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	Wind and Pressure
		Air is moving (wind) from the region of high pressure (for example: 600 hPa) at upper levels in the warmer column of air (such as exists near the equator) toward the lower pressure (for example: 400 hPa) at upper levels in the cooler columns of air (such as exists near the polar regions).
		This parcel of air located at the equator is calm (not moving) with respect to an observer located on the Earth's surface, we know this parcel is actually moving at the same velocity as the Earth's surface at the equator.
		As our parcel of air (under the influence of only the horizontal pressure gradient force and the Coriolis Force) moves from the region of high pressure/height toward the region of low pressure/height, it curves to the right (in the northern hemisphere) until eventually it is moving parallel to the isobars/isoheights.
	www.met.tamu.edu /class/Metr304/WindandPressuredir/Wind-Press-2.html (4390 words)

	stability
		Because the dewpoint temperature is a function of the vapor pressure, as an air parcel rises in the atmosphere, the vapor pressure (and hence the dewpoint temperature) of the parcel decreases.
		As a layer of air is lifted, the entire layer is expanding (the depth of the layer, or the distance between x and y on Fig 7.11, is increasing).
		Air being mixed vertically in an unsaturated layer will cool (as it rises) and warm (as it is lowered) at the dry adiabatic lapse rate, with the net effect of the mixing being to make the lapse rate of the entire layer tend towards the dry adiabatic lapse rate.
	www.meteor.wisc.edu /~aos100-2/stability (2147 words)

	Definitions of Atmospheric Variables
		The potential temperature is the temperature an air parcel at a specific pressure level and temperature would have if it were lowered or raised adiabatically to 1000 mb.
		The equivalent potential temperature is the temperature a parcel at a specific pressure level and temperature would have if it were raised to 0 mb, condensing all moisture from the parcel, and then lowered to 1000 mb.
		The vorticity is a measure of the rotation of air in a horizontal plane.
	www.srh.noaa.gov /ffc/html/gloss1.shtml (1343 words)

	Stability & Cloud Development
		Air tends to cool and condense as it rises, and to become warm and dry as it sinks.
		If the air parcel's temperature is less than the temperature of the surrounding air mass, it is denser than the surrounding air and therefore has a tendency to sink.
		If the air parcel's temperature is greater than the temperature of the surrounding air mass, the air parcel is less dense and tends to rise.
	imnh.isu.edu /digitalatlas/clima/imaging/clddev.htm (1673 words)

	Lapse rates, Moisture, Clouds and Thunderstorms.
		Air parcels away from the ground also cool as they loose their heat by radiation, and the convection process stops.
		As our air parcel expands in response to the lowering of the outside pressure, the force of its internal pressure is moving the walls of the container outwards.
		The pressure in an air parcel is the sum of the partial pressures of all the constituents.
	eesc.columbia.edu /courses/ees/climate/lectures/atm_phys.html (5461 words)

	Air parcel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An air parcel is a meteorologically defined chunk of air in the atmosphere.
		Meteorologists study the movements and changes in air parcels over time as one tool in weather forecasting.
		Conceptually, one could imagine that the air inside a hot air balloon is an air parcel.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Air_parcel (172 words)

	WEBCHAP7
		When an air parcel is buoyant, it has a tendency to rise of its own just like a buoyant object in a pool of water will rise toward the surface.
		Assume a layer of air that is 1 km thick with the bottom of the layer at a height of 5 km, at which height the atmospheric pressure is close to 1/2 the surface pressure.
		A parcel of air moves downward from a point where the relative humidity is close to 100% and no clouds or fog is present.
	www.phys.ufl.edu /~peterson/chap7/chapter7.html (2805 words)

	ATOC 4710/5710 Midterm 1
		A remarkable new device that follows trajectories of air parcels in the earth's atmosphere was used to measure the following vertical temperature profiles for two air parcels separated horizontally by 10 km.
		Equivalent potential temperature is defined as the potential temperature that a parcel of air would have if the relative humidity was 0% (that is, if all the latent heat from the water in the parcel was released into the air).
		However, the wet parcel, because it is warmer than the ambient air, will continue to rise...and from conservation of mass (where there is air rising there must be air somewhere else that sinks), the ambient temperature profile is not stable...that is, the air will turnover.
	atoc.colorado.edu /~toohey/5710m1.html (1042 words)

	Air Trajectories - Texas Commission on Environmental Quality - www.tceq.state.tx.us
		These estimates of air movement are important to better understand the behavior and potential impact of air pollution.
		Tick marks and the numbers 00, 06, 12 and 18 from the 24-hour clock are used along each trajectory to indicate the position of the air parcel over the 48-hour or 36-hour period.
		The height of the air is measured in hecto pascals (HPA).
	www.tceq.state.tx.us /compliance/monitoring/air/monops/airtraj.html (577 words)

	CLOUDS
		Because air is a relatively poor conductor of heat energy, the assumption is made that the parcel of air upon which work is being done is insulated from the surrounding environment.
		For a rising air parcel, the change in internal energy is therefore due entirely to pressure work with no addition or loss of heat to the surrounding environment.
		In figure 33, a parcel of air (point A) is heated by the surface and its temperature increases (point B).
	asd-www.larc.nasa.gov /edu_act/clouds.html (2416 words)

	Center for Science Education: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		As the parcel experiences regions of lower air pressure, the parcel expands since there is less external confining pressure acting on it.
		In a rising parcel of air, there will be essentially no exchange of mass with the outside atmosphere; this is a fancy way of saying that the actual amount of water vapor (the numerator in the definition of RH) will stay the same.
		When different air flows meet along the surface of the Earth, the convergence of these different flows causes the air to rise, since the surface of the Earth prevents the air from moving downward.
	www.luc.edu /faculty/dslavsk/classnotes/risingair.shtml (1003 words)

	Adiabatic Processes
		This will affect the parcel's temperature (which is the average kinetic energy of the molecules in the air parcel).
		If the total amount of heat in a parcel of air is held constant (no heat is added or released), then when the parcel expands, its temperature drops.
		The rate of temperature change as you rise in still air is not as great as the rate of change of rising air; that is, the air parcel does not cool off as fast.
	daphne.palomar.edu /jthorngren/adiabatic_processes.htm (1264 words)

	How Humidity is Expressed
		The vapor pressure of the water in the air at sea level, at a temperature of 20 degrees C, is 24 mb at saturation.
		If 10 grams of water vapor were present in each kilogram of dry air, and the air would be saturated with 30 grams of water vapor per kilogram of dry air, the relative humidity would be 10/30=33.3%.
		For example, a parcel of air at sea level, at a temperature of 25 degrees C, would be completely saturated if there were 20 grams of water vapor in every kilogram of dry air.
	daphne.palomar.edu /jthorngren/measures.htm (1323 words)

	Untitled Document
		Therefore, the air parcel is cooled adiabatically, but this is partially off-set by the release of latent heat.
		If air parcel is saturated, it cools at the MAR as it rises (0.6°C/100m), which means it gets warmer than the surrounding air and continues to rise.
		By warming the surface air, it steepens the ELR and permits air parcels to rise upward.
	www.ggy.uga.edu /courses/geog1111/stabil.html (1333 words)

	Lapse rate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		As a parcel of air travels downward through the atmosphere, it experiences a rise in ambient hydrostatic pressure.
		Air has very poor thermal conductivity, and the bodies of air involved are very large, so transfer of heat by conduction is negligibly small.
		They are used to determine if the parcel of rising air will rise high enough for its water to condense to form clouds, and, having formed clouds, whether the air will continue to rise and form bigger shower clouds, and whether these clouds will get even bigger and form cumulo-nimbus clouds (thunder clouds).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Absolute_stable_air (978 words)

	[No title]
		Suppose we have a parcel of air at the surface that gets lifted up through the atmosphere (don't worry about how the parcel is lifted, we will talk about this later).
		Because the parcel is buoyant all the way from the surface through 3000 meters, we would call this scenario "unstable" (i.e as soon as the parcel is pushed up a little bit, it "takes off" and would keep rising all the way through this layer).
		Note that the parcel is now colder and less dense than the surrounding air, so if the lifting mechanism were turned off when the parcel reached 500 meters, it would start to sink back to the surface, quickly becoming unsaturated and warming dry adiabatically.
	www.atmos.washington.edu /1999Q1/101/hmwk5notes.doc (3171 words)

	Land Title Act
		(2) The air space parcel created by the plan devolves and may be transferred, leased, mortgaged or otherwise dealt with in the same manner and form as other land the title to which is registered under this Act.
		(b) the land of which the air space parcels are part is shown as a single parcel on a subdivision plan or a reference plan deposited under this Act.
		(c) have a title, identifying the single parcel on the plan referred to in section 143 (1) (b) and indicating that the plan is a subdivision of the whole or part of that parcel,
	www.qp.gov.bc.ca /statreg/stat/L/96250_09.htm (852 words)

	411C: M5, U3, P6: Influencing Factors
		As a parcel of air rises and sinks, there is no compensating motion in the displaced environmental air.
		A cumulus cloud, which is a saturated air parcel, is essentially a small jet, and likewise draws into it some of the surrounding air.
		Because the surrounding air is dryer than the parcel (i.e., the surrounding air is not saturated), as air is drawn into the cloud, the mixing ratio of the cloud decreases.
	www.shodor.org /os411/courses/411c/module05/unit03/page06.html (790 words)

	Weather Elements: Making Clouds and Rain
		With proper quantities of water vapour and dust in an air parcel, the next step is for the air parcel mass to be cooled to a temperature at which cloud droplets or ice crystals can form.
		The heated parcel of air will rise until it has again cooled to the temperature of the surrounding air.
		Whatever the process causing an air parcel to ascend, the result is that the rising air parcel must change its pressure to be in equilibrium with the surrounding air.
	www.islandnet.com /~see/weather/elements/makerain.htm (2533 words)

	Atmospheric Stability (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Suppose an air parcel is forced to rise (by mechanisms like those described in these notes).
		We determine the stability of the atmosphere by comparing the temperature of our rising (or sinking) air parcel to the temperature of the air surrounding the parcel.
		We determine stability by comparing the temperature of the rising (saturated or unsaturated) air parcel to the temperature of the atmosphere surrounding the parcel.
	www.geog.umn.edu /faculty/klink/geog1425/stability.html (659 words)

	Rising Air: a key process in the production of clouds and precipitation
		The air parcel expands as it rises and this expansion, or work, causes the temperature of the air parcel to decrease.
		As the parcel rises, its humidity increases until it reaches 100%.
		The upward motions that generate clouds and lead to precipitation can be produced by convection in unstable air, convergence of air near cloud base, lifting of air by fronts and lifting over elevated topography such as mountains.
	ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu /(Gh)/guides/mtr/cld/dvlp/upw.rxml (147 words)

	411C: M5, U2, P2: Moist Adiabatic Process
		As a parcel of air cools, its relative humidity increases, provided no moisture is either added or removed from the parcel.
		The energy of the parcel is said to be conserved because the latent heat is a conversion from existing energy and not energy that was added to the system.
		A rising saturated parcel cools at a slower rate due to the release of latent heat, and a sinking saturated parcel heats more slowly due to the conversion of heat energy during evaporation.
	www.shodor.org /os411/courses/411c/module05/unit02/page02.html (418 words)

	Atmospheric Stability Self-test
		The most latent heat is liberated in a rising saturated air parcel when it is _____________ and at a _____________ altitude.
		A conditionally unstable atmosphere is ______________ with respect to unsaturated air and __________ with respect to saturated air.
		What would be the air temperature inside an airliner if the outside air at 10 km, with a pressure of 250 mb and a temperature of -60 degrees C, is forced inside and compressed to a pressure of 1000 mb.
	www.uwmc.uwc.edu /geography/100/stabtstc.htm (756 words)

	air-rise (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The path of a rising air parcel is determined by a balance between temperature and pressure adjustments inherent to the air parcel (a complete explanation is left for a formal meteorology course).
		The parcel path is indicated by the yellow line.
		For us, an air parcel is a possible beginning of a cloud.
	www.pals.iastate.edu /mteor/modules/air-rise.html (341 words)

	U.S. EPA \| Global Earth Observation System of Systems \| Models: Air
		Atmospheric Modeling Models - The Air Resources Laboratory (ARL) was established by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to collaborate with EPA's National Exposure Research Laboratory (NERL) in developing advanced air quality models that can simulate the transport and fate of pollutants in the atmosphere.
		Models-3 Air Quality Modeling System - A major modeling system to improve 1) the environmental management community’s ability to evaluate the impact of air quality management practices for multiple pollutants at multiple scales and 2) the scientist’s ability to better probe, understand, and simulate chemical and physical interactions in the atmosphere.
		Its primary use is for the development of air pollution inventories by professional mobile source modelers, such as state air quality officials and consultants.
	www.epa.gov /geoss/eos/txt_models_air.html (714 words)

	kids science projects - childrens experiments with air
		Find out more about air temperature and pressure, experiment with air, and the answers to trivia questions sent with the kids science project on air.
		The heated air molecules from the steam move faster and farther apart.
		The air becomes lighter and rises upward creating an air current which moves the pinwheel.
	www.creativekidsathome.com /science/air.html (974 words)

	Stuff in the Sky - Air
		Weather is strongly affected by how stable or unstable the atmosphere is. Stable air means that the weather is likely to be calm.
		Unstable air means that the weather might change quickly with very little warning.
		If we compare the temperature of this air parcel to the temperature of air surrounding it, we can tell if it is stable (likely to remain in place) or unstable (likely to move).
	eo.ucar.edu /kids/sky/air3.htm (119 words)

	Parcel Delivery Air Freight Trucking Service
		Parcel Delivery of Albuquerque’s diverse fleet of newly-equipped, regularly-serviced vehicles range from vans to Bobtails to 53ft tractor trailer combos, so literally no job is too large or small to handle.
		Additionally, Parcel Delivery holds a "SATISFACTORY" rating with the Department of Transportation, the highest rating given.
		Parcel Delivery also employs a stringent policy of overcompensating for cargo security with locking mechanisms on all vehicles / trailer doors.
	www.pdqabq.com /trucking.html (221 words)

	International Air Cargo Shipping Calculator from USA
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	www.apx-air-courier.com (363 words)

	SKEW-T
		Dew Point Temp (Td): Temp an air parcel must be cooled at constant pressure and moisture content for saturation occurrence.
		Positive energy areas: area on a skew-t where a parcel is warmer than the environment.
		If lifted parcel temp crosses environmental temp curve, there is a positive energy and the LFC is where they intersect.
	webpages.charter.net /cyclogenesis/SKEWT.htm (1361 words)

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