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Topic: Aircraft catapult

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	Catapult - MSN Encarta
		A catapult can be as small as a rubber band slingshot used to skim rocks across a pond or as large as the 90-m (300-ft) long steam units used to launch airplanes from aircraft carriers.
		Catapults were used in ancient and medieval warfare until the introduction of the gunpowder cannon in the 14th century.
		Hydraulic catapults used a pressurized fluid to release energy and accelerate an airplane attached to the moving tow bar.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761561896/Catapult.html (959 words)

	Catapult Summary
		Catapult devices were even used in recreational sports, such as trap-shooting, in which elastic catapults hurled inanimate targets in the air for hunters to shoot.
		Catapults were usually assembled at the site of a siege, and an army carried few or no pieces of it with them because wood was easily available on site.
		Subsequently, torsional catapults were developed; those with two torsion powered arms, the later versions of the ballista and oxybeles, and those with one torsion powered arm, the onager, known in medieval times as the mangonel.
	www.bookrags.com /Catapult (1573 words)

	Mindoro Cat Launch
		The plane handlers are soon joined by four green shirted catapult crew members and a host of other flight deck personnel, dressed in color coded jerseys indicating their job, red for the gas crew or brown for the squadron’s aircraft mechanics, who as “plane captains” maintain the aircraft.
		The catapult officer, now standing at the middle of the deck in front of and to the starboard side of the aircraft, raises his right arm, with two fingers extended, and begins to rotate it from the elbow.
		As the aircraft gathers momentum and becomes airborne, it overtakes the catapult shuttle and the ends of the bridle fall off the hooks at the landing gear.
	mysite.verizon.net /cve120/page7.htm (2351 words)

	Aircraft carrier - WarWiki - A Wikia wiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Modern aircraft carriers have a flat-top deck, the flight deck that serves as a take-off and landing area for aircraft.
		By the late 1930s, aircraft carriers around the world typically carried three types of aircraft: torpedo bombers, also used for conventional bombings and reconnaissance; dive bombers, also used for reconnaissance (in the U.S. Navy, this type of aircraft were known as "scout bombers"); and fighters for fleet defence and bomber escort duties.
		Aircraft carriers are generally the largest ships operated by navies; a Nimitz class carrier powered by two nuclear reactors and four steam turbines is 1092 ft (333 m) long and costs about $4.5 billion.
	war.wikia.com /wiki/Aircraft_carrier (5029 words)

	Aircraft catapult - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Older aircraft did not have a tow bar integrated in the nose gear; instead, a metal framework called a catapult bridle was attached to the aircraft and the catapult shuttle.
		The ramps at the catapult ends on older carriers were used to catch these frameworks so they could be reused; bridles have not been used on aircraft since the end of the Cold War and all carriers commissioned since then have not had the ramps.
		Larger planes, such as the E-2 Hawkeye and S-3 Viking, require a catapult shot, inasmuch as their thrust-to-weight ratio is too low for a conventional rolling takeoff in the short distance available on a carrier deck.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Aircraft_catapult (591 words)

	Royal Australian Navy Gun Plot RAN Aviation Fleet Air Arm
		Albatross was designed to launch her aircraft by catapult and to recover them by crane after they alighted on the water.
		Australia received the first operational aircraft catapult in the RAN in 1935 when she embarked the initial production Seagull Mark V. This amphibian was designed to a specification drawn up by the RAAF to improve on the Seagull Mark III.
		Catapult aircraft were very successful in trade protection operations searching for raiders preying on commerce, and utilisation could be high if conditions were favourable for aircraft recovery.
	www.gunplot.net /aviation/aviationnavy1.html (1169 words)

	Aircraft carrier Summary
		Aircraft carriers have maintained a vital presence in modern conflicts, however, serving crucial roles in the 1980s British campaign in the Falkand Islands, and in the Gulf war of 1991 against Iraq.
		Modern aircraft carriers have a flat-top deck design that serves as a flight deck for take-off and landing of aircraft.
		Conventional ("tailhook") aircraft rely upon a landing signal officer (LSO) to control the plane's landing approach, visually gauging altitude, attitude, and speed, and transmitting that data to the pilot.
	www.bookrags.com /Aircraft_carrier (6174 words)

	Aircraft Carriers - Navy Ships
		Although aircraft carriers are routinely deployed near traditional areas of potential conflict, the aircraft carrier can move to another area of the world should a crisis erupt, and be ready to operate upon arrival.
		This bar on the nosegear of the aircraft attaches to a shuttle protruding from the flight deck and connects to a pair of pistons in the trough.
		The goal of a landing is for the pilot to have the aircraft's tailhook engage one of four arresting wires stretched across the deck.
	www.fas.org /man/dod-101/sys/ship/cv.htm (3232 words)

	Untitled Document
		Catapults in warfare were used as early as 340 B.C. and can be traced to Philip of Macedon's use of a bungee-type of catapult to launch stones and other objects toward his army's enemies.
		As in the case of modern catapult operations off carriers, the catapult (and ship) were positioned into the wind whenever possible to increase the wind over the wings of the aircraft thereby increasing the lift and insuring its safe launching.
		Catapult maintenance consisted primarily of cleaning the catapult gear itself, greasing the cable, lubricating and cleaning the operating gear and insuring the tension on the catapult cable.
	home.comcast.net /~ok3wirebob/Catapults.html (7368 words)

	Catapult - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A catapult is a siege engine which uses an arm to hurl a projectile a great distance.
		Catapults can be classified according to the physical concept used to store energy when winched and release the energy when fired required to propel the projectile
		The first European catapult distinct from hand-held launchers (bows, crossbows, slings etc.) was the Greek gastrophetes, a crossbow so large it was braced against the abdomen rather than being held in the hand, hence the nickname belly-bow.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Catapult (1084 words)

	AIRCRAFT CARRIERS
		Aircraft could be started and armed on the hangar decks of American ships before being brought up to the flight deck, while any work that required the engines to be running would have to be done on the flight decks of their British counterparts.
		Though aircraft carriers are given their definition with respect to fixed-wing aircraft, the first known instance of using a ship for airborne operations occurred in 1806, when the British Royal Navy's Lord Thomas Cochrane launched kites from the 32-gun frigate HMS Pallas in order to drop propaganda leaflets on the French territory.
		Aircraft carriers are generally the largest ships operated by navies; a Nimitz class carrier powered by two nuclear reactors and four steam turbines is 1092 feet (333 m) long and costs about $4.5 billion.
	www.solarnavigator.net /aircraft_carrier.htm (6752 words)

	Aircraft Carrier - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Aircraft Carrier, large naval vessel with a flight deck that supports the takeoff and landing of military aircraft.
		A Nimitz-class aircraft carrier weighs about 90,000 metric tons and carries 85 to 90 aircraft.
		Fighter Aircraft : aircraft carriers and aircraft launchers
	encarta.msn.com /Aircraft_Carrier.html (159 words)

	[No title]
		CAM ships were merchant vessels equipped with an aircraft, usually a battle-weary Hawker Hurricane, launched by a catapult.
		Once launched, the aircraft could not land back on the deck and had to ditch in the sea if it was not within range of land.
		To an adversary, an aircraft carrier, its seven-story island protruding from the flight deck that sits 65 feet above the water, is an imposing offshore city that can appear overnight.
	www.lycos.com /info/aircraft-carrier--ships.html (542 words)

	Naval Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle (UCAV-N)
		In addition, not accommodating a human on board the aircraft permits DARPA to design a machine that will be much less expensive to build and operate than a manned aircraft.
		DARPA's vision is that unmanned aircraft can effectively and affordably prosecute persistent, sea-based suppression of enemy air defenses, deep strike, and surveillance missions within the 21st century global command and control architecture.
		An aircraft carrier has missions all across that spectrum, from everyday “presence” missions to the first day and first hour of a major theatre conflict.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/systems/aircraft/ucav-n.htm (1684 words)

	TR Completes 100,000 Successful Catapult Launches (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Official U.S. Navy file photo of a pair of aviation boatswain's mates preparing an aircraft for launch from the flight deck aboard USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN 71).
		An EA-6B Prowler from Electronic Attack Squadron (VAQ) 141 was the 100,000th aircraft to catapult from TR.
		There are four “cats” (catapults) on the flight deck of an aircraft carrier, two on the bow and two on the waist.
	www.news.navy.mil /search/display.asp?story_id=7237 (473 words)

	USN Aircraft--Curtiss SOC Scout-Observation Floatplanes -- On Board Ship (Part I)
		A SOC floatplane, of Scouting Squadron Eleven (VS-11), is in the foreground, parked atop the cruiser's starboard catapult.
		The aircraft with the dark fuselage is the "Flag Plane" of Commander, Battle Force, U.S. Fleet.
		Note whaleboat on the midships' davits and Curtiss SOC-3 aircraft of Observation Squadron Five (VO-5) on deck and atop the catapult.
	www.history.navy.mil /photos/ac-usn22/s-types/soc-s.htm (606 words)

	Ahoy - Mac's Web Log-The Development of the Catapult Armed Merchantman ( CAM Ships. )-
		These German reconnaissance aircraft used this lack of air cover to home in their U-Boat wolf packs which had a field day with our convoys flowing both east and west, maintaining the vital life line to Britain.
		The Fulmar attacked the German aircraft homing in its fellow U-boats, but it managed to escape, the Fulmar pilot did not in this case have to ditch, he made it to Gibraltar, only to find that all of his guns but one, had jammed during his attack, due to faulty ammunition.
		He sits on board his ship with little to do until the dreaded order to " Man your aircraft" is given, he now climbs into the cockpit waiting to be shot into the sky on his one way journey.
	ahoy.tk-jk.net /macslog/TheDevelopmentoftheCatapu.html (801 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The catapults assist the engines in accelerating aircraft, to assure they are traveling fast enough to take off on the short shipboard runway.
		The shooter must determine the catapult settings for each launch, which depend on the aircraft type and weight, surface air density, and wind speed.
		F = m a Mass of aircraft = 40,000 lbs / 32.2 ft/s2 = 1,242.2 slugs = 178,000 N / 9.8 m/s2 = 18,163.3 kg F= 1,242.2 * 13.9 = 17,266 lbs = 18,163.3 * 4.2 = 76,285.9 N This is less than the actual engine thrust, 22,000 lbs.
	pumas.jpl.nasa.gov /MSWord_Examples/03_23_02_1.doc (1488 words)

	ICCS: Murdoc Online
		Continuing with our informal tour of an Aircraft Carrier (begun with the Jet Engine Test Cell of a few days ago), the ICCS is where catapult officers run the aircraft catapult sequence/system.
		Air conditioned with comfortable (relatively) seats, it is the ideal place to monitor, from deck level, all the required checks and double-checks that need to be done before the "LAUNCH" button is pushed and you send a 42,000 Hornet flying.
		On IKE when I was cat officer we tried to get out of the bubble as often as we could so we could do the traditional naval aviation cat officer aircraft launch ballet (sans tutus).
	www.murdoconline.net /archives/003904.html (440 words)

	Ocean Waves - Merchant Navy Heritage - The Development of the Catapult Armed Merchantman ( CAM Ships. ) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		This class of ship was converted from merchant ships in an attempt to combat the long range German Folke Wulf 200 Condor aircraft, which exploited the gap in mid Atlantic Ocean, here, Allied aircraft could not fly, it was beyond their range.
		One of the few of this new type of Fighter Catapult ships, Springbank was built for Merchant ship service in 1926.
		These 35 CAM ships made 175 voyages, 12 were sunk, and 8 catapult launches were made, 6 enemy aircraft were shot down by CAM launched fighters, and one Royal Airforce Pilot died.
	www.royal-navy.org /mnavy/content/view/5/4 (821 words)

	More information about the Vought OS2U KingFisher
		This was one of the most functional aircaft in the Second World War.
		It was usually launched by catapult from ships to spot subs, downed pilots, etc
		Incorporating some revolutionary structural techniques including spot welding, the Kingfisher was based upon the Vought company's...
	www.fiddlersgreen.net /AC/aircraft/Vought-Kingfisher/kingfish.php (110 words)

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