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Topic: Airmass

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	IDL documentation: Airmass Calculations
		Airmass is a geometric factor indicating the angular distance of an object from the zenith (this is called the zenith angle).
		The further from zenith, the higher the airmass -- in fact, the airmass is the cosecant of the zenith angle.
		The numbers in airmasses may be considered to be a collection of profiles, each profile giving the airmass of an object as a fuction of time (the time interval specified by times).
	astro.pas.rochester.edu /idldoc/airmass.html (1101 words)

	Airmass - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The airmass in astronomy quantifies the path length that the light from a celestial source must travel through the Earth's atmosphere to get to the observatory, relative to that for a source at the zenith.
		In this case, the airmass is simply the secant of the zenith distance, which is often denoted "sec(zen)".
		By definition, a source at the zenith has an airmass of 1.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Airmass (400 words)

	National Weather Service - NWS Billings
		These two airmass types are moisture-dependent, so if an airmass is a maritime one, it tends to be humid, while a continental one tends to be dry.
		Airmass type also depends on how much sunlight the ground under it receives in a given location over a period of time.
		An airmass which forms over the arctic ice cap near the pole itself is termed an arctic airmass.
	www.wrh.noaa.gov /byz/wxtalk/talk24.php (361 words)

	Correlations with airmass
		Linear regression fits to the median of the FWHM in 0.1 airmass bins shows a clear increasing trend in the V, R and I band.
		It is not clear why the FWHM vs airmass slope has this kind of wavelength dependence.
		The thrid column is the slope of the FWHM vs airmass fit.
	www.cfht.hawaii.edu /~kamson/seeing/airmass.html (296 words)

	BBC - Tees - Weather alphabet - A (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.netlab.uky.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		Airmass is a distinct parcel of air, hundreds or even thousands of kilometres across, in which temperature and humidity are relatively constant in all horizontal directions.
		Airmasses are separated from each other by transition zones called fronts in which temperature and humidity change markedly over a small area.
		Airmasses are named after, and gain their characteristics from, their source regions.
	www.bbc.co.uk.cob-web.org:8888 /tees/weather/az/atoz_a.shtml (662 words)

	Hummingbird Aerobatics, Lift, Induced Drag, and Span Efficiency
		So it is with flight: the airplane is “running” on the air, which, like soft ground, “gives way.” More accurately, the pressures on the airplane’s surfaces accelerate the airmass, creating a total aerodynamic force on the airplane equal and opposite to the rate of change of momentum (mass x velocity) induced in the accelerated airmass.
		The downward component of the accelerated airmass corresponds to the lifting force on the airplane, and the energy required to accelerate the airmass downward shows up as “lift-induced” or “vortex” drag.
		Increase wingspan to increase the airmass on the lateral (left/right) dimension (sailplane).
	www.esotec.co.nz /hb/HTML/LiftDrag.html (523 words)

	Check of CFHT Airmass Coefficients (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		Bottom Line the CFHT Airmass Coeff's - The slope of the data in the airmass versus fluxscale plots agrees with the expected slope using the CFHT canonical value.
		A first attempt at this revealed a significant scatter in the offsets from sequence to sequence and revealed sequences that were clearly non-photometric, departing from the slope indicated by the canonical airmass coefficient.
		To correct for this I calculated an offset to the canonical airmass curve for the first observation in a sequence.
	orca.phys.uvic.ca /~neill/SNLS/Airmass (407 words)

	5. SIMULATED CG LIGHTNING
		The airmass storm simulation with the Gardiner parameterization and strong inductive charging, on the other hand, produced almost exclusively negative CG flashes.
		A comparison of the airmass and HP supercell storms with the Gardiner scheme illustrates the differences that led to -CG lightning in the airmass storm and to +CG flashes in the HP supercell.
		In the airmass case, negatively charged graupel tended to fall through the updraft into high cloud water mixing ratios, where it acquired positive charge via inductive charging.
	www.cimms.ou.edu /~mansell/slschtml/node5.html (682 words)

	airmass
		The bottom of the cP/cA air mass is heavily modified by the ocean while the top of the airmass often retains its cP characteristics.
		If a cT airmass persists over a region for many days, drought conditions may be experienced.
		During the summer, cT air is typically experienced over the area extending from western Texas to southern California and is responsible for the hot, dry conditions which are typical of this region.
	www.aos.wisc.edu /~aos100-2/airmass (2346 words)

	airmass dependence
		Note that Dimm2 was pointing at very different directions and airmasses than Dimm1 (see Figure 3, 4, and 5 for airmass, altitude, and azimuth plots, respectively).
		In Figure 6, the good correlation between the Dimm1 measurements and the airmass corrected Dimm2 measurement is clearly visible.
		In order to determine the power to which the seeing depends on the airmass, the logarithm of the fwhm ratio is plotted vs the logarithm of the airmass ratio and a linear regression is performed (see Figure 7).
	www.astro.washington.edu /rest/dimm/airmass (705 words)

	GEOG 473: Lesson 16 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		The occlusion occurs where the advancing cold airmass undercuts the retreating cool airmass, lifting the surface warm front aloft.
		The occlusion occurs where the advancing cool airmass overrides the retreating cold airmass, lifting the surface cold front aloft.
		The dry-line trof separates the southwestern U.S. cT airmass from the southeastern U.S mT airmass, and is a common trigger for thunderstorms and tornadoes during the summer months.
	www.ccrc.sr.unh.edu /~stm/AS/Teaching/GEOG473/GEOG473_16.html (470 words)

	apfile
		A parameter describing the effect of airmass on the total power in the seeing independent part of the stellar profile, where this quantity is defined as defined as pwings + xwings * airmass.
		Values of the filter ids, exposure times, airmasses, and times of observation which are undefined or incorrect in photfiles, can be entered or corrected by reading values from the file obsparams a simple multi-column text file with a format specified by obscolumns.
		It must be emphasized that the airmass is actually used in the curve of growth analysis only if nparams is equal to 5, and that the quantities filter id and exposure time are not used in the analysis at all.
	stsdas.stsci.edu /cgi-bin/gethelp.cgi?apfile (1991 words)

	Pressure-Fixers: Conserving Mass in Chemical Transport Models by Adjusting the Winds (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		From the metfield at the end of the timestep the box should have an airmass of 20 (lower right box), but the converging winds add a mass of 20, to give a total airmass of 30 (upper right box).
		Clearly, the two airmasses at the end of the timestep are inconsistent.
		Concentration Conservation - Use the airmass from the metfield and the concentration calculated by the advection operator.
	eed.llnl.gov /pfix/origin.php (460 words)

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	store.summitracing.com /partdetail.asp?part=BIG-80528 (122 words)

	Modeled vs. Measured Direct-Normal Solar Irradiance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		The spread in ordinate values at low airmass (open circles) is attributed to atmospheric non-uniformity and atmospheric radiance effects in the field of view of the detector.
		At large airmass (filled circles, defined as airmass greater than 1.7) slope of the linear fit is ~0.38% ï¿½ 0.27 per airmass.
		The uncertainty in the model calculation of 1.8% is dominated by the effect (1.6%) of uncertainty in AOT measurement of 0.01 at airmass of 1.
	www.arm.gov /science/research/show.php?id=R00021 (868 words)

	[No title]
		Examining these comparison for the summer of 1995 it was found that the trajectories often predicted very similar receptor airmass pathways with the airmasses was coming from different spatial and vertical directions.
		This is shown in Figure 1 where in Figure 1C the trajectories from Boston AR for both models show the airmass traveling along the surface coming from the gulf of Mexico moving in a clockwise direction, while in Figure 1B a sinking airmass from the west impacts the Boston Mt. Receptor.
		In Figure 2C, the trajectories from the Monte Carlo model show that the receptor airmass was composed of two different airmasses; one high elevation airmass coming from the northwest and another surface airmass approaching from the south.
	capita.wustl.edu /OTAG/reports/TrajComp/TrajComp.doc (2682 words)

	Airmass Calculation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		The commands in the previous Section require the airmass as input parameter.
		Some instrument/telescope combinations provide raw data files with the proper values of right ascension, declination, siderial time, geographical latitude, duration of measurement and eventually even ``mean'' airmass.
		It is important to keep in mind that ``mean airmass'' and ``mean atmospheric extinction correction'' are different from the values at mid-exposure, especially for larger zenith distances.
	www.eso.org /projects/esomidas/doc/user/98NOV/volb/node135.html (141 words)

	Severe and Hazardous Weather
		The core of this airmass is marked by the high pressure center.
		The strong dewpoint gradient at the edge of the airmass identifies the cold front associated with the cyclone that moves northeastward as the cold airmass advances eastward behind it.
		The leading edge of this airmass was a cold front (sharp blue/green boundary in the animation) that trailed southwestward from a strong low-pressure center.
	severewx.atmos.uiuc.edu /08/online.08.1.dew.html (255 words)

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	www.audiojelly.com /labels.cfm?id=airmass+music (301 words)

	SETAIRMASS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		(mode = "ql") This task is prelude to computing the atmospheric extinction correction for a spectrum, which depands on the airmass.
		IRAF will find the name of the observatory in the data header and then look up the observatory coordinates in its database.
		Using those, the coordinates of teh target, and the time of the observation it will compute the airmass at mid-exposure.
	www.astro.psu.edu /users/mce/specwork/setairmass.html (63 words)

	How the realistic green-flash simulations were made
		So, given several (airmass, transmission) pairs, it's possible to fit this fudge-function to these values, and produce a simple analytic formula for the transmission at any other airmass.
		The average path of aureole light observed at some altitude is intermediate between the path from the eye to the center of the Sun, and an unscattered (but refracted) ray traced backward in the direction of observation.
		Then use the interpolation formula for the solar irradiance at the airmass interpolated to the mean altitude.
	mintaka.sdsu.edu /GF/explain/simulations/realistic.html (4021 words)

	Earthshine Calibration
		The airmass, as determined from the altitude of the moon in the sky at different times, is incorperated into the Beer's law fitting so that the intensity at zero airmass intensity for each night can be extrapolated as an output from the fitting.
		The measurement of the moonshine intensity at different nights, even after correction of airmass so that the input numbers from each night are now at zero airmass, is subject to the change of local atmospheric condition.
		We developed a simple solution to this problem under the reasonable assumption that the opposition effect is a linear effect within a small range of phase angles, and made non-linear least-square fit which incorporates the atmospheric attenuation and the opposition effect.
	www.bbso.njit.edu /Research/EarthShine/calibration.html (840 words)

	airmass (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		airmass -- compute the airmass at a given elevation above horizon
		Compute the airmass at an elevation of 30 degrees above the horizon
		cl> airmass 30 airmass 1.996 at an elevation of 30.
	stsdas.stsci.edu /cgi-bin/gethelp.cgi?airmass (57 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		If there is a delay at the begining of the night you may have trouble getting all 4 720s R band exposures before an airmass of 2.0.
		Try to get an airmass of 1.0 (or 1.2) for the first observation, an airmass of about 1.5 for the second observation, and an airmass of 2.0 for the final observation.
		Do not observe a standard field with an airmass that is much larger than 2.0 (although 2.1 is ok).
	www.chara.gsu.edu /~thenry/SMARTS/obslists.dir/030301 (672 words)

	Reed D. Meyer: Downloadable Files (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		The term “airmass” is often used when discussing atmospheric effects on astronomical observations.
		It is simply the column density of the atmosphere along the line of sight of an observation, divided by the column density towards the zenith, so that the airmass is 1 at the zenith and grows towards the horizon.
		The input parameters are the zenith angle and the wavelength of the observation; the local temperature, pressure, and relative humidity; the altitude, latitude, and longitude of the observatory; and the day of the year.
	reed.gigacorp.net /vitdownld.html (1284 words)

	Airmass Music » Mindcrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-16)
		The time has come to let the world hear what is going on in Peter’s mind.
		His first release on Airmass Music, Schulten, was made under the alias Mindcrawler together with his good friend Rick Janssen, also known as J. Pepper, in Peter’s studio.
		Airmass Music is a label focusing on Trance and Progressive Trance, founded in 2004, by Marc van den Hurk and Wilf Libgott.
	www.airmassmusic.net /wordpress/?p=43 (332 words)

	Atmospheric Extinction Effects on T-ReCS Observations
		However here the calculation is done not for outside the atmosphere, zero airmass, but rather for a simulated observation at zenith at Cerro Pachon with an assumed water vapour level of 2.0 PMM.
		An additional uncertainty for the 1.0 airmass values is the accuracy of the atmospheric transmission calculation.
		Thus, if one wishes to carry out Qb filter observations at Cerro Pachon one has to be aware that the sensitivity is a strong function of airmass, and for targets that are too far north or south observations may be impossible just due to atmospheric extinction effects.
	www.gemini.edu /sciops/instruments/miri/T-ReCSStdfluxZenith.html (1242 words)

	airmass
		An environment that is characteristic of deep convective clouds (airmass convection) includes:
		A higher probability of new convection may be expected at the conjunction of two outflow boundaries.
		Airmass thunderstoms radar tutorial (by Texas AandM) is here.
	www.hprcc.unl.edu /nebraska/airmass.html (1022 words)

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