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Topic: Air defenses

	CNN.com - Coalition planes hit Iraqi air defenses - Nov. 19, 2002
		U.S. Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld is accusing Iraq of being in 'material breach' of the U.N. resolution.
		Iraqi air defense forces have fired at coalition aircraft four out of five days since the signing of U.N. Resolution 1441 that authorized the return of weapons inspectors, the statement said.
		Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld told reporters at a meeting of Southern Hemisphere defense ministers in Santiago, Chile, he found Iraq's action "unacceptable" and that he was "uncomfortable" sending U.S. aircrews into the line of fire over Iraq.
	cnn.com /2002/WORLD/meast/11/18/iraq.airstrikes/index.html (876 words)

	Washingtonpost.com: Yugoslav Air Defenses Mostly Intact (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Tuesday, April 13, 1999; Page A1 When NATO launched an air war against Yugoslavia, its first target was the country's formidable air defense network, which officials said had to be destroyed before lower-flying warplanes could safely swoop in to stop fighting and ethnic cleansing on the ground in Kosovo.
		Defense sources said one problem is that many of the Yugoslav military's 150 surface-to-air missiles have been hidden from NATO aircraft, as have the thousands of antiaircraft artillery batteries and hundreds of shoulder-launched antiaircraft missiles similar to the U.S. Stinger.
		A week ago the so-called "battle damage assessment summary" said the Yugoslav air defense system was "degraded but functional," that half its inventory of MiG fighters was destroyed, but that a threat remains from surface-to-air missiles and antiaircraft artillery.
	www.wpni.com /wp-srv/inatl/longterm/balkans/stories/military041399.htm (727 words)

	PBeM - Engine - Air Defenses
		Air defenses are automatically triggered by any enemy aircraft entering the air defense area and do not need to be included in any player commands.
		Unit A has an "Air Defense" value of 3, meaning it can cover the area highlighted in the graphic.
		Note that a value of "1" will only cover the square where the unit is deployed, values of "2" and higher will allow this unit to provide an "umbrella" for other friendly units in the vicinity.
	de.geocities.com /pbemengine/concepts/airdefenses.htm (133 words)

	Dealing With Air Defenses
		The Air Force intends to add funds to its budget for short-term, stopgap measures to enhance the capabilities of its current SEAD aircraft--the CJ adaptation of the F-16-and is looking to mid- and long-term solutions that will involve a mix of new weaponry.
		The employment of air defenses in Yugoslavia was "drastically different" than the methods used by Iraq during the 1991 Gulf War and afterwards, according to Maj. Gen. Bruce Carlson, USAF director of operational requirements.
		Defense suppression, though, will be a task that falls to the multirole F-16 and, later, the Joint Strike Fighter, he said.
	www.afa.org /magazine/Nov1999/1199airdefense.asp (3312 words)

	RQ-1 Predator
		During flight operations the crew in the GCS is an air vehicle operator and three sensor operators.
		The aircraft is equipped with a color nose camera (generally used by the air vehicle operator for flight control), a day variable aperture TV camera, a variable aperture infrared camera (for low light/night) and a synthetic aperture radar for looking through smoke, clouds or haze.
		Each Predator air vehicle can be disassembled into six main components and loaded into a container nicknamed "the coffin." This enables all system components and support equipment to be rapidly deployed worldwide.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/r/rq/rq_1_predator.html (824 words)

	911 Commission Coverup The Media Repeats A Story Full Of Lies
		The chief of U.S. air defenses testified today that if his command had been notified immediately of the Sept. 11, 2001, hijackings and ordered to intervene, U.S. fighter jets would have been able to shoot down all four of the airliners.
		Air Force Gen. Ralph E. Eberhart, commander of the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD), told the commission investigating the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks that had the Federal Aviation Administration conveyed word of the hijackings as soon it knew of them, "yes, we could shoot down the airplanes."
		They were sent from Andrews Air Force Base by the commander of the 113th Wing of the Air National Guard, in consultation with the Secret Service, which relayed instructions that an agent said were from Cheney.
	www.rense.com /general54/ccover.htm (2328 words)

	Air Force challenges air defenses in virtual environment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Joint Air Defense Operation Center, run by North America Air Defense experts at Cheyenne Mountain, Colo., and Army Defense Artillery, set up in the Raytheon facility in Bedford, Mass., were the hub of activity during Phase 3, Ms.
		The NORAD baseline air defense was represented by ESC in the C4ISR Enterprise Integration Facility and Raytheon System In-the-Loop facility in Bedford.
		Phase 3 also integrated the Army’s Avenger air defense system simulator, as well as a representation of the Secret Service participation in the CAAD architecture, according to Ms.
	www.afmc.wpafb.af.mil /HQ-AFMC/PA/news/archive/2004/July/0722-04.htm (476 words)

	MSN Encarta - Persian Gulf War
		Still other countries made other contributions: Turkey allowed air bases on its territory to be used by coalition planes, and Japan and Germany gave financial support.
		The air assault had three goals: to attack Iraqi air defenses, to disrupt command and control, and to weaken ground forces in and around Kuwait.
		The coalition used less sophisticated weaponry to strike Iraqi defensive positions in both Iraq and Kuwait, to destroy their equipment, and to undermine morale.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761551555/Persian_Gulf_War.html (2049 words)

	GAO Report
		Concerns have been raised that the Air Force's decision to retire EF-111 and F-4G suppression aircraft, combined with a growing threat from increasingly sophisticated enemy air defenses, has created a gap between the services' suppression capabilities and their needs.
		We are recommending that the Secretary of Defense designate a coordinating entity, including officials from each of the services, to develop a comprehensive cross- service strategy to close the gap between the U. armed services' suppression capabilities and their needs and to evaluate progress toward achieving the suppression objectives.
		These attacks were highly successful when the Iraqi air defense forces remained fixed in position with their radar sites emitting signals that could be tracked by anti- radiation missiles fired from U. suppression aircraft such as the F- 4G and EA- 6B.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/library/report/gao/gao-01-28.htm (4712 words)

	Rebuilding air defenses - The Washington Times: Editorials/OP-ED - June 21, 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In the late 1960s, the Johnson-McNamara defense establishment decided that the intercontinental missile threat was paramount and that air defense against bombers was largely irrelevant.
		In 1968, the year I joined the Air Force and was assigned to a SAGE direction center in Oregon, the cutbacks began.
		It was aptly called the Joint Surveillance System, indicating that the role of air defense would be largely to monitor air sovereignty and not be a primary air-combat system.
	washingtontimes.com /op-ed/20040620-095246-4578r.htm (829 words)

	Air Defenses Stood Down On 911 AFTER ATC Alerts Given
		Air defense units did receive alerts from Air Traffic Controller (ATC) and Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) officials on a number of aircraft across the East Coast which had broken communications and deviated radically from established flight paths on the morning of September 11.
		Air National Guard and Air Force air defense units of the United States were prohibited from carrying out their standard intercept procedures (detailed in the following list of FAA documentation) on the morning of 9.11; after they had received the alerts from ATC and FAA.
		Yet air defense units that were ready and waiting on 9.11 at dozens of nearby installations were ordered not to scramble interceptors: they were ordered to stand down from carrying out even the first stage of standard intercept procedures.
	www.ratical.org /ratville/CAH/AirDefStdDwn.html (1705 words)

	World Tribune.com: U.S. targets improved Iraqi air defenses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		WASHINGTON — Iraq's improved air defenses are in the crosshairs of U.S. warplanes.
		On Wednesday, U.S. fighter-jets attacked an Iraqi air defense facility in southern Iraq near the Kuwaiti border, Middle East Newsline reported.
		U.S. officials said the Defense Department has ordered the military to step up monitoring of Iraq's air defense facilities and destroy missile batteries and command and control stations that threaten U.S. and British warplanes.
	216.26.163.62 /2002/ss_iraq_07_25.html (427 words)

	Combat Air Power: Funding Priority for Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses May
		As part of a broad effort to assess the current and projected U.S. combat air power capabilities,\1 we sought to determine whether (1) SEAD is important in the current and anticipated national security environment and (2) SEAD capabilities will be adequate in terms of the anticipated threats.
		Because it is considered impractical to physically attack all elements of the enemy's air defense system with conventional munitions, the goal of SEAD is to protect friendly aircraft by suppressing enemy surface-to-air missile and antiaircraft artillery sites en route to and in the target area.
		Therefore, we recommend that the Secretary of Defense postpone the retirement of the F-4G and EF-111 until the funding priority of the airborne SEAD mission in relation to other elements of combat air power is reassessed.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/library/report/gao/ns96128.htm (2633 words)

	Berlin Air Safety Center -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Its primary purpose involved diplomatically ensuring the safety of allied air traffic into and out of the western sectors of the divided city against the threat of East German or Soviet air defenses.
		Coordinating closely with BARTCC (Berlin Air Route Traffic Control Center) air traffic facilities at (additional info and facts about Tempelhof) Tempelhof Airbase, the BASC representatives verified diplomatic clearances, protested Soviet infringements upon allied air corridors, and fielded the political ramifications of east bloc defectors escaping into West Berlin by stolen aircraft.
		Tensions reached an understandable high during the Berlin Airlift in 1948-49, though the success of the campaign was in large part due to the coordination carried out within the BASC.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/b/be/berlin_air_safety_center.htm (196 words)

	Alaskan Air Defenses
		Headquarters Alaskan Air Command, and, to some extent the Alaskan Command, provided command and control until the reactivation of an AC&W control group in 1977.
		The following year, the Air Staff released its Saber Yukon study, which recommended that the system be modernized.
		The Alaskan Air Command, as a replacement, acquired donated rail cars from the Alaska Railroad and converted them into an alternate command center.
	www.radomes.org /museum/alaska.html (1061 words)

	Russian Air Defenses: SAMs & Radars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Shtorm (Storm) shipborne SAM system (SA-N-3 'Goblet') was designed in the late 1960s for air defense and does not have an analogue in ground forces.
		The advantages of AWACS aircraft over ground (shipborne) radar include the ability to detect air borne targets flying at virtually any altitude, the ability to detect air borne targets flying at extremely low altitudes over the terrain with any relief, high mobility, and lesser vulnerability to various weapons.
		The main drawback of an AWACS aircraft is its long 'on station' patrolling role associated with its relatively high level of vulnerability, not to mention being a major focus of enemy attention.
	www.aeronautics.ru /nws001/ruairdef001.htm (3102 words)

	World Tribune.com: U.S. concludes it has wiped out most Iraqi air defenses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The allied effort reflects a goal to destroy Iraqi air defense assets before the start of a full-scale war against Baghdad, the officials and sources said.
		Officials said Iraqi air defenses have fired either surface-to-air missiles or anti-aircraft artillery at coalition aircraft more than 110 times in 2003.
		Officials said the radar was deemed a threat and would have allowed Iraqi air defenses to locate, track and target coalition aircraft.
	216.26.163.62 /2003/ss_iraq_03_11.html (411 words)

	Iraqi Air Defense Equipment
		In addition, the Iraqi air defense had more than 7,500 AAA pieces protecting all targets of value, some deployed on the roofs of numerous buildings in Baghdad housing government facilities.
		The multi-layered, redundant, computer- controlled air defense network around Baghdad was more dense than that surrounding most Eastern European cities during the Cold War, and several orders of magnitude greater than that which had defended Hanoi during the later stages of the Vietnam War.
		The primary air defense operations center was in Baghdad, with sector air defense centers in Taji (central), Kirkuk (north), H-3 (west) and Talil (south).
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/iraq/air-defence-equipment.htm (862 words)

	MissileThreat :: Russian Air Defenses Said “Deplorable,” But Russian BMD Still in Good Shape (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Former commander of the Russian Air Force Anatoly Kornukov declared that Russian defenses against air attack are “in deplorable condition,” and comparing their capabilities to those of several decades ago.
		After denegrating the air defense systems, Kornukov immediately added that the whole situation “is not hopeless,” and went on to describe Russia’s missile defense system as operating effectively.
		In terms of its ballistic missile defense capabilities, it is said to be able to intercept warheads traveling at a speed of 4,800 km per hour (1.3km/sec).
	www.missilethreat.com /news/200402181154.html (243 words)

	CNN.com - U.S. considering pre-emptive airstrikes on Afghan air defenses - October 4, 2001
		A defense official said the U.S might strike at Afghan air defense before flying in humanitarian aid.
		Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld, in Cairo, Egypt, refused to say whether the option was under consideration in an interview with reporters traveling with him.
		Rumsfeld confirmed the Pentagon is drawing up plans for airdrops of food and medicine for the Afghan people, but would not say how the planes would be protected from the threat of surface-to-air missiles known to be in the possession of the ruling Taliban.
	www.cnn.com /2001/US/10/04/gen.america.under.attack/index.html (1746 words)

	Air Force Chief Accuses West of Probing Air Defenses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Russia's air force chief Wednesday accused the West of sending spy planes to probe Russian borders, saying that his forces track up to three such flights every day.
		"Air defense forces in the northwest were in high tension for three or four hours," he said.
		Last year, air defense forces spotted and tracked about 1,000 foreign spy planes near Russia's borders, mostly in the northwestern region and the Far East, but none of them were reported to have violated Russian borders.
	dev.themoscowtimes.com /stories/2001/02/21/169.html (250 words)

	t r u t h o u t - In a Switch, U.S. Pilots Attack Targets That are More Damaging to Iraq's Air Defenses
		Defense Secretary Donald H. Rumsfeld disclosed Monday that more than a month ago he personally ordered that pilots attack command and communications links in Iraqi's air defense network rather than the guns and radars that are frequently used to target or shoot at U.S. and British pilots.
		Pace said recent strikes have ''degraded the air defense capabilities'' of Iraq, but Rumsfeld was less sanguine.
		Rumsfeld said the strikes have damaged Iraq's air defenses but it is not possible to say for sure whether they are being weakened fasterthan Iraq can rebuild and improve them.
	www.truthout.org /docs_02/09.18E.new.targets.htm (1039 words)

	Real History and US air defenses
		Marr said Friday the idea of ramming any additional hijacked airliners -- beyond the three that hit the World Trade Center and Pentagon and the one that crashed in Pennsylvania -- came up as he and aides huddled in their command center to consider the unprecedented crisis that was unfolding.
		The fact that the United States had only a small number of armed fighter jets on air defense duty on Sept. 11 reflects that in the aftermath of the Cold War, aerial attacks were considered a minimal threat.
		Unsure how many attacks might follow those on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, Marr diverted unarmed Michigan Air National Guard fighter jets that happened to be flying a training mission in northern Michigan at the time of the first attack, but they were released after the fourth hijacked plane went down in Pennsylvania.
	www.fpp.co.uk /online/02/08/LasVegasSun300882.html (574 words)

	USATODAY.com - Real-life drama last month over capital showed limitations of air defenses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The officials declined to further describe the rules of engagement, except to say they are different for fighter jets in wide open areas than in urban areas and that they require several conditions to be met before a shootdown is considered possible.
		The officials said the government has additional layered defense in Washington, such as ground missiles, that could be deployed if jets aren't in a position to intercept.
		The entire scrambling of the jets, however, was unnecessary, caused by miscommunications between the FAA, which directs air traffic, NORAD, which protect America's air space from impending threats, and the National Capital Region Coordination Center (NCRCC), which coordinates air security in the nation's capital.
	www.usatoday.com /news/washington/2004-07-07-air-defense-incident_x.htm (931 words)

	A Collection of Thoughts: Air Defenses Faltered? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Posted by: Jennifer Martinez at June 17, 2004 07:46 PM It wasn't just the air defense agencies that weren't ready, the entire world was "unprepared for the kind of attacks launched against the United States on September 11, 2001".
		Posted by: StinKerr at June 17, 2004 09:15 PM Paying Air Marshals is a heck of a lot cheaper than the total loss of the aircraft and every soul on board.
		Posted by: ANdyJ at June 18, 2004 01:11 PM Don't you believe for one minute that our air defenses were unprepared to take action because of those variety of excuses the commission is coming up with.
	www.jenmartinez.com /mt/archives/000993.php (2249 words)

	USATODAY.com - U.S. warplanes bomb Iraqi air defenses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		WASHINGTON (AP) — U.S. fighter jets attacked Iraqi air defense forces south of Baghdad on Tuesday, marking the fourth such assault in southern Iraq in less than two weeks, defense officials said.
		A defense official, speaking on condition of anonymity, said the targets were near the city of As Samawah, about 130 miles southeast of Baghdad.
		U.S. officials said the radar was not active at the time of the attack but had been used in the past to coordinate Iraqi air defense targeting of U.S. and British aircraft in the area.
	www.usatoday.com /news/world/2001/09/04/iraq-strike.htm (359 words)

	LJWorld.com : Rumsfeld: Airstrikes knocking out Taliban's air defenses
		Appearing with Rumsfeld, Air Force Gen. Richard Myers, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, said the airstrikes Sunday and Monday damaged or destroyed more than 80 percent of targets throughout Afghanistan.
		"Air operations are continuing, and there won't be obvious starts and stops," he said.
		In London, British officials said three days of attacks had caused significant damage to terrorist camps and Taliban defenses but added that it was too early to say that the coalition now controls Afghan airspace.
	6news.ljworld.com /section/diary_101001/story/69232 (475 words)

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