Air raid shelters - Factbites

Air raid shelters - Factbites
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Topic: Air raid shelters

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	Plymouth`s World War II Underground Air Raid Shelters, UK
		These air raid shelters would be no protection against a direct hit (as would be so painfully proved later in the war) but would give excellent protection against a near miss and perhaps more importantly against flying debris such as roof slates, masonry and glass, and of course shrapnel.
		Underground air raid shelters were built to a standard layout, often their actual shape and layout being dictated by the physical topography of the site they were built into - almost being designed as they were built.
		Posters dated 1940-41 still hang in many air raid shelters, informing one that smoking is prohibited and that 'dogs are not admitted'....(they may get hysterics during a raid and bite people).
	www.cyber-heritage.co.uk /waiting/forstpage.htm (2342 words)

	Subterranean London [Definition]
		Like many of the deep level shelters it was not used for its intended purpose (an air raid shelter) and was used as a government communications centre....
		London deep-level shelters The London deep-level shelters are eight deep level air-raid shelters that were built under London Underground stations during World War II.
		It was planned that after the war the shelters would be used as part of a new express tube line....
	www.wikimirror.com /Subterranean_London (2342 words)

	Air Raid Precautions - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		During the Second World War, ARP was responsible for the handing out of gas masks, pre-fabricated air-raid shelters (such as Anderson shelters, as well as Morrison shelters), the upkeep of local public shelters, the maintenance of the blackout and the rescue of people after raids.
		Air Raid Precautions (ARP) was an organization in the United Kingdom dedicated to the protection of civilians from the danger of air-raids.
		In 1938 the Air Ministry predicted 70,000 casualties a week—in the first month of war the British government was expecting a million casualties, 3 million refugees and the majority of the capital destroyed.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Air_Raid_Precautions (593 words)

	Air Raid Precautions - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		During the Second World War, ARP was responsible for the handing out of gas masks, pre-fabricated air-raid shelters (such as Anderson shelters, as well as Morrison shelters), the upkeep of local public shelters, the maintenance of the blackout and the rescue of people after raids.
		Air Raid Precautions (ARP) was an organization in the United Kingdom dedicated to the protection of civilians from the danger of air-raids.
		The ARP was disbanded in 1946, to be reconstituted as the Civil Defence Corps in 1948.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Air_Raid_Precautions (583 words)

	Air-raid shelter - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Air raid shelters are structures for the protection of the civil population as well as military personnel against enemy attacks from the air.
		Air raid shelters were built specifically to serve as protection against enemy air raids.
		Alternatives had to be found speedily once it became clear that air raids were being contemplated by Germany as a means of demoralising the population and disrupting supply lines in Britain.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Air-raid_shelter (2823 words)

	Air-raid shelter - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Air raid shelters are structures for the protection of the civil population as well as military personnel against enemy attacks from the air.
		Air raid shelters were built specifically to serve as protection against enemy air raids.
		The characteristics of the structures serving as air raid shelters in World War Two
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Air-raid_shelter (2688 words)

	Stockport Air Raid Shelters, Manchester MyTravelGuide.com
		Improve the Stockport Air Raid Shelters listing by providing a photo, description or suggesting a correction.
		Advertise with us for Stockport Air Raid Shelters.
		Have you been to Stockport Air Raid Shelters before?
	www.mytravelguide.com /attractions/profile.jsp?objectid=78834105 (348 words)

	Main News - The Northern Rivers Echo Newspaper, Lismore
		One man suggested on Tuesday this week that there were several air-raid shelters built into the banks of the river.
		Mr Alcorn is a bit of a shelter buff - his father Keith built a WWII shelter in the backyard of his Spring Street home when fears about Japanese air raids were at their peak following the bombing of Darwin.
		The remains of a large, public air-raid shelter were discovered recently when people were working on the beautification of Molesworth Street, between Woodlark and Magellan Streets.
	www.echonews.com /933 (348 words)

	Air Raid Shelter
		Shelters for the use of travellers in buses or passers-by were palced near the main roads.
		These shelters could bear the weight of house debris and the only risk was if the debris caught fire.
		The shelter was placed as near the house as possible and with the door facing the house wall.
	www.westallswar.org.uk /new_shelter.html (592 words)

	Air Raid Shelter
		During the second world war several air raid shelters were dug round Didcot shed and yards, for the protection of the workers from any bombers that attacked.
		One of the air raid shelters is open to the public, the entrance being between the shop and first aid room.
		Although Didcot was a major depot, with a large military depot where the power station is now, and on the main north/south route avoiding London it didn't suffer from heavy bombardment.
	www.baldric.plus.com /didcot/maps/airshelt.htm (95 words)

	Decoy Site Air-Raid Shelter
		These air-raid shelters were provided by the admiralty when the decoy munitions dump was constructed, and built by Ellis the builders, of Maryport.
		It is one of these shelters which is described here.
		This shelter is used these days to store agricultural sundries and to support the farm diesel tanks.
	www.users.globalnet.co.uk /~rwbarnes/defence/dearham.htm (354 words)

	Midlands Memories: The Midlands At War: Information
		Air raid shelters are still being supplied and those Wolverhampton people who have not yet been provided should register at once at the ARP headquarters in Railway Street.
		People who, in the first place, refused to have an air raid shelter are now clamouring for them.
		So far nearly 10,000 shelters have been supplied, and another 1,000 applications are being dealt with.
	content.blackcountry.com /mm/publish/article_274.php (99 words)

	Report Of Professor Robert Jan Van Pelt
		From the beginning, all German air raid shelters were designed to protect against poison gas as well as against bombs.
		One of the problems in the air raid shelter theory is that none of the plans of morgue 1 or crematorium 2 and 3 shows what is a necessary standard feature of any air raid shelter: an emergency exit.
		Description and drawing* of air raid protection tunnel frame made from concrete, which can be delivered immediately from our yard at a suburban railway station in Berlin by railway or road truck.
	www.holocaust-history.org /irving-david/vanpelt/vanpelt-airraid.shtml (4581 words)

	USHMM displays air-raid shelter door as gas chamber door
		(See: Technique and Operation of German Anti-Gas Shelters in World War II, by Samuel Crowell) As noted in the Crowell article, and several more to come, it has recently been discovered that German air-raid shelters were required to also provide protection against gas attack.
		A standard air-raid shelter door is displayed at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum along with the claim that it is a casting of the door to a homicidal gassing chamber at the Majdanek concentration camp.
		A remarkably sinister rendering of the air raid shelter door casting at the USHMM, found at their student outreach web offering.
	www.codoh.com /gcgv/gcturen.html (1182 words)

	REPLY TO SAMUEL CROWELL'S "COMMENTS"
		So if the equipment of air raid shelters does not appear at all in the "übergabeverhandlung" of the crematoria, then they (their "Leichenkeller") were also not projected as gas tight bomb shelters.
		Mattogno argues that the morgue's ventilation capacity was inadequate for an air raid shelter.
		The only way in which air raid shelter provisions HAD to be described in terms of the transfer documents would be if their inclusion was essential to the operation of the crematoria.
	www.vho.org /GB/c/CM/reply.html (6613 words)

	Air Raid Precautions
		Cellars and basements were requisitioned for air raid shelters and trenches were dug in the parks of large towns.
		When air raids are threatened, warning will be given in towns by sirens, or hooters which will be sounded in some places by short blasts and in others by a warbling note, changing every few seconds.
		The A. (Air Raid Precautions) defences and expense are founded upon a wholly fallacious view of the degree of danger to each part of the country which they cover.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /2WWarp.htm (2441 words)

	Air Raid Shelter
		She has to complete a diary for homework on how she felt during an air raid.
		Nothing much was in any air raid shelter that I used.
		In the Public Shelters were Benches to sit on but most families in a house had a private Shelter.
	storm.prohosting.com /wartime/messageboard/messages/143.shtml (579 words)

	air raid precaution maps of Plymouth
		Locations of phone boxes, first aid posts, rest centres, stores, warden`s posts, surface shelters, underground air raid shelters, water hydrants, water tanks, fire stations, ambulance and police staions, hospitals,and barrage balloons are all marked with enthusiasm onto existing contemporary ordnance survey maps.Sometimes they are added in a professional fashion, authorities just a scribble.
		Each air raid warden would have the appropriate maps relating to his patch...his sector, sectors were named, something along the lines of 3/G/1 or 3/G/2, or 2/H/1 etc. this made unambiguous emergency communications speedy and accurate.
		In 1941 it took a direct hit and 75 were killed, it being the single biggest loss of life in any one incident of the Plymouth Blitz.
	www.cyber-heritage.co.uk /history/sector.htm (427 words)

	Bunkers, Tunnels, etc in Australia during WW2
		Air Raid Shelters at Howard Smith Wharves under the Story Bridge, Brisbane
		Air Raid Shelters, Flinders Street, Townsville, also known as "Hanlon's Hideouts"
		Air Raid Shelter in rear yard of a home at Annerley
	home.st.net.au /~dunn/bunkers/bunkersetc.htm (593 words)

	Electronic Encyclopaedia of Civil Defense and Emergency Management
		Shelters should be located so that a person would have to travel no further than 500 meters to reach shelter after the sounding of the air raid warning (in some cases this standard was relaxed to 1,000 meters).
		Air raid sirens had been installed in Berlin in 1934, and air raid protection plans drafted in 1935, but shelter construction was very limited - not until August 1939 was new building construction required to include shelters.
		Shelter plans should establish rooms to serve as an entry with a gas lock (a minimum of two gas locks were to be provided); functional spaces to include a guard room, wardens office, and first aid space; shelter area with rooms and male and female lavatories and wash rooms; and shelter machinery and equipment rooms.
	www.richmond.edu /~wgreen/ECDgershelter.html (593 words)

	UK Fortifications Club - Military Structures Database - C
		AERIAL VIEW OF UNCOVERED AIR RAID SHELTERS, NORTH OF ABBEY FIELDS.
		ALL SHELTERS WERE CONSTRUCTED BY LBTB UNDER A CONTRACT WITH THE MIN OF HOME SECURITY:
		CITY ROAD U/G STATION WAS USED AS A SHELTER DURING WW2.
	www.ukfortsclub.org.uk /wood_index/c.html (593 words)

	Defending Against the Allied Bombing Campaign: Air Raid Shelters and Gas Protection in Germany, 1939-1945
		New public air raid shelters are to be constructed, and existing air raid shelters are to be made, as bombproof as possible.
		SF86] Dr. Bauer believed that the conditions of the labor camps contributed to the outbreaks, where overcrowding and lack of sanitation helped foster the disease, plus the air raids which led the civilian population to freely mix with the internees insofar as public shelters were used by both and because evacuations usually involved both.
		When an air raid alarm sounded, we had to be there on time and open the bunker with the "block leader", a party official who was responsible for the street.
	www.codoh.com /incon/inconabr.html (9301 words)

	More Info on Raid - police rade, air raid shelters
		Corporate raids became the hallmark of a handful of investors in the 1970s and 80s who built up large lines of credit and were able to purchase huge companies for little or no cash, often through the issuance of junk bonds.
		Proponents of the corporate raid argue that companies which have huge assets and low stock prices are not managing their money well and should either attempt to regain market confidence by boosting their share prices or else liquidate some of their assets and return the money to their shareholders.
		Opponents of the corporate raid argue that this typically occurs only to well-run companies who are successfully managing their money.
	www.explainplease.com /raid.htm (697 words)

	Wartime Germany's Anti-Gas Air Raid Shelters -- A Refutation of Pressac's 'Criminal Traces'
		Normally (that is, in the case of air raid shelters), the screens would be on the outside, to protect against bomb splinters and debris, while the shutters would be on the inside, to afford gas protection.
		Crowell extensively cites contemporary German specialized literature on wartime air raid shelters and measures against possible air attacks with poison gas to argue that such shelters, and their equipment, were widely used throughout wartime Germany, including in the concentration camps.
		The German "Air Raid Guide Emergency Program" (Luftschutz Führer Sofort Programm) of November 1940 specifically required that: "All new constructions, especially in buildings of the armaments industry, are henceforth to be equipped with bomb-proof air raid shelter rooms." (note 48) This unquestionably applied to Auschwitz.
	www.ihr.org /jhr/v18/v18n4p-7_Crowell.html (13216 words)

	Air Raid Shelters
		When air raids are threatened, warning will be given in towns by sirens, or hooters which will be sounded in some places by short blasts and in others by a warbling note, changing every few seconds.
		An Air Raid Warden shouted at me to take cover but they would not let me take my dog in the shelter and I was not prepared to abandon him so I ran all the way home, we were very lucky to get home safely.
		The A. (Air Raid Precautions) defences and expense are founded upon a wholly fallacious view of the degree of danger to each part of the country which they cover.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /2WWshelters.htm (5528 words)

	Stephen Hussey The School Air-Raid Shelter: Rethinking Wartime Pedagogies History of Education Quarterly, 43.4 The History Cooperative
		Air raids were unpredictable and of irregular length, characteristics that present difficulties in estimating their precise part in the daily pattern of wartime inner-city schools.
		For contemporary observers and for historians of education, air raids have been cast as a disruptive influence upon the proper practice of education and as a sign of the general dislocation brought to the classroom by war.
		Fearing that the shelters may fill with water the board advised that their floors should slope, with a sump being located at one end of the trench, and that "provision must be made for pumping or bailing out this sump." Flooring should be of wooden duckboards or of cinders or ballast.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/heq/43.4/hussey.html (9061 words)

	Air Raid Shelters
		One countermeasure to the 'deep shelter mentality' and to ensure the widest possible dispersion of civilians during a raid was by distributing shelters which could be erected in householders' gardens.
		The development of the Anderson Shelter is usually attributed to the Home Secretary of the time John Anderson, later Sir John Anderson.
	www.fortunecity.co.uk /meltingpot/oxford/330/shel/shel2.html (468 words)

	AllRefer.com - Yan'an, China (Chinese Political Geography) - Encyclopedia
		The city's many loess caves served as homes and air raid shelters during World War II.
		Now a market and tourist center, it is famed as the terminus of the long march and the de facto capital (1936–47, 1948–9) of the Chinese Communists, who established arsenals, several colleges, and a military academy (now a museum) there.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/Y/Yanan.html (241 words)

	BBC - History Trail - Wars & Conflict
		ARP wardens (there were 1.4 million of them nationwide) were responsible for crowd control, rescue, demolition, supervising air raid shelters and enforcing the night-time 'black out', and were recognisable by the 'W' (for warden) painted on their helmet.
		Whereas Britain’s experience of 1917-8 air raids had resulted in 1,500 killed in just over 100 raids (compared with 750,000 killed on active service), in the 1930s government estimates calculated that 600,000 would be killed and 1.2 million injured in air raids in a future war.
		ARP was a reaction to the fear, shared throughout Europe in the 1930s, of annihilation from the air.
	www.bbc.co.uk /history/lj/warslj/home_08.shtml (411 words)

	Plymouth Blitz and Air Raid Shelters
		.....and metal rubber "O" ringed disc to render the air raid shelter air tight during a gas attack.
		wreath will remain here for a very long time,..(it`s placed in an air-lock entrance to the underground air raid shelter) there already is a time capsule placed there in 1993 by Steve Johnson and the College of Further Education.
		My dad used to spend a lot of time during the raids on duty, to see what assistance he could give in any way with causalities, etc. The ARP would always be on duty.
	web.ukonline.co.uk /stephen.johnson/blitz (1836 words)

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In the News (Fri 21 Nov 08)