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	Stephen II - LoveToKnow 1911
		STEPHEN II., pope from March 752 to April 757, was in deacon's orders when chosen to the vacant see within twelve days after the death of Zacharias.' The main difficulty of his pontificate was in connexion with the aggressive attitude of Aistulf, king of the Lombards.
		After unsuccessful embassies to Aistulf himself and appeals to the emperor Constantine, he, though in feeble health, set out to seek the aid of Pippin, by whom he was received in the neighbourhood of Vitry le Brule in the beginning of 754.
		The result of his negotiations was the Frankish invasion of Aistulf's territory and the famous "donation" of Pippin.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Stephen_II (145 words)

	A HISTORY OF THE CHURCH To the Eve of the Reformation : L.3, C.3.
		The winter passed with the Romans anxiously awaiting the descent of Aistulf's army with the first good days of spring From the emperor -- Constantine V -- all that came was an order to the pope to negotiate with Aistulf for the restoration of Ravenna.
		Aistulf refused, and in two great assemblies of the Franks (at Braisne on March 1 and at Kiersy-sur-Oise on April 14, 754) it was agreed-not without opposition -- that the Lombards should be compelled by force of arms.
		Aistulf made over Narni to Pepin's representatives, and waited until Pepin and his army were safely over the Alps.
	www.franciscan-sfo.org /ap/hu/hb3-3.htm (2370 words)

	States of the Church
		And when Aistulf, who held Spoleto also under his immediate sway, directed all his might against the Duchy of Rome, it seemed that this too could no longer be held.
		Aistulf, when the pope met him at Pavia, refused to enter into negotiations or to hear of a restoration of his conquests.
		Aistulf was again compelled to promise to deliver to the pope the cities granted him after the first war and, in addition, Commachio at the mouth of the Po.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/s/states_of_church.html (12050 words)

	Northvegr - History of the Langobards
		Aistulf now began a career of conquest, capturing Comacchio and Ferrara, and within two years from his accession, Ravenna, the capital of the exarchate, was in his hands.
		Aistulf fell into a fury at the prospect of his plans being thwarted by a combination with the Franks, but he did not venture to restrain the Pope and thus bring on an inevitable conflict.
		The league between Pipin and the Pope was thus sealed by the mutual exchange of possession that belonged to neither, since Stephan gave Pipin the crown of the Merovingians, and the king promised the Pope the territories which had belonged to the empire (Abel, xxviii, xxix).
	www.northvegr.org /lore/langobard/044.php (3424 words)

	Page 82
		Before the outbreak of the war Aistulf made an attempt to separate Pippin from Stephen, and for this purpose in the spring of 754 sent, the monk Karlmann, brother of Pippin, who since 747 had lived in Italy, across the Alps to remind the king of the solidarity of the Frankish and Lombardic interests.
		In the autumn of 754 Aistulf was forced to make peace; he promised indemnification to the Roman church and the surrender of Ravenna and a number of other cities between the mountains and the Adriatic Sea.
		Aistulf broke his promises, and in the winter of 755-756 marched against Rome and besieged.the pope.
	www.ccel.org /s/schaff/encyc/encyc11/htm/old/0102=82.htm (1040 words)

	[No title]
		Aistulf, king of the Lombards, had seized Ravenna with its lands, known as the exarchate.
		A fierce battle was fought in the Alps against Aistulf and the Lombards.
		Aistulf was once more constrained to make promises, but the same year he died--of a fall from his horse--and in April 757 a new king, Desiderius, became ruler of the Lombards.
	www.angelfire.com /fl5/plumcrazy/np9.html (867 words)

	STEPHEN III (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Lombards, under fierce King Aistulf, having overrun the exarchate of Ravenna, had their eyes on Rome.
		Then Pippin, after Aistulf repulsed three embassies, led a Frankish army into Italy and brought the tough Lombard to terms.
		Burning and ravaging, the Lombards marched on Rome and blockaded the city.
	www.cfpeople.org /Books/Pope/POPEp93.htm (469 words)

	Ravenna, a Study eBook
		Aistulf was chosen king, and at once turned his thoughts to Ravenna.
		In the confusion of all things it is said that a party in Rome urged Aistulf to usurp the empire.
		Aistulf threatened to invade Roman territory, and, indeed, occupied Ceccano in the duchy of Rome.
	www.bookrags.com /ebooks/12542/87.html (488 words)

	A HISTORY OF THE CHURCH To the Eve of the Reformation : L.3, C.4.
		Aistulf, in 756, had pledged himself to restore what he himself had captured.
		Aistulf's death, and the appearance of rivals to dispute the succession, one of them seeking aid at Rome, seemed an obvious occasion for the pope to extend his territory (757).
		A treaty was signed; the pope did his part; the candidate he favoured succeeded; and he made over something, but only something, of the extensive restoration he had promised.
	www.franciscan-sfo.org /ap/hu/hb3-4.htm (2103 words)

	Pope Stephen (II) III
		Failing to make any impression on Aistulf, the Lombard king, by repeated embassies, Pepin forced the passes of the Alps, and compelled him to swear to restore Ravenna and the other cities he had taken (754).
		But no sooner had Pepin withdrawn from Lombardy than Aistulf roused the whole Lombard nation, appeared in arms before the walls of Rome (Jan., 756), ravaged the neighbourhood, and made a desparate attempt to capture the city.
		Desiderius at once invoked the assistance of the pope, and, on condition of his help, promised to restore to Rome certain cities in the exarchate and the Pentapolis which still remained in the hands of the Lombards, and to give the pope a large sum of money.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/s/stephen_iii,pope.html (649 words)

	Medieval Europe eBook
		Gregory III excommunicated the iconoclasts (731); the Lombard King Aistulf seized Ravenna, the last important stronghold of the Byzantines in the peninsula (751).
		Aistulf regarded Rome, in common with the other territories of the Empire, as his rightful spoil.
		For the first time the issue was raised between secular statesmanship scheming for Italian unity and a Roman bishop claiming sovereign power as the historical and indispensable adjunct of his office.
	www.bookrags.com /ebooks/6369/18.html (500 words)

	Franks Defend the Church (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The men of the Frankish court, however, had not expected the sophisticated arguments of Pope Stephen himself, who had arrived to lend his support to Pepin, and, in the end, the pact won the approval of the assembly.
		Aistulf refused, and Pepin led his men across the Alps into Italy.
		Aistulf’s cavalry met the Franks on the banks of the Dora.
	www.charlemagne.org /ch10.html (273 words)

	Medieval Europe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Gregory III excommunicated the iconoclasts (731); the Lombard King Aistulf seized Ravenna, the last important stronghold of the Byzantines in the peninsula (751).
		Aistulf regarded Rome, in common with the other territories of the Empire, as his rightful spoil.
		For the first time the issue was raised between secular statesmanship scheming for Italian unity and a Roman bishop claiming sovereign power as the historical and indispensable adjunct of his office.
	www.manybooks.net /pages/davishwcetext04mdvlp10/27.html (323 words)

	f. The Lombards and the Popes. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Martel, busy with the Muslims, remained faithful to his alliance with the Lombards, but Aistulf's continued advance brought a visit (753) from Pope Stephen II.
		Stephen had already begun negotiations with Pepin III, king of the Franks, and the mutual needs of the rising papacy and the upstart Carolingian dynasty drew them into alliance.
		Pepin, in two expeditions, forced Aistulf to abandon the Pentapolis and Ravenna (bringing the Lombards virtually to their holdings of 681).
	www.bartleby.com /67/408.html (1565 words)

	Lombards
		One of his successors, Aistulf, took Ravenna (751) and threatened Rome.
		Pope Stephen II appealed to the Frankish King Pepin the Short, who invaded Italy; the Lombards lost the territories comprised in the Donation of Pepin to the papacy.
		After Aistulf’s death King Desiderius renewed (772) the attack on Rome.
	www.orbilat.com /Encyclopaedia/L/Lombards.html (377 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Note, comments may take some time to be approved.
		The result of his negotiations was the Frankish invasion of Aistulf's territory and the famous " donation " of Pippin.
		He was succeeded by Paul I. 1 A priest named Stephen, elected before him, died three days after, without having received the episcopal consecration.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /correction/edit?locale=en&content_id=63065 (174 words)

	Desiderius - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Desiderius, the last king of the Lombards, is chiefly known through his connection with Charlemagne.
		He was duke of Tuscany and became king of the Lombards after the death of Aistulf in 756.
		Seeking, like his predecessors, to extend the Lombard power in Italy, he came into collision with the papacy, and about 772 the new pope, Adrian I, implored the aid of Charlemagne against him.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Desiderius (287 words)

	A History Of The Church - Volume II - Chapter 4 - Section 3
		By the autumn the treaty was in pieces, and Aistulf demanding tribute from the Romans as the price of his "protection." Once more the pope negotiated, but this time in vain -- Aistulf was inflexible.
		From the emperor -- Constantine V -- all that came was an order to the pope to negotiate with Aistulf for the restoration of Ravenna.
		Aistulf refused, and in two great assemblies of the Franks (at Braisne on March 1 and at Kiersy-sur-Oise on April 14, 754) it was agreed -- not without opposition -- that the Lombards should be compelled by force of arms.
	mafg.home.isp-direct.com /book/v2c4s3.htm (2450 words)

	[No title]
		The Lombards at this time had already begun to change their tribal organisation to one led by a group of dukes and counts who commanded bands of warriors of related or kin people.
		In 751 the Lombards under their king Aistulf had conquered the Exarchate of Ravenna, the main seat of Byzantine government in Italy, whose Patriarch held territorial power as the representative of the Eastern Roman emperor, independent of the Pope.
		The Lombard Duke of Spoleto and the Lombard kings posed a threat to Roman territory, and Aistulf demanded tribute from the able diplomat, Pope Zacharias, who had successfully temporized with his predecessors.
	www.lycos.com /info/lombards.html (851 words)

	Aistulf (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Aistulf, also called Aistulf of Friuli, (died 756) wasking of Lombards (749 -756) and duke of Spoleto (751 -756).
		After he succeded Ratchis as the king ofLombardy in 749, Aistulf continued the policy of expansion and raids against popes and the Byzantine exarchs of Italy.
		Inreturn for the transfer by the pope of the Frankish crown from the decayed line of Clovis to his own, Pippin crossed the Alps,defeated Aistulf and gave to the pope the lands which Aistulf had torn from the empire.
	www.therfcc.org /aistulf-173472.html (196 words)

	Important Events In The Elevation of the Papacy
		AD 751 Aistulf conquered Ravenna, brought the rule of the exarchs to an end and split the west from the east.
		On his way he was urged by messengers from the deposed emperor urging him to restore his power to Ravenna, but Pepin refused and asserted that the land belonged to Peter and the Pontiffs of the Holy See.
		Aistulf was again defeated and the land was given to the Pope as a gift.
	www.antipas.org /books/papacy_in_history/pap_part1_3.html (1428 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Anselm Abbot
		Anselm (died in 805) the Duke of Forum Julii, (modern Friuli), in the northeastern part of Lombard Italy, left the world at the height of his secular career, and in 750 built a monastery at Fanano, a place given to him by Aistulf, King of the Lombards, who had married Anselm's sister Gisaltruda.
		Desiderius, who succeeded Aistulf as King of the Lombards in 756, banished Anselm from Nonantula in favor of his own protegé.
		Anselm spent the seven years of his exile at the Benedictine monastery of Monte Cassino, but returned to Nonantula after Desiderius was made prisoner by Charlemagne in 774.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Anselm_Abbot (394 words)

	756 - Wikipedia
		Abd-ar-rahman I, enige overlevende van de Omajjaden-dynastie uit Bagdad, verovert het Iberisch schiereiland en zet zijn dynastie voort.
		Pepijn verslaat Aistulf, de koning van de Langobarden en legt hem het verdrag van Pavia op.
		Hiermee verkrijgt de paus veel gebied, hoewel dat zonder keizerlijke toestemming op basis van een vervalst document gebeurt.
	nl.wikipedia.org /wiki/756 (121 words)

	Lombards. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		One of his successors, Aistulf, took Ravenna (751) and threatened Rome.
		Pope Stephen II appealed to the Frankish King Pepin the Short, who invaded Italy; the Lombards lost the territories comprised in the Donation of Pepin to the papacy.
		After Aistulf’s death King Desiderius renewed (772) the attack on Rome.
	www.bonus.com /contour/bartlettqu/http@@/www.bartleby.com/65/lo/Lombards.html (466 words)

	Aistulf
		Aistulf continued the policy of expansion and raids against the papacy and the Byzantine exarchate of Ravenna.
		In 753, Pope Stephen II visited Charles Martel's son Pippin the Short, who had been proclaimed king of the Franks in 751 with the consent of Pope Zachary.
		In gratitude for the papal consent to his coronation, Pippin crossed the Alps, defeated Aistulf, and gave to the pope the lands which Aistulf had torn from the ducatus Romanus and the exarchate (Emilia-Romagna and the Pentapolis).
	www.dejavu.org /cgi-bin/get.cgi?ver=93&url=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.gourt.com%2F%3Farticle%3DAistulf%26type%3Den (268 words)

	Important Events In The Elevation of the Papacy
		AD 751 Aistulf conquered Ravenna, brought the rule of the exarchs to an end and split the west from the east.
		On his way he was urged by messengers from the deposed emperor urging him to restore his power to Ravenna, but Pepin refused and asserted that the land belonged to Peter and the Pontiffs of the Holy See.
		Aistulf was again defeated and the land was given to the Pope as a gift.
	www.west.net /~antipas/books/papacy_in_history/pap_part1_3.html (1428 words)

	Pope Stephen II
		In 1440, anachronisms in the document proved that it was really a fraud written around 752, during the reign of and under orders of Pope Stephen II.
		The main difficulty of his pontificate was in connection with the aggressive attitude of Aistulf, king of the Lombards.
		After unsuccessful embassies to Aistulf himself and appeals to the emperor Constantine, he though in feeble health, set out to seek the aid of Pippin the Short, by whom he was received in the neighborhood of Vitry le Brulé in the beginning of 754.
	www.nndb.com /people/078/000097784 (302 words)

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