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	airy disk - definition from Biology-Online.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The diameter of the disk depends largely on the aperture of the lens.
		The bright disk of light (surrounded by alternating dark and bright diffraction rings)that is formed by a perfect diffraction-limited lens, focusing an image of an infinitely small source of light.
		Since the Airy disk is the smallest unit that makes up the image of a luminous or absorbing object (formed by a properly corrected microscope lens in focus), the radius of the disk determines the limit of resolution of the microsc 396 ope.
	www.biology-online.org /dictionary/airy_disk (218 words)

	Olympus FluoView Resource Center: Resolution and Contrast in Confocal Microscopy
		The Airy pattern intensity distribution is the result of Fraunhofer diffraction of light passing through a circular aperture, and in a perfect optical system exhibits a central intensity maximum and higher order maxima separated by regions of zero intensity.
		Because the maximum intensity of the Airy disk is normalized to one, the highest achievable contrast is also one, and occurs only when the spacing between the two objects is relatively large, with sufficient separation to allow the first zero crossing to occur in their combined intensity distribution.
		The Airy pattern is generally assumed to be a smooth continuous function described by an infinite number of samples (or data points), as shown in the typical analog representation of the intensity variation across the pattern.
	www.olympusfluoview.com /theory/resolutionintro.html (6114 words)

	Sir George Biddell Airy
		Airy was introduced to the sciences as a child while being educated by his uncle, Arthur Biddell [2].
		One of Airy’s most significant contributions of the field of optics was the discovery of the equation used to predict diffraction disks, or what are now known as Airy Disks.
		The center disk of the diffraction pattern is the Airy disk and its radius is given by:
	www.u.arizona.edu /~mccorkel/airy.html (999 words)

	Glossary of Astronomical Terms
		Airy disk size is determined by the aperture of the scope - the larger the aperture, the smaller the Airy disk.
		This differs from an out-of-collimation telescope, where the Airy disks are all offset to the same side of the diffraction rings, no matter where in the field the star image is located.
		If, however, the Airy disk of one star falls in the first dark diffraction ring of the second, both stars can be seen - not as two distinct points, but as a figure 8, in which the intensity of light between the two touching disks drops by a clearly visible 30%.
	www.eaas.co.uk /news/astronomical_terms.html (10929 words)

	Speckle imaging - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In theory the resolution limit of a telescope is a function of the size of the main mirror, due to the effects of Fraunhofer diffraction.
		This results in images of distant objects being spread out to a small spot known as the Airy disk.
		This breaks down due to the practical limits imposed by the atmosphere, whose random nature disrupts the single spot of the Airy disk into a pattern of similarly-sized spots covering a much larger area (see image of binary on right).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Speckle_interferometry (1089 words)

	THE COPENHAGEN INTERPRETATION OF QUANTUM MECHANICS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Airy disk is deemed the consequence of the circular diffraction of light waves through the aperture.
		Moreover, the smaller the aperture, the larger the Airy disk, precisely as predicted by the uncertainty relation.
		The Airy disk has dark rings where the most electrons have struck the photographic plate (the grainy character of the rings clearly indicates their composition of individual particles striking the plate).
	www.benbest.com /science/quantum.html (5608 words)

	Olympus Microscopy Resource Center: Anatomy of the Microscope - Numerical Aperture and Image Resolution
		This tutorial explores the effects of objective numerical aperture on the resolution of the central bright disks present in the diffraction pattern, commonly known as Airy disks.
		The Airy pattern formed at the microscope intermediate image plane is a three-dimensional diffraction image, which is symmetrically periodic both along the optical axis of the microscope, and radially across the image plane.
		The resolving power of an objective determines the size of the Airy diffraction pattern formed, and the radius of the central disk is determined by the combined numerical apertures of the objective and condenser.
	www.olympusmicro.com /primer/java/imageformation/airyna (711 words)

	Re: ATM Airy disk frustrations
		At the center of the Airy disk, the angle is so small that the light adds constructively.
		As one moves to the side of center, the angle of the light diffracted from the ring (but focused to a spot) now is out of phase with the straight light from the star.
		The amount of energy in the disk and in the rings can be effected by adding more edges, such as secondary mirrors and supports.
	astro.umsystem.edu /atm/ARCHIVES/JAN99/msg01040.html (664 words)

	Circular Aperture Diffraction
		When light from a point source passes through a small circular aperture, it does not produce a bright dot as an image, but rather a diffuse circular disc known as Airy's disc surrounded by much fainter concentric circular rings.
		This example of diffraction is of great importance because the eye and many optical instruments have circular apertures.
		The pinhole was made by placing aluminum foil on a glass plate, sticking a straight pin into the aluminum foil, and then rotating the foil.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/phyopt/cirapp2.html (504 words)

	Focusing - Definitions and Formulas
		So the actual image formed looks like a bright disk surrounded by a dark ring (the interspace) surrounded by the first bright ring, surrounded by another dark interspace, surrounded by another fainter bright ring, and so on till the outer rings become too faint to be seen.
		Usually, only the brightest part of the Airy disk itself and none of the rings are recorded on film, so the actual size of the Airy disk that would be recorded on film would be less than the numbers given in the table below.
		Since diffraction causes this point to be a disk in the real world, focus can be considered to be anywhere in the converging or diverging light cone where the diameter of the cone is equal to or less than the diameter of the Airy Disk.
	www.astropix.com /HTML/I_ASTROP/I08/I0803/I0803.HTM (1010 words)

	Olympus FluoView Resource Center: Airy Patterns and Resolution Criteria (3-D Version) - Interactive Java Tutorial
		Airy diffraction pattern sizes and their corresponding radial intensity distribution functions are sensitive to the combination of objective and condenser numerical apertures as well as the wavelength of illuminating light (when monochromatic light is used to illuminate the specimen).
		This tutorial assumes that virtual objective lenses are completely free of aberrations with Airy patterns that are of identical brightness, and that the unit diffraction pattern generated by the specimen through a circular aperture is in fact an Airy disk.
		Airy patterns are modified to alternative diffraction patterns by lens aberrations or non-standard aperture conditions.
	www.olympusfluoview.com /java/resolution3d (1034 words)

	Olympus Microscopy Resource Center: Anatomy of the Microscope - Cutoff Frequency and Airy Disk Size - Interactive Java ...
		Presented to the right of the MTF plot are the corresponding Airy disk pattern and point spread function for a point source of light that has been imaged by an optical system having this modulation response curve.
		As the slider is moved to the right, cutoff frequency values decrease, producing a corresponding increase in Airy disk size and the intensity distribution of the point spread function.
		A fundamental property of Fourier transforms is that the distribution width of a function is inversely proportional to the distribution width of its Fourier transform.
	www.olympusmicro.com /primer/java/mtf/airydisksize (730 words)

	Rick Scott's Natural Images - You Can Make Them Brighter
		The Airy disk of an f/5 scope is half the size of the disk of an f/10 scope, this should give you a hint about the title of this article.
		For a given aperture, a smaller Airy disk means that the light is focused to a smaller disk and is therefore brighter.
		The area of the Airy disk in the LH is the square of 4.6 divided by 10 smaller than the disk in the Celestron, so the star image appears brighter by the square of 10 divided by 4.6 which is 4.73 or another 1.68 magnitudes for a total of 2.15 magnitudes!
	members.cox.net /rmscott/astro/YouCanMakeThemBrighter/YouCanMakeThemBrighter.html (931 words)

	Terminology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		AIRY DISK BRILLIANCE FACTOR: When you view a star in a properly focused telescope you are not going to see an enlarged image since stars, even at high power, should look like points of light rather than disks or balls.
		This is not the star’s disk you are seeing but the effect of having a circular aperture in your telescope and due to the nature of light.
		Airy disk brilliance (the brightness of a point-source stellar image) is proportional to the fourth power of aperture.
	www.utahskies.org /tips/terminology.htm (3289 words)

	Your test data sheet is provided to document the quality of your primary mirror (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		This being the case, with the center line being the perfect parabola, the plots on the graph indicate the surface profile of your mirror with respect to the parabola, with the exception that it is exaggerated by a factor of two.
		This value is descriptive of where the light is at the focal plane with respect to the airy disk, or diffraction disk.
		The vertical axis of the graph, between +1.0 rho and -1.0 rho represents one diffraction disk diameter (rho is the symbol for the radius of the diffraction disk) and is the tolerance for a diffraction limited mirror as per the Millies-Lacroix method.
	www.mag1instruments.com /testdoc.html (1305 words)

	1.4 Basic Physical Optics (E-IV-4)
		Reference to Figure 4-20 indicates that the focused spot is actually a tiny diffraction pattern—with a bright disk at the center (the so-called airy disk) surrounded by dark and bright rings, as pictured earlier in Figure 4-13a.
		Determine the size of the airy disk at the center of the diffraction pattern formed by a lens such as that shown in Figure 4-23, if the lens is 4 cm in diameter and its focal length is 15 cm.
		Thus, the central bright spot (airy disk) in the diffraction pattern is only 5 micrometers in diameter.
	cord.org /step_online/st1-4/st14eiv4.htm (557 words)

	Audio Compact Disk - An Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Disks are written from the center to the outside (this increases manufacturing yield, and also allows for changes in disk size).
		Once the disks are molded, a metal layer is used to coat the disks.
		The FWHM (full-width half-maximum) center of the Airy disk pattern is a spot about 1.7 um wide and falls neatly on top of the pit track.
	www.ee.washington.edu /conselec/CE/kuhn/cdaudio/95x6.htm (1553 words)

	[No title]
		If we can calculate the aperture at which Airy disks become 1/175 inch diameter when the format is enlarged or reduced to a 10-inch diagonal print, we will know the aperture at which it is pointless to make circles of confusion any smaller than 1/175 inch.
		So, this calculated f-number is the aperture at which diffraction's Airy disks would have a diameter of 1/175th inch in a 10-inch diagonal print.
		Format diagonal and maximum permissible diameter for the Airy disks are the only variables for determining the f-number at which the effects of diffraction become visible.
	www.a1.nl /phomepag/markerink/diffract.txt (1706 words)

	Shack-Hartmann
		The star wavefront coming from the infinity, is a flat and perpendicular wave to the optical axis, this flat wavefront produces the famous Airy disk at the focal plane of the instrument.
		Even if the wavefront is perfectly flat (space telescope), the optical system has always optical shape defect while manufacturing it, these defects builds up phase shifts, that are jeopardizing the Airy disk shape, this change depends, naturally, on the shape of the mirror or on lenses, with respect to their theoretical shape.
		No Airy disk degradation is noticeable when Lambda/17 PTV is assumed, which makes a typical spot gap of 0.1 pixels, this is an easy measurement that can be achieved by any image processing software.
	www.astrosurf.com /cavadore/optique/shackHartmann/Shack-Hartmann.htm (2841 words)

	Olympus Microscopy Resource Center: Anatomy of the Microscope - Airy Disks: Interactive Java Tutorial
		This tutorial examines how Airy disk size changes with numerical aperture and wavelength; it also simulates the close approach of two Airy disks.
		Airy disk size will become smaller with decreasing wavelength.
		Airy disk size will decrease with increasing numerical aperture.
	www.olympusmicro.com /primer/java/microscopy/airydiscs2 (286 words)

	Diffraction Effects (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		As discussed in your lectures, diffraction of light (with a circular aperture) causes point sources of light to appear as disks rather than single points.
		The disks appear as a central peak, surrounded by a series of fainter rings, with dark minima in between the rings; the central maximum contains 84% of the total light.
		As turbulence increases, the Airy disk breaks down and becomes more chaotic, and poor seeing the image is composed of a number of rapidly moving blobs (I).
	www.ulo.ucl.ac.uk /~diploma/diffraction_effects.html (494 words)

	Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The intensity distribution in the focal plane assumes the shape of a central disk, called the Airy disk, surrounded by dark and light rings whose intensity decrease very rapidly with the distance from the center.
		The size of the Airy disk is determined only by the ratio of the lens aperture to the wavelength of the light.
		Airy disks are typical diffraction patterns (can you guess what the "obstacle" is in this case ?).
	www.optonlaser.com /pages_communes/glossaire/GlossaireLaser.htm (8548 words)

	Two Gyro. Mode Handbook (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The WFC operates at long wavelengths and has large pixels, and hence the convolution of the Airy disk (35-70 mas) with the pixel size (50 mas) is comparable to the long axis of the two-gyro jitter ellipse (71 mas x 24 mas FWHM).
		In the blue the jitter FWHM is twice the combined pixel and Airy disk size, so reduction factors of ~2 may be seen.
		For the WFC and SBC, the pixels are large compared to the Airy disk, so this has a large effect - the central pixel intensity varies by a factor of ~2 between the pixel center and pixel corner cases.
	www.stsci.edu:8083 /hst/HST_overview/TwoGyroMode/handbook/c07_ACS_132.html (1819 words)

	Advanced Light Microscopy and Image Analysis Core
		The bright disk of light (surrounded by alternating dark and bright diffraction rings) that is formed by a perfect diffraction limited lens, focusing an image of an infinitely small source of light.
		Since the Airy disk is the smallest unit that makes up the image of a luminous or absorbing object (formed by a properly corrected microscope lens in focus), the radius of the disk determines the limit of resolution of the microscope.
		For a diffraction limited optical system operating in the absence of aberrations, the point-spread function is the Airy disk.
	www.wadsworth.org /cores/alm/glossary.htm (2633 words)

	Canon Digital Photography Forums - D60's sensor is too small to stop down below f/11
		I have not said that the larger Airy disks produced by the D60 are cause for avoiding the D60 altogether.
		OK, if we know the size of Airy disks at the film or sensor plane had with any lens or pinhole at f/22 (0.03mm), and we know how large they can be in the final print before they will cause visible degradation of the image (0.2mm), then this whole issue becomes dependant on: Enlargement Factor.
		The f/22 Airy disk diameter at the sensor is 0.03mm, (again, same as D60 or any other camera) but after 8.31x magnfication it will be 0.249mm (not 0.358mm like the D60 at f/22).
	photography-on-the.net /forum/printthread.php?t=2849&pp=40 (9200 words)

	FAAC - Ford Amateur Astronomy Club
		It is the Airy disk that you see in the eyepiece, not the star.
		The Airy disk is surrounded by a series of concentric diffraction rings.
		The ability of a telescope to "split" a double simply means that the Airy disks of the two stars are discernably separate.
	www.boonhill.net /faac/other/basic/basic4.html (744 words)

	Sky-Watcher Telescope. Resolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The arc-second diameter of this disk decreases as the aperture of the telescope increases.
		The Airy disk is surrounded by increasingly faint concentric rings of light and the whole grouping is called a diffraction image.
		The ability to separate the two stars is actually the ability to separate their Airy disks.
	www.skywatchertelescope.com /EducationTBRE.html (405 words)

	David Whysong's calculations of Airy Disks
		The airy disk of the SCT is more compact by a factor of 2 (obvious from Rayleigh's criterion) and the first diffraction ring is still within the outer edge of the central maximum of the refractor.
		I have roughly normalized each graph so that the intensity at the center of the Airy disk is one.
		Think of it this way: the following graphs assume that the peak intensity of the Airy disk is always the same, regardless of the aperture of the instrument.
	www.laughton.com /paul/rfo/obs/diffraction/diffraction.html (743 words)

	Morgan Davis - Astronomy - Seeing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The central Airy diffraction disk often visible; arcs of diffraction rings sometimes seen on brighter stars.
		Airy disk always visible; short arcs constantly seen.
		Disk always sharply defined; rings seen as long arcs or complete circles, but always in motion.
	www.morgandavis.net /pursuits/astro/seeing.html (253 words)

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