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Topic: Air embolism

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	Air embolism - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		An air embolism, or more generally gas embolism, is a medical condition caused by gas bubbles in the bloodstream.
		Air embolism can occur whenever a blood vessel is open and a pressure gradient exists favoring entry of gas.
		One can reduce the risk of air embolism by avoiding unnecessary use of syringes and taking all steps to protect the body, noting that it is important never to inject an air-filled syringe straight into the bloodstream.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Air_embolism (817 words)

	GASNet GTA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		During spontaneous respiration, slow entrainment of air that causes obstruction of 10% of the pulmonary circulation causes a "gasp" reflex that results in chest pain and tachypnea.
		Morbidity and mortality from air embolism are directly related to the size of the embolus and the rate of entry.
		Sudden loss of PEEP with air in the right side of the heart (as may happen if the endotracheal tube is disconnected from the anesthesia circuit) may result in a paradoxical air embolus in patients with a patent foramen ovale.
	gasnet.med.yale.edu /pda/gta/chapters/air-embolism.html (1591 words)

	Barotrauma: Diving and Compressed Air Injuries: Merck Manual Home Edition
		This pressurized air also equalizes pressure in the sinuses, as long as the openings to the sinuses are not narrowed by inflammation due to allergies or an upper respiratory tract infection.
		Air embolism is a leading cause of death among divers.
		A person who has air embolism is given oxygen immediately and must be returned at once to a high-pressure environment, so that the air bubbles are compressed and forced to dissolve in the blood.
	www.merck.com /mmhe/sec24/ch295/ch295b.html (1301 words)

	Air embolism - ArticleWorld (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The air embolism (or, more correctly, a gas embolism is a medical condition caused by the presence of gas bubbles in one's bloodstream.
		Air emboli can occur if a blood vessel is open and there is a pressure gradient that favorizes the formation of bubbles.
		In medicine, avoiding air emboli usually includes handling syringes with care so that air is not accidentally injected in the blood vessels, if avoiding their usage is not possible.
	www.articleworld.org /index.php/Air_embolism (358 words)

	Central venous pressure catheter for preventing air embolism and method of making - Patent 4601706 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Air embolism is a dreadful, insidious condition which may totally overshadow gains obtained by performing surgery in the sitting position.
		Air embolism produces a frothy blood mixture which is difficult to aspirate and attempts of air removal are often fruitless, too late and disastrous.
		It is therefore the object of this invention to provide a method for preventing air aspiration into cut veins and consequent air embolism during surgery of the neck and head of a patient in the sitting position.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4601706.html (2033 words)

	MASSIVE SYSTEMIC AIR EMBOLISM FOLLOWING A BLUNT CHEST INJURY
		Systemic air embolism is often noticed after the initiation of mechanical ventilation, so anesthesiologists must be aware that the patient with chest trauma is at risk of systemic air embolism during mechanical ventilation, especially with high-peak airway pressure.
		The initiation of systemic air embolism in a patient with chest trauma after mechanical ventilation is attributed to bronchopulmonary pressure gradient that favors transmission of air through a traumatic bronchial to pulmonary venous communication, and this has been proved by experimental study on animals.
		Needle venting of air from the heart by the surgeon, manual cardiac massage, and pressor therapy to increase coronary perfusion pressure beside right decubitus position are standard cardiopulmonary resuscitative measures for the victims of left heart air embolism.
	www.kfshrc.edu.sa /annals/185/98-067.html (1483 words)

	A.D.A.M. Outdoor Health (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		An air embolism occurs when there is a rupture in the barrier between the microscopic air space of a lung and its corresponding blood vessel, which carries oxygenated blood back to the heart (where it can be distributed to the body).
		Anyone suspected of having suffered an air embolism should be placed in a head-down position (with the body at a 15- to 30-degree tilt), turned onto his left side, be assisted with breathing if necessary, and immediately transported to an emergency facility.
		If the air that expands on ascent does not rupture into a blood vessel and become an air embolism, it can rupture into the actual lung tissues or into the pleural space between the lung and the inside of the chest wall, and cause a collapsed lung (pneumothorax).
	www.humed.com /humc_ency/outdoor_health/air_embolism.htm (664 words)

	Venous Air Embolism
		Air embolism can also occur during surgical procedures involving the head and neck (i.e., neck dissection), vaginal delivery and caesarean section, and spinal instrumentation procedures.
		Because of the near 100% likelihood of air embolism during sitting craniotomies, some type of monitoring for air embolism during this procedure is essential.
		The characteristic sound of venous air embolism is readily identifiable, even when the anesthesiologist is attending to other tasks in the operating room.
	anestit.unipa.it /gta/vae.html (1089 words)

	Pulmonary Embolism
		A pulmonary embolism is the sudden blocking of one of the arteries of the lung by matter in the blood, such as a blood clot, fat, fragments of a cancerous tumor or an air bubble.
		An air bubble embolism may also form when a vein is operated on or when a person is being resuscitated because of the force of having pressure put on their chest.
		To diagnose a pulmonary embolism, a physician performs a physical examination and takes note of the patient's symptoms, risk factors or recent events (such as surgery, bed rest or travel) in his or her life that might lead to a blood clot.
	www.csmc.edu /6986.html (1203 words)

	Air Embolism through Central Venous Catheters
		ECRI investigated an incident in which an air embolism developed after the male Luer taper (also known as a Luer slip) connector of a central venous catheter was inadvertently disconnected from an IV filter.
		An air embolism can develop when the right side of the heart is open to outside air through a disconnected catheter and a negative intrathoracic pressure is present, such as during inspiration.
		Paradoxical air embolism as a complication of central venous catheterization.
	www.mdsr.ecri.org /summary/detail.aspx?doc_id=8149 (905 words)

	Air Embolism during Calibration of Invasive Blood Pressure Monitoring Systems
		In both cases, the equipment was calibrated by pressurizing the system with air using a sphygmomanometer cuff inflation bulb and comparing the pressure monitor display with the pressure indicated by a mercury manometer.
		Apparently, a bolus of air was infused into the patient, either because the stopcock between the catheter and pressure tubing had not been closed or because air had been inadvertently introduced into the transducer dome or continuous flushing device, then fast-flushed into the patient's artery after calibration.
		However, the risk of air embolism does exist if this volume is greater than the volume within certain monitoring kits (i.e., when short tubing lengths are used with miniature transducers mounted on the patient's limb).
	www.mdsr.ecri.org /summary/detail.aspx?doc_id=8139 (1748 words)

	Air Embolism (Arterial Gas Embolism)
		When a diver's airway is shut on ascent the expanding air in the lungs can provoke a rupture of the alveoli, thereby causing air to move into the arteries.
		The expression arterial gas embolism (AGE) better describes the action than the general term air embolism, and is pulmonary barotrauma following voluntary breath holding, or a closure of an airway.
		Any diver who has been breathing compressed air and is unconscious, or loses consciousness within ten minutes after surfacing must be concluded to have air embolism and re-compressed as having such.
	www.rescuediver.org /med/age.htm (537 words)

	Gas Embolism Information on Healthline
		Gas embolism, also called air embolism or arterial gas embolism, is the presence of gas bubbles in the bloodstream that obstruct circulation.
		Gas embolism is second only to drowning as a cause of death among divers.
		Compressed air- Air that is held under pressure in a tank to be breathed underwater by divers.
	www.healthline.com /galecontent/gas-embolism (851 words)

	Embolism - Page 3
		Arterial embolisms tend to become lodged at the fork of major arteries, with over 50 percent affecting blood vessels in the lower extremities.
		In rare cases, a venous embolism may be caused by a bubble of air that has entered the body through a central intravenous line or during certain brain operations such as a sitting craniotomy.
		Air embolisms are a leading cause of death in scuba diving accidents (a condition called “the bends”) and can also occur during surgeries involving the head and neck, as well as vaginal delivery or cesarean sections (“C-section”).
	heart.healthcentersonline.com /bloodclot/Embolism3.cfm (934 words)

	[No title]
		An air embolism occurs when bubbles of air become trapped in the circulating blood.
		Air is made up of three main types of gases; oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen.
		In the bends, the air embolism is a bubble of nitrogen.
	www.nhsdirect.nhs.uk /articles/article.aspx?articleId=9 (271 words)

	022. DEATH BY AIR INJECTION
		This "air lock" is quite familiar to plumbers and owners of diesel engines, where the normal flow of liquid through tubes is wholly or partially blocked by air.
		When a person dies of air embolism, the only abnormal thing that is there within his body is a bubble of air somewhere in his blood vessels.
		Murder by air embolism is quite rare, despite the strong chances of a murderer escaping scot free in such cases.
	www.fortunecity.com /tattooine/williamson/235/sicd022.html (2207 words)

	Pulmonary Embolism -- Recommendations and Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		In medicine, an embolism occurs when an object (the embolus, plural emboli) migrates from one part of the body (through the circulation) and cause(s) a blockage (occlusion) of a blood vessel in another part of the body.
		Air emboli as a complication of medical procedures is actually fairly common, it is rare that it causes symptoms however.
		Arterial embolism seems to usualy be a paradoxical embolous resulting from increased right sided pressure and a patent foramen ovale, so I added that in.
	www.becomingapediatrician.com /health/123/pulmonary-embolism.html (1116 words)

	Gas Embolism \| AHealthyMe.com
		Gas embolism, also called air embolism, is the presence of gas bubbles in the bloodstream that obstruct circulation.
		The primary sign of gas embolism is immediate loss of consciousness; it may or may not be accompanied by convulsions.
		Air that is held under pressure in a tank to be breathed underwater by divers.
	www.ahealthyme.com /topic/topic100586858 (714 words)

	Ask an Expert: Air embolism
		Air embolism is the passage of air into the circulation.
		Air embolism as an unexpected complication of dental or jaw surgery has been described in medical journals and in the lay press.
		During this type of surgery a drill is used together with irrigation of fluid or air to clear away the debris produced by during the surgery and to cool the drill bit and bone.
	www.netwellness.org /question.cfm/30591.htm (480 words)

	Air embolism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Small amounts of air often get into the blood circulation accidentally during surgery and other medical procedures, but an air embolism which shows symptoms is very rare.
		Murder by air injection is an urban legend.
		Air embolism can also occur during other types of surgery such as Caesarean section and orthopedic procedures.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Air_embolism (728 words)

	eMedicine - Venous Air Embolism : Article Excerpt by: Andrew G Wittenberg, MD, MPH (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The factors that determine the subsequent morbidity and mortality in VAE include the rate of air entrainment, the volume of air introduced, and the position of the patient at the time of the embolism.
		Intermediate amounts of air collect in the pulmonary circulation and produce a pulmonary vascular injury manifested by precapillary and postcapillary pulmonary vasoconstriction, pulmonary hypertension, endothelial injury, and permeability pulmonary edema.
		Although classical teaching states that more than 5 mL/kg of air (IV) is required for significant injury (including shock and cardiac arrest), patient complications secondary to as little as 20 mL of air (the length of an unprimed IV infusion set) have been reported.
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/byname/venous-air-embolism.htm (715 words)

	Medical Dictionary: Air embolism - WrongDiagnosis.com
		Air embolism: A condition where an air bubble enters the cardiovascular system (via injection, intravenous therapy, surgery or puncture wound) and obstructs the blood flow.
		Air embolism: Embolism due to air bubbles entering the blood vessels after trauma, surgical procedures, or changes in atmospheric pressure.
		Air embolism : embolism due to air bubbles entering the blood vessels after trauma, surgical procedures, or changes in atmospheric pressure.
	www.wrongdiagnosis.com /medical/air_embolism.htm (275 words)

	Children First for Health - Teens - Health - Conditions - Air embolism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Air embolism can also happen when deep-sea divers come back up to the surface too quickly.
		The effects of an air embolism can be fatal depending on the blood vessel affected.
		Air embolism is very rare because of the precautions taken before injections.
	www.childrenfirst.nhs.uk /teens/health/conditions/a/air_embolism.html (297 words)

	Fatal Air Embolism in an Airplane Passenger with a Giant Intrapulmonary Bronchogenic Cyst -- ZAUGG et al. 157 (5): 1686 ...
		Fatal Air Embolism in an Airplane Passenger with a Giant Intrapulmonary Bronchogenic Cyst -- ZAUGG et al.
		Air embolism as a complication of intrapulmonary bronchogenic
		Pulmonary barotrauma and arterial gas embolism caused by an emphysematous bulla in a scuba diver.
	ajrccm.atsjournals.org /cgi/content/full/157/5/1686 (1895 words)

	air embolism --The Doctors Lounge(TM)
		For you to have an air embolism, the air would have to be introduced into the blood vessels where it would travel to an area that it could cause harm.
		It could happen in the non-pregnant, but it is rare, reason being, that during sexual intercourse, the blood vessels of the vaginal wall become engorged and if a vaginal tear occurs and air is insufflated inside the vagina, this could lead to air escaping to the circulation and causing air embolism.
		There are also very few reports also about air embolism happening during menstruation during sexual intercourse as well when the female takes a position known as the "doggy position".
	www.thedoctorslounge.net /cardiology/forums/backup/topic-2627.html (431 words)

	Arterial Gas Embolism
		Arterial gas embolism is a major cause of death in diving and the initiating cause (pulmonary barotrauma) usually goes undetected.
		Bubbles in the arterial circulation can arise from basically three sources: venous gas embolism with breach of the pulmonary vascular filter (paradoxic gas embolism), patent foramen ovale (paradoxic gas embolism) and tear of the pulmonary parenchyma with entry of gas into pulmonary venous outflow.
		The syndrome of paradoxic air embolism (from septal defects) was first described by J. Cohnheim in 1877.
	www.scuba-doc.com /artgsemb.htm (834 words)

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