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	‘Ain Ghazal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		The glorious age of ‘Ain Ghazal had come to an end; the final use of the site was travelling shepherds, which would only be seasonal.
		The golden age of ‘Ain Ghazal was its origins, it was self sufficient, the building structure was evolving from single roomed settlements to multi roomed homes.
		The architecture found at ‘Ain Ghazal belonging to the MPPNB were small one roomed stonewalled buildings and plastered floors as seen in figure3.
	www.art.man.ac.uk /ARTHIST/ay2091/sites/Ghazal/AinGhazal-2.htm (2244 words)

	Institute of Archaeology UCL
		The statues were found at the Neolithic site of ‘Ain Ghazal, in central Jordan during excavation in 1983.
		‘Ain Ghazal is thought to have been founded around 7250 BC in the mid pre-pottery Neolithic B and abandoned around 5000BC.
		Tubb, K.W. 1987 ‘Conservation of the Lime Plaster Statues of ‘Ain Ghazal’.
	www.ucl.ac.uk /archaeology/frontpage/tubb-ghazal.htm (1731 words)

	Embassy of Jordan (Washington, D.C.) - Jordan Information Bureau (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		‘Ain Ghazal displayed sophisticated social organization and planning, as its large number of buildings was divided into three distinct districts.
		By taking advantage of favorable environmental conditions, the residents of ‘Ain Ghazal were able to diversify their food supply, thus safeguarding against famine.
		Found at ‘Ain Ghazal, the relic is thought to be 8000 years old.
	www.jordanembassyus.org /new/jib/aboutjordan/history.shtml (4132 words)

	Anthropology News Source - Cultural News - TUNISIA: Studying an Island Through Time - 'Ain Ghazal: One of the First ...
		For 7,500 years soil and rocks had cloaked the remains of 'Ain Ghazal, one of the first experiments society conducted in residential sprawl.
		Ultimately, the incessant demands on the ecology became irreversibly devastating, and by 6,500 BC the number of residents at the once vibrant town of 'Ain Ghazal plummeted, probably to less than a sixth of the former size within just a few generations.
		Fields that had supplied tons of grain and legumes gave out, and by 5,500 BC even the localized pockets of productive soil could no longer sustain a community of any size, and 'Ain Ghazal was abandoned to nomadic groups of herders to use its powerful spring of fresh water for their sheep and goats.
	www.farhorizon.com /newsletter/fall03/nl_f03_4.htm (958 words)

	Rare antiquities return to Kingdom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		The end of the exhibition also sees the return of one of the world famous Ain Ghazal statues, which has been on display in Washington, DC for the past 10 years, before joining the other statues at the exhibition in Germany.
		The Ain Ghazal statues are the oldest known sculptures made of composite materials.
		Ain Ghazal, thought to have been founded around 7,250BC and abandoned around 5,000BC, was a large village inhabited by farmers, herders and hunters.
	www.jordanembassyus.org /09132005004.htm (606 words)

	[No title]
		This paper presents the animal figurine assemblage from 'Ain Ghazal: the species represented, the style, manufacture, the context in which they were recovered, their place in the iconography and finally, the role animal symbolism may have played in ancient Near Eastern thought.
		In this perspective, the 'Ain Ghazal bull and horned animal figurines are not an isolated phenomenon.
		The figurines were made in prescribed numbers, varying from a single object to large groups; the manipulation of the objects was limited to a brief presentation on an altar; and their disposal was immediate and consisted of burying them at a given location; throwing them in the river or burning them (Abush 1990: 12).
	saturniancosmology.org /files/figurines/animals.txt (3859 words)

	Bryn Mawr Electronic Resources Review - 'Ain Ghazal Excavation Reports
		The article does not address specifically how the 'Ain Ghazal tokens were used, or what individual shapes signified, but is a more theoretical exposition on how the development of tokens helped shaped human cognitive and communication patterns.
		These studies show that the 'Ain Ghazal figurine was probably used for public display, that the holding of the womb was a departure from earlier stone figurines, and that it may be connected with divine creation and fertility.
		'Ain Ghazal is consistently ëAin Ghazal due to poor editing after the original document was converted into HTML; the apostrophe is consistently í for the same reason.
	csanet.org /bmerr/2000/ZornJAinGhAug.html (2248 words)

	NameTraq \| Last Name: Ghazal
		Jordan's Ain Ghazal Peering through the millennia, the alien-looking statues of Ain Ghazal are among the most important ancient Neolithic sites in the Middle...
		Muhammad Ghazal, a senior Hamas leader in the West Bank, said that there was no room for talk of a hudna at this stage.
		Muhammad Ghazal, a top Hamas official in the West Bank, said the killing of Hamed was an Israeli message to Egypt [which hosted the cease-fire talks] and Arab...
	nametraq.com /genealogy_jan04/G/Ghazal.shtml (1983 words)

	views (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		It may represent a twin-headed god or goddess, but it could also be interpreted as a human couple, or twins, perhaps worshiped as revered ancestors.
		These three faces, found buried face down in a small pit at the site of `Ain Ghazal, were reassembled from many fragments.
		They were originally made by modeling plaster over human skulls, in some places directly on the bone and in others over grasslike material used to stuff hollows and cavities in the skull.
	www.si.edu /harcourt/freer/html/views2.htm (543 words)

	[No title]
		The southern half is less eroded, there a large large crescent shaped plateau fills the interior of the ring, much dissected by shallow water courses.
		This plateau apparently acts as a large reservoir after rains, as two permanent springs, Ain Ghazal and Ain Doua can be found at the southern foot of the mountain.
		Presently there is a Libyan border post at Ain Ghazal, and a small police post at Ain Doua.
	www.fjexpeditions.com /desert/geography/uweinat/uweinat.htm (853 words)

	Jordan - History - Ancient Jordan
		This corresponded to the introduction of new food sources-such as cereal agriculture, domesticated peas and lentils, and the newly-widespread practice of goat herding- into the diet of Neolithic man. The combination of settled life and "food security" prompted a rise in population which reached into the tens of thousands.
		Animal figurine from Ain Ghazal, Pre-Pottery Neolithic period.
		The relic, which was found at Ein Ghazal, is thought to be 8000 years old.
	www.kinghussein.gov.jo /his_ancient.html (651 words)

	Patterns of paleodied and biocultural practices of neolithican ghazal inhabitants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		Although it is difficult to document precisely how food affected the people's health or indicate a particular diet as a suggested cause, the severe attrition, micro-wear and periodontal disease suggest heavy mastication of an abrasive diet, heavily dependent on agricultural seed crops and wild fruits.
		Results: The dental and skeletal analysis indicates a deterioration of the health status of the people of Ain Ghazal at the end of the Pre-pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) period together with diseases such as, “tuberculosis, rickets, poratic hyperstosis and cribra orbitalia".
		Conclusions: People of Ain Ghazal also suffered from severe seasonal stress through malnutrition, as is evident in frequent cases of Dental Enamel Hypoplasia (DEH) (grooves and pits).
	iadr.confex.com /iadr/eur04/techprogram/abstract_51824.htm (340 words)

	Whitman Anthropology
		1994b A Preliminary Typology of Scrapers, Knives and Borers from ‘Ain Ghazal.
		2000a The Statuary from ‘ Ain Ghazal, Jordan.
		1982 The Neolithic Village of ‘Ain Ghazal (Jordan).
	www.whitman.edu /anthropology/rollefson.html (6355 words)

	Humbul full record view for -- 'Ain Ghazal excavation reports
		This website contains the excavation reports of the fieldwork and research projects carried out at 'Ain Ghazal, a Neolithic settlement located near Amman, Jordan.
		The settlement has yielded several artefacts suggesting a particular importance of symbolism within that ancient community and the reports mostly focus on this aspect.
		'Ain Ghazal was first settled during the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (about 7250 BC) and thereafter expanded to include 30 acres of land.
	www.humbul.ac.uk /output/full2.php?id=16825 (318 words)

	biblio
		Köhler-Rollefson, I. “Changes in Goat Exploitation at ‘Ain Ghazal between the Early and Late Neolithic: A Metrical Analysis.” Paléorient 15(1): 141-146.
		Rollefson, G. “’Ain Ghazal: An Early Neolithic Community in Highland Jordan, Near Amman.” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 255: 3-14.
		“Excavation at the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) Village of ‘Ain Ghazal (Jordan), 1983.” Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient Gesellschaft 117: 69-116.
	www.geocities.com /levent_atici/biblio.html (7980 words)

	Dr McConeghy Race to Save the Planet -- The Environmental Revolution
		Ain Ghazal is a site in Jordan, a village from 9000 years ago until 7000 years ago.
		She says that at the ancient town at Ain Gazal, the town failed to survive because they had too many people.
		One clue is in the hearths (fireplaces) of the village.
	mmcconeghy.com /videos/videortstp1environrevol.html (3926 words)

	Ain - Penumbra (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.tamu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		Ain Draham is, in Tunisia, both a resort when summer gets too hot in the low lands, and a symbol of the green Tunisia, as the area of Ain Draham is green
		Ain Company is a leader in the development of software tools for simulating gastrointestinal neurobiology.
		Ain Dah Yung (Our Home) Center is a Native American specific emergeny shelter which offers a wide range of services to youth ages 5 - 17 years of age.
	linksseek.com.cob-web.org:8888 /lksk/ain.html (509 words)

	Philosophical Society of Washington Minutes of Meeting 2064
		The subject of this talk are the objects on exhibit until April 6, 1997 at the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery.
		In 1974 bulldozing operations for a new road uncovered archeological artifacts at ‘Ain Ghazal (“the spring of the gazelles”) near Amman east of the Jordon river.
		From carbon dating the ‘Ain Ghazal site was occupied between 7200 and 5000 BCE.
	www.philsoc.org /1996Fall/2064minutes.html (513 words)

	:::Archaeology:::
		The impressive site of 'Ain Ghazal, Jordan was a village of farmers, hunters, and herders occupied between 7200 and 5000 BC during the Neolithic period.
		In addition to stone tools and weapons, the inhabitants of 'Ain Ghazal created objects that were symbolic in function, in particular, the large human-form statues and busts made of plaster, and plaster faces that were modeled on human skulls.
		This is one chapter of a report on the excavations and finds at 'Ain Ghazal, the Neolithic site near Amman, Jordan.
	www.thamesandhudsonusa.com /web/archaeology/links/ch10.html (308 words)

	Introduction to the Table of Nations - Noah's descendants
		"The ‘twins’ of Ain Ghazal ("The Spring of the Gazelles, in Jordan) appear at a tumultuous time in the (pre-)history of the southern Levant.
		But the great majority pulled up stakes and ‘moved in’ with relatives in other settlements in the highlands of Jordan, including Ain Ghazal.
		Its central feature was the apparent cyclical movement of a fixed number (usually 12) of constellations, the zodiac." "Two thousand years before the age of Taurus, that is, c.
	www.mazzaroth.com /TableOfNations/IntroTableOfNations.htm (1597 words)

	SimmonsA_11_4 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		Neolithic 'Ain Ghazal (Jordan)" Interim Reoprt on the First Two Seasons, 1982--1983
		In 1974 road construction near Amman, Jordan, revealed the large Pre-Pottery Neolithic B site of 'Ain Ghazal.
		'Ain Gazal promises to be one of the more significant early Neolithic sites yet investigated, and should yield onsiderable insight into the social, religious, and economic development of early village life.
	www.bu.edu /jfa/Abstracts/S/SimmonsA_11_4.html (139 words)

	'Ain Ghazal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		General Layout of 'Ain Ghazal, © 1996 Smithsonian Institution
		The image above is believed to be a replaceable fair use image.
		If you believe this image is not replaceable, follow the instructions on the image page to dispute this assertion.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/'Ain_Ghazal (261 words)

	Neolithic Ain Ghazal in Jordan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		: Ain Ghazal -- an archeological site located on the outskirts of Amman in Jordan -- is one of the largest early villages known in the Near East.
		Recent excavations at Ain Ghazal have augmented considerably current knowledge of several aspects of the Neolithic.
		Of particular interest has been the documentation of a continuous or near continuous occupation from early through late Neolithic components and a concomitant dramatic economic shift.
	ancientneareast.tripod.com /Ain_Ghazal.html (182 words)

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	EXHIBITIONS \| JORDAN \| The Neolithic Village of Ain Ghazal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-09)
		Four phases of development characterise the site of Ain Ghazal, a Neolithic settlement discovered near Amman.
		But after some 2300 years of farming, the soil was depleted, and the resident population drifted away to be replaced by nomads.
		Bitumen was used to decorate the eyes, and a red pigment mixed into the last layer of clay gave the faces a rosy hue.
	www.imarabe.org /temp/expo/jordanie-us/jordanie11.html (358 words)

	Video One WOrksheet
		The Natufian people in the cave did something to mark their ownership of the territory.
		At Ain Ghazal, 9000 years ago, what was special about the floors of the houses?
		What did the Ain Ghazal people burn for fuel when they first lived in the village?
	mmcconeghy.com /videos/videortstp1envirevolworksheet.html (233 words)

	Books: Neolithic Spirit Realms
		Fascinating accounts of visions experienced by shamans from the Tukano of South America and the San of southern Africa, as well as the inclusion of Samuel Taylor Coleridge's "Kubla Khan," which came to the poet during an opium-induced dream, vividly illustrate the universal power of such altered states.
		But they may balk at the idea that when the residents of densely populated Çatalhöyük entered their mud-brick houses down ladders in the roofs, they also descended into a spirit realm, or that hearths dug into the floors at 'Ain Ghazal symbolize a transformation by fire rather than being a way to cook dinner.
		The authors may find more sympathy for the parallels they see between the geometric patterns sometimes engraved in megalithic monuments and those found in the rock art produced by the San or the prehistoric Coso in California.
	www.archaeology.org /0511/reviews/neolithic.html (497 words)

	American Journal of Archaeology / Article Abstract
		Neolithic Statues from `Ain Ghazal: Construction and Form
		Reassembly of five large lime plaster statues from the seventh millennium B.C. following their excavation in 1985 at 'Ain Ghazal, Jordan, provided an opportunity to examine evidence of their construction.
		For the most part, the statues had lain horizontally during fabrication, and they were made in stages by applying plaster to reed bundles bound with cordage.
	www.ajaonline.org /archive/104.1/Grissom_Carol_A_.html (140 words)

	CSA Newsletter, Spring '97: Computer-Based Information At The 'Ain Ghazal Exhibit
		A few comments about the use of the computer in this situation may be of interest.
		Perhaps the most interesting thing about the use of computers in the 'Ain Ghazal exhibit was the apparent embarrassment about the presence of the computers (two of them, only one of which was working when I visited the exhibit).
		The computers were positioned so that they could not be seen by a visitor simply working his/her way through the exhibit.
	www.csanet.org /newsletter/spring97/nl059709.html (711 words)

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