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	Treaty of Aigun - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Treaty of Aigun was the Russian-Chinese treaty that established the modern borders of the Russian Far East.
		The treaty was architected and signed by the Russian representative Nikolay Muravyov on May 28, 1858 in the Manchurian town of Aigun.
		The purpose of the treaty was to establish a border along the Amur River.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Aigun_Treaty (149 words)

	Treaty
		Treaty of Brest-Litovsk The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a Poland.
		Treaty of Bucharest The Treaty of Bucharest was concluded on Greece.
		Treaty of Stralsund The Treaty of Stralsund (Denmark.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/treaty.html (3267 words)

	Aigun Treaty
		The Aigun Treaty was signed by Russia and the Qing Empire on May 28, 1858 in the Manchurian town of Aigun.
		According to this treaty, Russia regained the left bank of the Amur River lost to China as a result of Nerchinsk Treaty of 1689.
		This treaty and the Beijing Treaty of 1860 established the modern borders of the Russian Far East.
	www.starrepublic.org /encyclopedia/wikipedia/a/ai/aigun_treaty.html (97 words)

	Treaty of Kiakhta - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Treaty of Kiakhta (sometimes spelled Kyakhta) was one of several treaties between Imperial Russia and the Qing Empire in the early modern period, establishing trade agreements and defining the border between Siberia and Mongolia/Manchuria.
		It was signed in 1728 at the border city of Kyakhta, incorporating the Treaty of the Bura of October 27, 1727, which contained the same terms.
		The Treaty of Kiakhta set the borders between Russia and China at the and Argun Rivers, and, along with the Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) and Treaty of Aigun (1858) established the borders we know today.
	butte-silverbow.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Treaty_of_Kiakhta (441 words)

	Treaty of Nerchinsk - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It was signed on August 27, 1689 as a result of a military conflict over the region by the Amur River (Amur krai, or Priamurye) in the small town of Nerchinsk.
		The border between Russia and China was established to follow the Stanovoy Ridge and the Argun river.
		The treaty conditions were revised to Russia's benefit by the Aigun Treaty of 1858 and the Beijing Treaty of 1860, which established the Russo-Chinese border roughly correspond to that of today.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nerchinsk_Treaty (144 words)

	CIO Lomanov on irreconcilable histories (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Treaty of Nerchinsk of 1689 is regarded as good and equal in the Chinese narration of history and bad and unequal in the Russian version.
		The 1858 Treaty of Aigun and the 1860 Treaty of Peking, by contrast, are treated as equal and good by the Russian narrative of history and bad and unequal by the Chinese.
		The Treaty of Aigun gave Russia control of the left bank of the Amur River, and the Treaty of Peking gave it the right bank of the Ussuri and granted Russian vessels navigating rights.
	cio.ceu.hu /extreading/CIO/Lomanov_on_irreconcilable_histor.html (222 words)

	Aigun article - Aigun China Manchuria Amur River Boxer Rebellion 1900 Russians Amur - What-Means.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Aigun is a town of China in northern Manchuria, situated on the right bank of the Amur River.
		It was here that Count Muravyov concluded, in May 1857, the Aigun Treaty, according to which the left bank of the Amur River was conceded to Russia.
		Modern Aigun is now a part of the city of Heihe, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China.
	www.what-means.com /encyclopedia/Aigun (161 words)

	Second Opium War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		On May 28, 1858, Treaty of Aigun, the separate treaty is signed with Russia to revise the Chinese and Russian border as determined by the Nerchinsk Treaty in 1689.
		In 1859, after China refused to allow the esablishment of embassies in Beijing as agreed to by the Treaty of Tientsin, a naval force under the command of Admiral Sir James Hope shelled the forts guarding the mouth of the Peiho river.
		The June 1858 Treaty of Tientsin was finally ratified by the emperor Xianfeng in the Convention of Peking on October 18, 1860.
	www.butte-silverbow.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Second_Opium_War (1348 words)

	CONK! Encyclopedia: Manchuria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In 1858, a weakening Manchu China was forced to cede Manchuria north of the Amur to Russia at the Treaty of Aigun.
		In 1860, at the Treaty of Peking, the Russians managed to extort a further large slice of Manchuria, east of the Ussuri River, so that Manchuria was divided into a Russian half known as "Outer Manchuria", and a remaining Chinese half known as "Inner Manchuria".
		The treaties of 1858 and 1860, which ceded territory north of the Amur, were ambigious as to which course of the river was the boundary.
	www.conk.com /search/encyclopedia.cgi?q=Manchuria (2969 words)

	Treaty of Aigun Online Research :: Information about Treaty of Aigun (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Treaty of Aigun was the Russia - China treaty that established the modern borders of the Russian Far East.
		The treaty was architected and signed by the Russia representative Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky on May 28, 1858 in the Manchuria town of Aigun.
		It was one of many Unequal Treaties (China) between Imperial China and foreign powers that forced 19th-century China to concede territorial and sovereignty rights.
	in-northcarolina.com /search/Aigun_Treaty.html (170 words)

	Treaty of Aigun -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This treaty was one of many unequal treaties between Imperial China and foreign powers in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
		The purpose of the treaty was to establish a border along the (An Asian river between China and Russia; flows into the Sea of Okhotsk) Amur River.
		This treaty and the (Click link for more info and facts about Beijing Treaty) Beijing Treaty of 1860 established the modern borders of the (Click link for more info and facts about Russian Far East) Russian Far East.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/t/tr/treaty_of_aigun.htm (114 words)

	1850. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The CRIMEAN WAR was the outcome of the dispute between Russia and France over the holy places in Palestine and of Russian claims to a protectorate over the Christians in the Ottoman Empire.
		By the Treaty of Paris (1856) Russia lost control of the Danube mouth and ceded to the Ottomans the southern part of Bessarabia (See 1853–56).
		By the Treaty of Aigun (1858) China ceded to Russia the left bank of the Amur River, and by the Treaty of Peking, the Ussuri region (See Major Land-Based Empires).
	www.bartleby.com /67/1259.html (707 words)

	MSN Encarta - Siberia
		By the terms of the Treaty of Nerchinsk, signed in 1689, Russia gave up all claims to the entire watershed area of the Amur River.
		In the Treaty of Aigun signed in 1858, China ceded all territory north of the Amur to Russia.
		This treaty and the Treaty of Beijing (1860) established the present-day border between the two countries.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761556603_2/Siberia.html (1045 words)

	Aigun a town of China China in northern Manchuria Manchuria... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Aigun a town of China China in northern Manchuria Manchuria...
		It was here that Count Muravyov Muravyov concluded, in May 1857 1857, the Aigun Treaty Aigun Treaty, according to which the left bank of the Amur River Amur River was conceded to Russia Russia.
		Modern Aigun is now a part of the city of Heihe Heihe, China.
	www.biodatabase.de /Aigun (179 words)

	Articles - Outer Manchuria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Outer Manchuria (Chinese: å¤—æ»¿æ´²), known in China as Outer Northeast [China] (Chinese: å¤—æ±å—), is the territory ceded by China to Russia in the Treaty of Aigun in 1858 and the Treaty of Peking in 1860.
		The Treaties of Argun and Peking, however, realigned the border on the Amur and Ussuri rivers, in Russia's favour.
		However, Outer Manchuria was ceded by the Manchu Empire to Russia in the Treaty of Aigun of 1858 and the Treaty of Peking of 1860.
	lastring.com /articles/Outer_Manchuria?mySession=e6a9568f09d319acafb... (888 words)

	EZGeography - Second Opium War
		France and the USA demanded revisions in the Treaty of Huangpu and Wangxia Treaty in an effort to expand their privileges in China.
		Britain made the same demand citing the "equal treaty" article in the most favored nation status.
		China was to pay an indemnity to Britain and France in 2 million taels of silver respectively, and compensation to British merchants in 2 million taels of silver.
	www.ezgeography.com /encyclopedia/Second_Opium_War (1182 words)

	> Sakhalin Island abcworld.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The 1686 Nerchinsk Treaty reaffirmed Sakhalin as Chinese territory.
		In 1855, Russia and Japan signed the Treaty of Shimoda, which declared that both nationals could inhabit the island: Russians in the north, and Japanese in the south, without a clear boundary between.
		Following the Opium War, Russia forced the Qing to sign the unequal Treaty of Aigun and Convention of Peking, under which China lost all territories north of Heilongjiang (Amur) and east of Ussuri, including Sakhalin, to Russia.
	www.abcworld.net /Sakhalin_Island.html (2478 words)

	The Epoch Times \| Anything for Power: The Real Story of China’s Jiang Zemin — Chapter 14
		An array of treaties that ceded territories and the paying of reparations signed by China with czarist Russia and the former Soviet Union—such as the Treaty of Aigun, the Treaty of Beijing, and Sino-Russian Treaty on Northwestern Boundary—were typical inequitable treaties, each signed under the threat of force, and thus not legally valid.
		According to the treaty, China and Russia were divided by the Gorbitsa River—a stretch reaching from the Gorbitsa River along the outer area of the Xing’an Mountains to the sea—and the Erguna River, with Russia on the north and China to the south.
		In addition to recognizing the Treaty of Aigun, the Treaty of Beijing converted the joint administration of Chinese territory east of the Ussuri River to sole Russian ownership, and stipulated that the western Sino-Russian borderline be redrawn.
	www.theepochtimes.com /news/5-8-17/31330.html (10231 words)

	CIO Lomanov_05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		They recall that Mongolia was completely lost to China due to the 1945 treaty signed by the Kuomintang and the 1950 treaty signed by the Communists.
		The public of both nations is suspicious because the previous treaty, signed by Stalin and Mao, had a secret protocol about mutual military assistance in case of an aggression.
		Treaties were mostly proposed by the Kremlin to Zhongnanhai, to the Chinese government.
	cio.ceu.hu /courses/CIO/modules/Module06Lomanov/Lomanov_05.html (849 words)

	Manchuria - FreeEncyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		To the south, the region was separated from China proper by the willow palisade[?], a ditch and embankment planted with willows intended to keep the Manchus out of China during the Ming dynasty and intended to keep Han Chinese out of Manchuria during the Qing dynasty.
		To the north, the boundary with Siberia was fixed by the Treaty of Nerchinsk[?] (1689) as running along the watershed of the Stanovoi[?] mountains.
		In 1860, at the Treaty of Peking, the Russians managed to extort a further huge slice of Manchuria east of the Ussuri[?], so that Manchuria was divided into a Russian half known as "Outer Manchuria" and a remaining Chinese half known as "Inner Manchuria".
	openproxy.ath.cx /ma/Manchuria.html (848 words)

	Russia The Rise of Revolutionary Movements - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current ...
		The 1856 Treaty of Paris, signed at the end of the Crimean War, had demilitarized the Black Sea and deprived Russia of southern Bessarabia and a narrow strip of land at the mouth of the Danube River.
		The treaty gave the West European powers the nominal duty of protecting Christians living in the Ottoman Empire, removing that role from Russia, which had been designated as such a protector in the 1774 Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji.
		Under the Treaty of Aigun in 1858 and the Treaty of Beijing in 1860, China ceded to Russia extensive trading rights and regions adjacent to the Amur and Ussuri rivers and allowed Russia to begin building a port and naval base at Vladivostok.
	workmall.com /wfb2001/russia/russia_history_the_rise_of_revolutionary_movements.html (1469 words)

	Unequal Treaty -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust!
		Patterned largely on the terms of an accord in 1835 between China and the khanate of Kokand, the Unequal Treaties were initiated by the trading conflict between Britain and China known as the first Opium War (1839–42), which was terminated by the Treaty of Nanking (Aug. 29, 1842).
		Over the next few years China concluded a series of similar treaties with other powers; the most important treaties were the Treaty of Wanghia with the United States and the Treaty of Whampoa with France (both 1844).
		(See also Opium Wars.) By the Treaty of Peking (Nov. 14, 1860), Russia attained what it had sought in the unratified Treaty of Aigun; Russia was also given jurisdiction over the lands east of the Ussuri and south of Lake Khanka, which included the settlement of Vladivostok.
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article-9074240 (1343 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The total area of boundary in the treaties was approximately 1.6 million square kilometers.
		For a series of unfair treaties signed by the Qing Dynasty government in the history, during the periods that Chiang Kai-Shek, Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping were in power, none of them acknowledged the treaties, and retained the rights of Chinese descendants to demand the return of these seized lands.
		The series of treaties not only tacitly approved the unfair treaties from the old czar times, but also gave up China¡¦s rights to 64 towns in East Heilongjiang Province, even though under earlier treaties, the towns were agreed to belong to the Chinese.
	www.ntdtv.com /xtr/eng/aReadArticle.jsp?id=28768 (373 words)

	SEND International Christian World Missions
		He was instrumental in expanding and consolidating Russian influence in the Amur River region, in 1858 negotiating the Treaty of Aigun that set the Russian-Chinese border at the Amur River.
		Muraviev graciously consented to return to the conference table, and on May 28, 1858, the two sides signed the Treaty of Aigun, by virtue of which the Amur River from the Argun to its mouth was accepted as the boundary between the two countries.”
		By the Treaty of Peking (1860), both banks of the Amur River and the land south of Vladivostok were ceded to Russia.
	www.send.org /fer/history.htm (1365 words)

	Articles - Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		During the last expedition of 1858, Muravyov concluded the Treaty of Aigun with the Qing government of China.
		The Treaty of Aigun effectively recognized the Amur River as the boundry between Russia and Qing Empire and granted Russia free access to the Pacific Ocean.
		The Treaty of Aigun was confirmed and expanded by the provisions of the Beijing Treaty of 1860, which granted Russia right to the Ussuri krai and southern parts of Primorye.
	www.gaple.com /articles/Nikolay_Muravyov-Amursky?mySession=7405f555feeb24b198d525be0722ed1b (1169 words)

	Manchuria articles and news from Start Learning Now (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		To the north, the boundary with Russian Siberia was fixed by the Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) as running along the watershed of the Stanovoy MountainsStanovoy mountains.
		In 1858, a weakening Manchu China was forced to cede Manchuria north of the Amur to Russia at the Aigun TreatyTreaty of Aigun.
		In 1860, at the Beijing TreatyTreaty of Peking, the Russians managed to extort a further large slice of Manchuria, east of the Ussuri River, so that Manchuria was divided into a Russian half known as "Outer Manchuria", and a remaining Chinese half known as "Inner Manchuria".
	www.startlearningnow.com /Manchuria\|northeastChina.htm (2913 words)

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