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Topic: Air Commerce Act

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	Air Transport Industry - MSN Encarta
		Air Transport Industry, area of commerce in which aircraft are employed to carry passengers, freight, and mail.
		Air transport operations are monitored and regulated by several national and international bodies.
		Compared with truck, rail, and water transport, air cargo costs are still high in cost per mile, and air cargo still commands only a small share of total intercity tonnage moved by all forms of transport.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761552091/Air_Transport_Industry.html (1325 words)

	Air Transport Industry - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		At the end of the war, fledgling commercial air carriers took advantage of the ruined ground transportation system and the large surplus of aircraft and pilots.
		Air service within Europe flourished, and by the 1930s government-sponsored airlines were operating well beyond Europe to numerous European colonies in the Middle East, Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
		The 1926 Air Commerce Act gave the U.S. government the authority and responsibility to regulate commercial aviation.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761552091___8/Air_Transport_Industry.html (1848 words)

	Air Transport Industry - MSN Encarta
		Air Transport Industry, area of commerce that uses aircraft to transport people, cargo, and mail.
		The air transport industry encompasses flights of common carriers (government-certified companies that offer cargo and passenger services to the public) and general aviation (private aircraft used for recreation or business).
		In 1910 the air transport industry was established in Germany when regular air service with gas-filled airships called dirigibles began to provide service between cities.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761552091/Air_Transport_Industry.html (1156 words)

	Fact sheet on DOD Exemptions (Clean Air) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Section 118 of the Clean Air Act already allows the President to exempt DOD from Clean Air Act requirements upon a finding of "paramount national interest." This exemption can last up to one year and be extended for additional years by the President.
		Air could continue to be unhealthy and a source, for instance, of excess asthma and premature mortality, but only because of emissions from military sources.
		This would violate a bedrock principle of the Clean Air Act, which makes clear that the goal of the Act is to actually attain and maintain air that is "requisite to protect public health" throughout the nation, not just in areas geographically removed from military bases.
	www.house.gov /commerce_democrats/DODexemptions/fact_sheet.2.htm (1815 words)

	Airways (1937 Report)
		The Secretary of Commerce is authorized to designate and establish civil airways and, within the limits of available appropriations hereafter made by the Congress, (1) to establish, operate, and maintain along such airways all necessary air-navigation facilities except airports.
		An airway is an air route between air traffic centers which is over terrain best suited for emergency landings, with landing fields at intervals equipped with aids to air navigation, and a communications system for the transmission of information pertinent to the operation of aircraft.
		An improvement on the Department of Commerce revolving beacon is a half-drum lens mounted as a saddle on the searchlight drum, gathering the light otherwise lost on the inside of the drum into a fan-shaped beam of light, showing at 90 degrees to the axis of the main beam.
	www.oldbeacon.com /beacon/airways_1937.htm (5412 words)

	HyperWar: U.S. Government Manual--1945 [Department of Commerce]
		The Solicitor is the chief law officer of the Department of Commerce and his duties are to act as legal adviser to the Secretary of Commerce, the Under Secretary, the Assistant Secretary, and the chiefs of the various bureaus.
		The Bureau acts as one of the principal research and testing laboratories of the Government, and a large part of its work is conducted at the request of, or in cooperation with, governmental agencies.
		The Board is authorized, subject to conditions and restrictions of the act, to grant to public and private corporations the privilege of establishing, operating, and maintaining foreign-trade zones in or adjacent to ports of entry under the jurisdiction of the United States.
	www.ibiblio.org /hyperwar/USGM/Commerce.html (9122 words)

	Lindbergh: U.S. Air Mail Service Pioneer
		The legislative vehicle for the move was the 1925 Contract Air Mail Act, commonly referred to as the Kelly Act after its chief sponsor, Rep. Clyde Kelly of Pennsylvania.
		In effect, the act brought the government back into commercial aviation, this time as regulator of the private airlines spawned by the Kelly Act of the previous year.
		By means of the Air Mail Act of 1934, the government once again tendered the mail to the private sector, but it did so under a new set of rules that would have a significant impact on the industry.
	www.charleslindbergh.com /airmail (2628 words)

	About ATA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The act brought the government into commercial aviation as regulator of the private airlines spawned by the Kelly Act of the previous year.
		By means of the Air Mail Act of 1934, the government once again returned airmail transportation to the private sector, but it did so under a new set of rules that would have a significant impact on the industry.
		It was the first pressurized aircraft, meaning that air was pumped into the aircraft as it gained altitude to maintain an atmosphere inside the cabin similar to the atmosphere that occurs naturally at lower altitudes.
	www.air-transport.org /about/d.aspx?nid=7946 (4801 words)

	National Postal Museum
		The Air Mail Act, also known as the Kelly Act of February 2, 1925, recognized the leadership role of the postal service in the aviation field.
		The act's purpose was to "encourage commercial aviation" by authorizing the Postmaster General to contract with airlines to carry mail.
		The first five CAM routes were contracted in 1925 to Colonial Air Transport, Inc. (Boston to New York); Robertson Aircraft Corp. (Chicago to St. Louis); National Air Transport, Inc. (Chicago to Dallas); Western Air Express, Inc. (Salt Lake City to Los Angeles); and Walter T. Varney (Elko, Nevada, to Pasco, Washington).
	www.postalmuseum.si.edu /exhibits/2c2d_contract.html (250 words)

	NOAA History - A Nation at War/The Weather Bureau Record of War Administration Part 10
		During that year Congress enacted the "Air Commerce Act of 1926" which was an act to encourage and regulate the use of aircraft in commerce, and for other purposes.
		This Act and the "Civil Aeronautics Act of 1938," which amended and amplified it, placed greatly increased responsibilities upon the Weather Bureau in carrying on the duties which are summarized in Section 803 thereof:
		These observations, which include all surface weather elements and upper air conditions so important for aviation and forecasting, are obtained with radiosondes, radar equipment and through the use of pilot balloons and airplanes in flight.
	www.history.noaa.gov /stories_tales/bur2.html (561 words)

	Section II: Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Historic Aviation Properties, National Register of Historic ...
		The Army Air Service's first peacetime work after the Great War was the mapping and routing of "aerial roads," which were a primary need for development of aerial commerce and also served a military purpose.
		The Air Commerce Act prohibited the Department of Commerce from directly subsidizing airport construction, but relief funds were used for airport development during the Great Depression.
		The Air Corps was not equipped or trained for this job, and the consequences were tragic-66 crashes and 11 deaths in 3 months.
	www.cr.nps.gov /NR/publications/bulletins/aviation/nrb_aviation_II.htm (7835 words)

	Aviation Attorneys
		There have been several federal enactments along these lines: The first was the 1926 Air Commerce Act which provided, among other things, for the certification and registration of aircraft employed in interstate or foreign commerce.
		The statute was amended in 1938 by the Civil Aeronautics Act which created the "Civil Aeronautics Authority," a five member panel with the power to regulate all aspects of aviation within federal jurisdiction.
		There have been several subsequent acts passed by the federal government regulating aviation such as the Airport and Airway Development Act of 1970 and the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978.
	www.lawinfo.com /index.cfm/fuseaction/Client.lawarea/categoryid/51 (352 words)

	United States government role in civil aviation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Congress passed the Air Commerce Act of 1926, which assigned to the U.S. Department of Commerce the fundamental tasks needed for civil air safety.
		The act transferred safety rulemaking from CAB to the new FAA, and also gave the FAA sole responsibility for a common civil-military system of air navigation and air traffic control.
		The September 11, 2001 attacks challenged the air transportation system by presenting a new type of terrorist attack: hijacked airliners were used as missiles that killed thousands of people.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Civil_Aeronautics_Act (1733 words)

	Air Mail Comes of Age
		The Air Mail Service was awarded the Collier trophy for the most important contributions to the development of aeronautics in the year 1922, and on its outstanding record of safety established, and again in the year 1923 for demonstrating the practicability of night flying.
		Interest in commercial aviation, and contract air mail service in particular, was further enlivened when in the spring of 1926 Congress passed a bill, known as the "Air Commerce Act of 1926," which briefly stated, imposed upon the Secretary of Commerce the duty of fostering the development of commercial aviation in the United States.
		It authorized the Secretary of Commerce, among other things to designate and establish airways, insofar as funds were made available by Congress from year to year, and to establish, operate and maintain along such airways all necessary lights and emergency landing fields.
	www.airmailpioneers.org /history/Sagahistorytraffic.htm (1390 words)

	NJDHSS - Smoke-free Air Act Initiative
		The provisions of this section shall not be construed to prevent a lessee of the workplace, or space within the building or indoor public place, from enforcing the smoking restrictions imposed by the owner or operator of a commercial or other office building or other indoor public place.
		A person, after being so ordered, who smokes in violation of this act is subject to a fine of not less than $250 for the first offense, $500 for the second offense and $1,000 for each subsequent offense.
		A penalty recovered under the provisions of this act shall be recovered by and in the name of the Commissioner of Health and Senior Services or by and in the name of the local board of health.
	www.state.nj.us /health/ctcp/smokefree/act.shtml (1023 words)

	Federal Aviation Administration - History
		The act took safety rulemaking from CAB and entrusted it to the new FAA.
		The scope of the Federal Aviation Act owed much to the leadership of Elwood "Pete" Quesada, an Air Force general who served as President Eisenhower's principle advisor on civil aeronautics.
		The Aviation Safety Research Act of 1988 mandated greater emphasis on long-range research planning and on study of such issues as aging aircraft structures and human factors affecting safety.
	www.faa.gov /about/history/brief_history (2042 words)

	Origins and Early Development of Civil Aviation in Montgomery, 1910-1946, The Alabama Review - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Air Commerce Act of 1926 had expressly excluded federal funding of civil airports.
		In part this exclusion was intended to encourage local initiative for airport development, but the restriction on federal funds also reflected the influence of the "dock concept," to which the federal government had long adhered in the funding and management of seaports.
		Extending the concept to civil aviation, the Air Commerce Act authorized Washington to establish, light, and maintain airways, to develop and maintain emergency airfields, and to furnish weather forecasts to flyers.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3880/is_200401/ai_n9345501 (893 words)

	Lighthouse Service Bulletin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Air Commerce Act of 1926, provides for the encouragement and use of aircraft in commerce, under the Secretary of Commerce.
		The airways to be established during the fiscal year 1927, are primarily those required by the air transport companies engaged in carrying mail under contract with the Post Office Department.
		In order to make the saving of time most effective, night flying is essential, and the air navigation facilities being established on airways primarily provide the necessary lighting for night flying for carrying out the mail schedules established by the Post Office Department.
	www.ama500.jccbi.gov /afss/History/lighthouse.htm (609 words)

	Testimony on RLA Bill
		In light of the actual route structure and operation of U.S. airlines in 1936, it is plain the Amendment evinces the clearly expressed intention of Congress to extend coverage of the RLA to pilots of U.S. air carriers who are domiciled overseas if they are engaged in foreign commerce.
		"Interstate and foreign air commerce" was a phrase defined in the Air Commerce Act that was in effect in 1936 as, in pertinent part, "air commerce between any state.
		First, the Act expresses a strong preference that classes of employees such as pilots be represented on a systemwide basis.
	cf.alpa.org /Internet/TM/tm090997.htm (1564 words)

	Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1925-1929
		Recommendations of the NACA to the Morrow Board were important in decisions leading to the passage of the Air Commerce Act of 1926 and the appropriation of funds for the long-range development of Army and Navy aviation.
		During August: Air Corps School of Aviation Medicine moved from Mitchel Field to Brooks Field, Tex., and was subsequently moved to Randolph Field in October 1931.
		During October: At the request of the Air Coordination Committee, NACA prepared a report on "Aircraft Accident Analysis" for use by the War, Navy, and Commerce Departments.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/pao/History/Timeline/1925-29.html (3235 words)

	Before the Federal Aviation Administration
		Under the leadership of now Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Aviation, William P. MacCracken, Jr., who had been a key player in the drafting and sucessful passing of the new act, the branch initially concentrated on such functions as safety rule making and the certification of pilots and aircraft.
		The pioneer air traffic controllers used maps, flboards, and mental calculations to ensure the safe separation of aricraft traveling along designated routes between cities.
		The act also replaced the existing air mail contracts system, which had been the product of anti-competitive practices and a major scandal in Washington, with new negotiated noncompetitive certificates.
	www.oldbeacon.com /beacon/caa.htm (781 words)

	Aviation Attorneys
		The Act allows the United States to be sued "as if it were a private person," for the negligent acts or omissions of its employees.
		Personal Injury Claims: the plaintiff's attorney must prove that the air carrier, or one of its employees, acted negligently, and that as a result, the plaintiff incurred injury.
		Several cases have involved negligence of air traffic control personnel which recognize that the government has consented to be sued for the negligence of its controllers taking their control of aircraft in the air, when landing, taking off or taxiing at airports.
	www.lawinfo.com /index.cfm/fuseaction/Client.lawarea/categoryid/215 (2112 words)

	FAA CAMI - Aviation Medical Examiners Guide
		Medical certification of U.S. airmen officially began with the Air Commerce Act of 1926, mandating that all pilots be medically qualified to fly.
		Under the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 (as amended), the FAA Administrator is authorized to delegate to qualified private physicians the conduct of medical examinations and the issuance of medical certificates to qualified applicants.
		Some AMEs act as consultants to the FAA in their medical specialties, such as cardiology, ophthamology, otolaryngology, neurology, and psychiatry and participate in the review of medical certification case that might qualify for special issuance of a medical certificate (e.g., pilots who have had coronary artery bypass surgery).
	www.airmanmedical.com /ameinfo.htm (1681 words)

	Aviation
		Congress has the constitutional authority to regulate interstate and foreign commerce; it is also the means for developing laws that pertain to air travel.
		The Air Commerce Act, the very first aviation law, was passed in 1926.
		In 1938, the Civil Aeronautics Act replaced the Air Commerce Act and led to the creation of the Civil Aeronautics Authority (CAA).
	www.lawyer-guide.org /Aviation.asp (289 words)

	North Coast Air: Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Watres Act and the Spoils Conference
		The act brought the government into commercial aviation as regulator of the private airlines spawned by the Kelly Act of the previous year.Congress
		The act brought the government into commercial aviation as regulator of the private airlines spawned by the Kelly Act of the previous year.Congress also adopted the board’s recommendation for airmail contracting, by amending the Kelly Act to change the method of compensation for airmail services.
	www.northcoastair.com /Resources.htm (6020 words)

	Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University - Academic Departments (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The overall goal of this course is to instill in the student an appreciation for the impact of historical events and legislative acts on the development and control of aviation as it exists today.
		Compare the events that led to passage of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 with events that resulted in federal legislation in 1926 and 1938.
		Understand the history and development of the FAA from the establishment of the Bureau of Air Commerce to its present form as an administration under the Department of Transportation.
	www.erau.edu /omni/ec/courses/asci254.html (1034 words)

	NWS Aviation Weather Forecasting Critical To Air Flight Safety
		That is the question pilots and air traffic controllers answer thousands of times each month.
		After the Wright Brothers' historic flights of 1903, the nation was awestruck by planes soaring through the air.
		Andrews adds that advanced computer technology, combined with the skill and experience of meteorologists, have helped improve the speed, accuracy and quality of aviation forecasts, which are critical for flight safety.
	www.publicaffairs.noaa.gov /grounders/aviation.html (764 words)

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