many of the country's Christians.
		Gragn was assisted by neighbouring Muslim nations, and especially by the Ottomans who at the time ruled Egypt.
		Erlich cites the examples of Syrian intellectual Shakib Arslan and the Egyptians Yusuf Ahmed and Sheikh Mohamed Num Bakr whose Islam in Ethiopia and Italy and Her Colonies, respectively, were widely circulated in publications like Rose Al-Youssef, Al-Balagh and Al-Hilal in the mid-30s.
	www.addistribune.com /Archives/2003/10/24-10-03/Cross.htm (1835 words)

	Harar
		His rule however was cut short five years later when he was murdered by Ahmed Ibn Ibrahim Al Ghazi better known as Ahmed Gragn or Ahmed the Left Handed who seized the town.
		Gragn’s nephew and successor Nur Ibn Al-Wazir Mujahid erected strong walls around Harar which remain one of the town’s most prominent features.
		The ancient city of Harar remained a center of religious fever from the early days of the Islamic expansion until 1887 when the authority of the central government was restored by Emperor Menelik II.
	www.easterntravel.net /Harrar.htm (891 words)

	Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Intent on avenging her husband's death, she married his nephew Nur ibn Mujahid, but only on the condition that Nur would avenge Imam Ahmad's defeat.
		Haile Selassie referred to him in his memoirs.
		While acknowledging that many modern Somali nationalists consider Ahmad a national hero, Henze dismisses their claims, stating that the concept of a Somali nation did not exist during Ahmad's lifetime.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ahmed_Gragn (1310 words)

	Heroes and Mavericks Issue
		I do not know if he was indeed a southpaw, as they say in the west, or was so named because he was too effective an enemy to the Christian armies he repeatedly faced and vanquished.
		My choice of Ahmed Gragn as the "Person of the Millennium," however, is based on events subsequent to his rise (and fall).
		Since this very soon started a vicious civil war, the resolution was for the Potuguese to leave, the Catholics to be forced to recant, and for subsequent Ethiopian emperors to entreat the leaders of Egypt to stop any "Catholic" (which could be translated as any Westerner) from making their way into Ethiopis.
	www.seleda.com /apr01/chilot1.shtml (466 words)

	Ethiopian Treasures - Harar City Wall - Harar
		Ahmed Gragn killed Abu Beker Mohammed who was the ruler of Harar.
		Ahmed Gragn was a militant Muslim leader and used Harar as his base to launch his jihad and raids against the Ethiopian Christian Empire in 1528.
		The raids continued against the Christians led by Ahmed Gragn's widow Bati Del Wambara.
	www.ethiopiantreasures.toucansurf.com /pages/harar.htm (478 words)

	tecolahagos.com - ethiopian related issues and commentary
		The name Ahmed Gragn was a corruption of his real name “Imam Ahmed bin Ibrahim Al Ghazi,” and might suggest that Ahmed Gragn might have originated from Gaza of a Palestinian extraction; furthermore, he was not left-handed either as his Amharized name indicated.
		[32] Ahmed Gragn was provided with weapons, military personnel et cetera by the Ottoman Turks.[33] The Turks had failed repeatedly in the past in their effort to occupy the lowlands of Ethiopia up to that period.
		In fact, Ethiopia never suffered in her entire existence of thousands of years a devastation on the scale Ahmed Gragn caused in his twelve years of rampage, looting and burning of churches, random killing of tens of thousands of Christian men, women, and children.
	www.tecolahagos.com /dismemberment2.htm (5538 words)

	Cristovão da Gama - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The first battle was a victory for the Portuguese, although da Gama lost one of his captains, Ahmad Gragn was wounded, which forced his troops to retire to the far side of the plain.
		Ahmad Gragn was forced to retreat further south, to a village Whiteway identifies as Wajarat.
		Certain that the surviving Portuguese were scattered, without their firearms, and alone in a foreign land Ahmad Gragn concluded that this threat was ended, dismissed all but 200 of the foreign musketeers, and proceeded to his camp at Derasgue on the shores of Lake Tana.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cristov%C3%A3o_da_Gama (1735 words)

	Gondar the Camelot of Ethiopia
		Gondars rise to prominence under Fasilidas occurred little less than a century after Ethiopian Christendom had come close to total destruction at the hands of the Islamic warlord, Ahmed Gragn, whose forces swept in from the east in 1528.
		Narrating Gragn,s fate, the British traveler Sir Richard Burton wrote: Thus perished the African hero who dashed to pieces the structure of 2,500 years.
		Gragn,s Jihad was a national catastrophe for Ethiopia.
	www.ethiopiatravel.com /Gondar_eng.htm (1079 words)

	CHAPTER I
		Due to conflict over trade route, Ahmed Gragn launched a large scale military campaign against Lebne dingil (1523-1540) of the central Christian kingdom and the first considerable victory was achieved at the battle of shumburm cure in 1527.
		Achieving victory after victory, Ahmed Gragn conquered and could control about three-fourth of Ethiopia until he was defeated by king Geladewos with the help of portugess military forces.
		War and Upraising:- The movement of Immam Ahmed the invasion of Menilik the second (Chelenko war) and the Ethio-somalia war have contributed a lot in reducing the population size of the Harari.
	easd.org.za /afenstr/ethiopia/ch1har.htm (4620 words)

	joshua.treviño.at » Ogaden reprise. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A half-millenium ago, it was the Somali warlord Ahmed Gragn who overran the bulk of the Ethiopian empire, only to be denied the extermination of the ancient Christian state by a doughty force of Portuguese musketeers.
		This “transitional” government (whose president, Ahmed, is apparently still resident in Nairobi) is the product of a longstanding peace process that, like many such misnomered efforts, has yielded no peace at all.
		Add to this the (probably spurious) Ethiopian conviction that the ICU is aided by longtime enemy Eritrea, and the case for intervention becomes overwhelming.
	joshua.trevino.at /?p=147 (509 words)

	GEESKA AFRIKA MAGAZINE AND HAN- geeskaafrika.com
		Ahmed Gragn replaced Abu Beker Mohammed (Fiqi Omar) who was the ruler of Harar.
		Ahmed Gragn was a militant Muslim leader and used Harar as his base to launch his jihad and raids against the Abyssinian Christian Empire in 1528.
		This was of course to change later, especially in the sixteenth century with the devastating invasions of Abyssinia by the Muslim Ghazi, or holy warrior, Ahmad al-Ghazi, better known by the less flattering Abyssinian appellation of Ahmad Gragne, or the Left-Handed.
	www.geeskaafrika.com /igad2020_14mar05.htm (4782 words)

	Online Travel in Harar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The new capital become the springboard for Imam Ahmed Gragn, to incorporate to the Horn of Africa.
		After the wars of Gragn, Harar was exposed to frequent attack from different sides.Nur, the nephew of Imam Ahmed Gragn, built the remarkable defensive wall popularly known as jugal.
		From Harar, Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi, also known as "Gragn the Left-handed," launched a war of conquest in the sixteenth century that extended its territory and even threatened the existence of the Christian Ethiopian empire.
	www.bigharar1.blogspot.com (10053 words)

	Ethiopia the Beautiful
		Major internal revolts include the 10th century Yodit Gudit, the 15th century Ahmed ibn-Ibrahim al-Ghazi (also known as Ahmed Gragn), and the socialist- to-ethnic revolt since 1974 up to 15 May, 2005.
		Unified Ethiopia once again was shaken by the Gragn internal revolt in the 16th century.
		After the revolt by Ahmed Gragn most of the southern provinces of the country escaped from the control of the central Ethiopian government once again.
	www.aboutethiopia.com /MLL.htm (4626 words)

	The Story of Ahmed ibn Ibrahim (Gragn) Continued
		He was, you will recall, the historian of the notable Adal leader Imam Ahmed ibn Ibrahim, better known as Ahmed Gragn, or the Left-handed, who overran much of southern, central and northern Ethiopia in the early sixteenth century.
		We saw too that when he failed to bring the Imam round to his point of view he later wrote a polemical work in Ge'ez, which is still extant: a classic, in its way, of sixteenth century Ethiopian literature.
		They marched, we are told, by night, and "some of their number died from the piercing cold before he reached the church".
	www.addistribune.com /Archives/2003/11/21-11-03/Story.htm (894 words)

	Dehai And It's Obsession With The Eri-Jeberti
		Fekih happened to be a war-chronicler and had accompanied the Adal/Harar Sultan, known as Imam Ahmed Ibn Ibrahim Al-Ghazi "aka Ahmed Gragn" in all of his war-campaigns in Abyssinia of the 16th century.
		"............when the Imam (Ahmed Gragn) was persecuting the fleeing Abyssinian Negus Libne-Dingl, we reached a place called 'Debr Dammo', georgraphically, it was a mountainous area and there is a monastery on the peak of one of the hills (he estimated the height to be 'arbiEEn ziraA'..roughly 25 meters).
		Here we met Muslims who call themselves JEBERTA (Jeberti) and they trace their ancestries to AHMED NEGASHI; they are traders and some own farms.They have a beautiful mosque and the Imam and the heads of the warriors were performing their "thalat" (prayers) in their mosque.......................".
	www.awate.com /artman/publish/printer_1966.shtml (742 words)

	tecolahagos.com - ethiopian related issues and commentary
		That point concerns the problem that arose with the revolt of Ahmed Gragn, which was supported by the Turkish Ottoman Empire.
		For a long time, from the days of the revolt of Ahmed Gragn till the reign of Menelik, Ethiopia did not send Ethiopians as its emissaries to foreign governments.
		For example, Emperor Zerse Dingl and Fasiledes were among those, since the days of Gragn, that marched to Mereb Melash and dislodged Turkish forces and punished Ethiopians who supported the Turks.
	www.tecolahagos.com /challenge.htm (4159 words)

	OneWorld Magazine - Ethiopia, The Lost Ark of the Covenant
		These, Zelelew explained, were the remains of the original Saint Mary of Zion which had been built in the fourth century AD at the time of the conversion of the Axumite kingdom to Christianity.
		Some twelve hundred years later, in 1535, it had been razed to the ground by a fanatical Muslim invader, Ahmed Gragn ('the left-handed'), whose forces swept across the Horn of Africa from Harar in the east and, at one time, threatened the complete extinction of Ethiopian Christendom.
		In the early 1530s, with the invading armies of Ahmed Gragn drawing ever closer, the sacred relic was removed 'to some other place of safekeeping' (Zelelew did not know where).
	www.oneworldmagazine.org /focus/etiopia/ark5.html (986 words)

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