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	Jet engine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The air is combined with fuel, typically ignited by flame in the eddy of a flame holder, and burned as an atomized mixture.
		Air coming in the front of the engine is blown to the rear of the engine by a fan stage (convergent ducts), where it is crushed against a set of non-rotating blades called stators (divergent ducts).
		This subsonic air speed is achieved by passing the approaching air through a deliberately-generated shock wave (since one characteristic of a shock wave is that the air flowing through it is slowed).
	www.secaucus.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Jet_engine (3088 words)

	Working mass - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		However in the case of an aircraft the working mass is the air, and in the case of a rocket, it is the rocket fuel itself.
		This is not the case for most rockets however, where the rocket fuel is the working mass, as well as the energy source.
		These air-augmented rockets are only useful on rockets that travel through the atmosphere, and have not been used in service.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Working_mass (396 words)

	Spacecraft propulsion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		All current spacecraft use chemical rocket engines (bipropellant or solid-fuel) for launch, though some (such as the Pegasus rocket and SpaceShipOne) have used air-breathing engines on their first stage.
		The total $\Delta v of a vehicle can be calculated using the$ rocket equation, where M is the mass of fuel, P is the mass of the payload (including the rocket structure), and $I_{sp} is the specific impulse of the$ rocket.
		The speed ratio of a rocket nozzle is mostly determined by it's area expansion ratio- this is the ratio of the area of the throat to the area at the exit.
	www.eastcleveland.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Spacecraft_propulsion (3293 words)

	Air-augmented rocket - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		As it travels down the tube it is further compressed and mixed with the fuel-rich exhaust from the rocket engine, which heats the air much as a combustor would in a ramjet.
		This design can even be slightly more efficient than a ramjet as the exhaust from the rocket engine compresses the air more than a ramjet normally would; this raises the combustion efficiency as a longer, more efficient nozzle can be employed.
		However, many modern solid fuelled 'ramjet' powered missiles may in fact be air augmented rockets, and the distinction between a ramjet and an air augmented missile is rather blurred.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Air-augmented_rocket (713 words)

	Rocket
		Monopropellant rocket A monopropellant rocket (or " monoprop rocket ") is a catalyst.
		Nova rocket The Nova rocket was a rocket proposed as a successor to the Mars.
		A rocket is a vehicle, missile or aircraft which obtains thrust by the react...
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/rocket.html (1794 words)

	Rocket (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Rockets are commonly used when it is necessary to carry all the fuel a vehicle needs (such as in outer space) and there is no other substance (land, water, or air) that a vehicle may push itself with.
		Because the pressures on the rocket walls are lower, the use of rockets in warfare preceded the use of the gun, which required a higher level of metal technology.
		V2 Rockets, designed by Wernher Von Braun, one of the principal players in modern rocket development, were used extensively by Adolf Hitler in the latter stages of World War II as weapons of reprisal against the British population.
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /Ro/Rocket.html (3868 words)

	Air-augmented rocket -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Air-augmented rockets (also known as rocket-ejector, integral rocket ramjet, ramrocket, ducted rocket or ejector ramjets) use air collected during flight to use as additional (Click link for more info and facts about working mass) working mass, leading to greater effective thrust for any given amount of fuel.
		A normal chemical rocket engine combines an oxidizer and a fuel, sometimes pre-mixed, as in a (Click link for more info and facts about solid rocket) solid rocket, which are then burned.
		As it travels down the tube it is further compressed and mixed with the fuel-rich exhaust from the rocket engine, which heats the air much as a combustor would in a (A simple type of jet engine; must be launched at high speed) ramjet.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/a/ai/air-augmented_rocket.htm (829 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Air-breathing Rockets Will Work"
		An air-augmented rocket is like a normal rocket engine, except that when it gets a high enough speed, maybe at Mach two or three, it will augment the oxididation of the fuel with air in the atmosphere, and maybe go up to Mach 10 and then change back to normal rocket function.
		These air-augmented rockets are placed in a duct that capture air, and could boost performance about 15 percent over conventional rockets.
		Further out, NASA is developing a plan to launch the air-breathing rocket vehicle by using magnetic levitation (maglev) tracks.
	science.howstuffworks.com /air-breathing-rocket2.htm (337 words)

	Re: Martian Emotion
		An air-augmented chemical rocket > > > operates part of the time as a ram jet, taking in oxygen from the > > > atmosphere.
		This reduces the mass of oxidizer the rocket must > > > carry.
		> > "Ramming" air is essentially a collision problem, that > > significantly reduces the speed of the rocket.
	www.mail-archive.com /brin-l@mccmedia.com/msg27712.html (239 words)

	ipedia.com: Spacecraft propulsion Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		can be calculated using the rocket equation, where M is the mass of fuel, P is the mass of the payload (including the rocket structure), and is the specific impulse of the rocket.
		Rockets emitting gases are limited by the fact that their exhaust temperature cannot be so high that the nozzle and reaction chamber are damaged; most large rockets have elaborate cooling systems to prevent damage to either component.
		Rather than relying on high temperature and fluid dynamics to accelerate the reaction mass to high speeds, there are a variety of methods that use electrostatic or electromagnetic forces to accelerate the reaction mass directly.
	www.ipedia.com /spacecraft_propulsion_1.html (2670 words)

	Propulsion Research Center
		The aim of the experiment is to use the rocket as a pilot/fuel injector in a ramjet mode (Mach 4) and as an additional fuel source in a scramjet mode (Mach 6.5).
		The desirable operating conditions of the rocket for this experiment are oxidizer-to-fuel ratios from 2 to 5 and combustion chamber pressure from 250 to 1250 psia.
		For a specific rocket operating condition, an attempt at controlling heat release will be made by altering the rocket film coolant, the auxiliary fuel injector location, and the combustor inlet pressure. Previous tests at Aerojet were run with 40% of the total fuel flow being film coolant.
	prc.uah.edu /current_projects/strutjet.html (562 words)

	Air/Lox/LH2
		Comments: In the air augmented rocket concept, ram air intakes scoop in ambient air and augment the thrust of a conventional liquid oxygen powered rocket.
		The technology was transferred to the Centaur rocket stage program, and by the mid-1960's the United States was flying the Centaur and Saturn upper stages using the fuel.
		The flammable limits of gaseous hydrogen in air are 4.0 to 75 volume percent.
	www.astronautix.com /props/airoxlh2.htm (459 words)

	History and Development of the Rocket Engine
		solid fuel rocket, the fuel is burned, providing the energy, and the reaction products are allowed to flow out the back, providing the reaction mass.
		The total ”v of a vehicle can be calculated using the rocket equation, where M is the mass of fuel, P is the mass of the payload (including the rocket structure), and I
		aerospike have been proposed, each having some way to adapt to changing ambient air pressure and each allowing the gas to expand further against the nozzle giving extra thrust at higher altitude.
	www.edinformatics.com /inventions_inventors/rocket_engine.htm (3020 words)

	Inexpensive Earth to Orbit Rockets
		With such rockets, oxygen is taken from the air for the first part of the trip.
		It is expensive to throw away a precision instrument, the rocket, after one use; and the energy densities of chemicals mean that rockets will carry small payloads.
		The governments think of rockets primarily as a form of nuclear artillery and, secondarily, as a way to loft spy satellites into orbit.
	www.rattlesnake.com /notions/cheap-earth-orbit.html (1595 words)

	Re: Martian Emotion
		An air-augmented chemical rocket > > operates part of the time as a ram jet, taking in oxygen from the > > atmosphere.
		> "Ramming" air is essentially a collision problem, that > significantly reduces the speed of the rocket.
		If you carry the > oxigen with yourself, it is moving with the speed of the rocket.
	www.mail-archive.com /brin-l@mccmedia.com/msg27708.html (225 words)

	Houston: Rocket Fuel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Their general air of deserved happiness was a wonderful contrast to the misery of religious subjects in so much European painting of an earlier period and the often undeserved pomposity of noblemen who had inherited their position.
		Each rocket scientist that held the controls was at the helm of a complex ship being run by backroom colleagues who sat with their pencils ready for any emergency calculations.
		As we debated on our long journey round the resting rocket which section was which and whether the tertiary stage boosters folded up, I was reminded of all the space books and models I had occupied myself with as a child.
	www.endure.demon.co.uk /houston.html (14384 words)

	BERNIE'S AIR STORIES
		While it was not boring in the air; it was pretty boring on the ground.
		Also on touch down we had arranged in the air that you would control the aircraft and that I would cut all power and fuel to the engines as soon as we were firmly on the ground.
		The air station was a single building with four corners that could hangar four helicopters.
	www.jacksjoint.com /berniesbooks.htm (13986 words)

	Air Force Magazine
		As a result of its geography, North Vietnam was subject to air attack by Navy Carrier Task Force 77 from the east and by the US Air Force from bases in South Vietnam and Thailand.
		The Air Force was given responsibility for air operations in RP 1, RP 5, and 6A.
		Doing so laid their careers on the line, for they were controlled by Strategic Air Command, and a violation of orders, no matter how worthy the result, could get a crew fired on the spot.
	www.afa.org /magazine/nov1999/1199pack6.html (3603 words)

	Minutes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		For air-augmented rocket propulsion, he covered the schedule for the ground and flight test programs, five contracts for design and proof of concept demonstrations, and recommended flow path configurations.
		Summary of Air Force Science Advisory Board New World Vistas Report Bob Rosenberg, NASA Advisory Council member who is also a member of the U.S. Air Force Science Advisory Board, gave the Council an overview of the Board's New World Vistas report.
		The report is the result of a year-long study requested by the Secretary of the Air Force and the Air Force Chief of Staff to define systems and priorities for 20 to 30 years in the future based on technology projections.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/codez/nac/mins/96Jul-mins.html (3519 words)

	PRC Web Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		For the appropriate simulation of vehicle flight conditions, the air must be supplied at the stagnation temperatures and pressures that are to be encountered during flight.
		The interaction of the solar electromagnetic spectrum and the windowless absorber cavity in a solar rocket is being investigated in the Solar Thermal Laboratory.
		A solar thermal rocket consists of a fuel reservoir, solar reflectors, a thermal absorber and a nozzle.
	prc.uah.edu /archives/reports/fy96rpt/fy96.html (17162 words)

	Aerojet Conducts Successful Strutjet Rocket Tests at New Facility In Sacramento
		Strutjet, able to operate as both a rocket and a scramjet, is a new type of engine in the early stages of development for launch vehicles, missiles, and other advanced aircraft.
		They were performed using hydrogen/oxygen propellants at 1,500 psi chamber pressure and a mixture ratio of 7, with secondary fuel injected to burn with bypass air in the engine duct.
		The flight-type panel successfully survived the ducted rocket thermal environments.
	www.prnewswire.com /cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/03-06-2000/0001158110&EDATE= (332 words)

	AIAA-SF January 2000 Dinner Meeting
		The modes tested have included the Air Augmented Rocket (AAR) at M = 0 and 2.4, the Ramjet at M = 2.4, 4 and 6, Scramjet at M = 6 and 8, Scram/Rocket at Mach 8 and Ascent Rocket in Vacuum.
		He is inventor of the Lox Augmented NTRE (LANTR) cycle that offers 3-4X higher thrust with small Isp penalty.
		Prior to joining Aerojet, he was with General Electric Co., and was was responsible for the development of the Regenerative Liquid Propellant Gun (RLPG) Technology, and applied liquid rocket technology to this high pressure (50-75,000 psia) non-steady environment.
	www.aiaa-sf.org /dmtg/00-01.html (571 words)

	CFDynamics Analysis for Rocket-Based Combined Cycle Engine Inlet
		The Rocket-Based Combined Cycle Engine is a propulsion system under development at the NASA Lewis Research Center.
		At Mach 2.5, the engine becomes a dual-mode ramjet; and beyond Mach 8, the rocket is turned back on.
		One Rocket-Based Combined Cycle Engine variation known as the "Strut-Jet" concept is being investigated jointly by NASA Lewis, the U.S. Air Force, Gencorp Aerojet, General Applied Science Labs (GASL), and Lockheed Martin Corporation.
	www.lerc.nasa.gov /WWW/RT1996/2000/2740d.htm (544 words)

	AIAA - Aerospace America Online - JAPAN LOOKS TO SCRAM INTO SPACE - In the race to build the world’s first true ...
		When air is compressed by the internal shape of an engine, engineers call it a ramjet.
		One option would be to mount several types of engines on the vehicle, such as a turbojet for subsonic flight and a rocket for the last stretch to space.
		Subsonic propulsion would be attained by increasing the air pressure with the rocket exhaust, and injecting fuel from a second injector.
	www.aiaa.org /aerospace/Article.cfm?issuetocid=380&ArchiveIssueID=40 (2215 words)

	Air-Breathing Rocket Engine Technology Achieves Testing Milestone (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Air-Breathing Rocket Engine Tests Successfully Completed (November 9, 1998) -- NASA has successfully completed two years of testing radical, new rocket engines that could change the future of space travel.
		Powered by engines that "breathe" oxygen from the air, the spacecraft would be completely reusable, take off and land at airport runways, and be ready to fly again within days.
		When the vehicle's velocity reaches twice the speed of sound, the rockets are turned off and the engines rely totally on oxygen in the atmosphere to burn the hydrogen fuel.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2000/05/000531174215.htm (449 words)

	Company News On Call
		It operates initially as an air-augmented rocket as it accelerates to low supersonic speeds, transitions to ramjet operation by turning off the rockets, then converts to a scramjet as flight speed increases.
		The rockets are turned back on as atmospheric oxygen diminishes, then the engine transitions to a high-expansion rocket for final ascent.
		Also, Aerojet's patented cascade fuel injector efficiency and rocket durability and flexibility have been proven in the large number of tests conducted.
	www.prnewswire.com /cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=105&STORY=/www/story/08-10-1999/0001000611 (455 words)

	2/00 m.e. marketplace: news and notes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Engineers at the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Ala., are combining air-breathing and rocket propulsion in a single flow path under a NASA program for Advanced Reusable Technologies.
		At Mach 10, the rocket engines restart, propelling the vehicles out of the air-breathing corridor and into orbit, Hueter said.
		During such brief periods, engineers have been able to dynamically simulate the transition from air-augmented rocket to ramjet and from ramjet to scramjet.
	www.memagazine.org /backissues/february2000/departments/news_notes/news_note.html (2187 words)

	Space Future - sf-discuss:Re: Some "Air-Breathing-Rocket" PR
		NASA is finally putting serious funding into advanced space vehicle technology, but who knows if and when it will ever get beyond the experimental phase.
		Our private rocket friends will be fully operational by the time NASA does anything with the technology.
		So at take-off, an >air- >breathing rocket weighs much less than a conventional rocket, which carries >all of its fuel and oxygen onboard.
	www.spacefuture.com /lists/sf-discuss/November-1998/msg00020.html (639 words)

	Unreal Aircraft - Beating Gravity - Aurora
		Such a plane, fueled by liquid methane, would be of potentially greater use than high-resolution images from orbiting satellites that can take 24 hours to arrive over the subject, the Jane's report said.
		Sweetman based his conclusions on pieced-together data, including the strange sounds reported above air bases in Nevada and California that were characterized as a "low-frequency, high-amplitude pulsing", multibillion dollar spending on classified research projects and the Gibson sighting of a wedge-shaped aircraft over the North Sea under fighter-bomber escort.
		The latter could function as an air augmented rocket, a ramjet, a scramjet and a rocket.
	www.unrealaircraft.com /gravity/aurora.php (1314 words)

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