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Topic: Akelarre (cipher)

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	Differential Cryptanalysis & Linear Cryptanalysis
		Differential cryptanalysis is a general form of cryptanalysis applicable primarily to block ciphers, but also to stream ciphers and cryptographic hash functions.
		In the case of a block cipher, it refers to a set of techniques for tracing differences through the network of transformations, discovering where the cipher exhibits non-random behaviour, and exploiting such properties to recover the secret key.
		An early target for the attack was the FEAL block cipher.
	www.juliantrubin.com /encyclopedia/mathematics/differential_cryptanalysis.html (989 words)

	Akelarre - Iridis Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Akelarre is the Basque name ("meadow of the he-goat ") of a place in Zugarramurdi (Navarre, Spain).
		Akelarre is a block cipher proposed in 1996, and combined features from IDEA and RC5.
		Akelarre is a 128-bit block cipher with a variable key-length which must be some multiple of 64 bits.
	www.iridis.com /Akelarre (181 words)

	Block cipher - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In cryptography, a block cipher is a symmetric key cipher which operates on fixed-length groups of bits, termed blocks, with an unvarying transformation.
		Block ciphers can be contrasted with stream ciphers; a stream cipher operates on individual digits one at a time, and the transformation varies during the encryption.
		The distinction between the two types is not always clear-cut: a block cipher, when used in certain modes of operation, acts effectively as a stream cipher.
	www.bonneylake.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Block_cipher (983 words)

	Feistel cipher - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In cryptography, a Feistel cipher is a block cipher with a particular structure, named after IBM cryptographer Horst Feistel; it is also commonly known as a Feistel network.
		Many modern symmetric block ciphers are based on Feistel networks, and the structure and properties of Feistel ciphers have been extensively explored by cryptographers.
		Unbalanced Feistel ciphers use a modified structure where L0 and R0 are not of equal lengths.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Feistel_cipher (442 words)

	Block cipher modes of operation - the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In cryptography, a block cipher operates on blocks of fixed length, often 64 or 128 bits.
		The cipher feedback (CFB) and output feedback (OFB) modes make the block cipher into a stream cipher: they generate keystream blocks, which are then XORed with the plaintext blocks to get the ciphertext.
		Because a block cipher works on units of a fixed size, but messages come in a variety of lengths, somemodes (mainly CBC) require that the final block be padded before encryption.
	www.free-web-encyclopedia.com /?t=OFB (938 words)

	DEAL - the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In cryptography, DEAL (Data Encryption Algorithm with Largerblocks) is a block cipher derived from the Data Encryption Standard (DES).
		The design was proposed ina report by Lars Knudsen in 1998, andwas submitted to the AES contest by Richard Outerbridge (whonotes that Knudsen had presented the design at the SAC conference in 1997).
		For key sizes of 128 and 192 bits, the cipher uses 6 rounds, increasing to 8 for the 256-bits size.
	www.world-knowledge-encyclopedia.com /?t=DEAL (136 words)

	Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Background Information for Lesson Plans & Science Fair Projects
		The cipher was developed by two Belgian cryptographers, Joan Daemen and Vincent Rijmen, and submitted to the AES selection process under the name "Rijndael", a portmanteau of the names of the inventors.
		The most common way to attack block ciphers is to try various attacks on versions of the cipher with a reduced number of rounds.
		OpenSSL includes AES cipher support as of version 0.9.7 and is dual-licensed under the terms of the OpenSSL License and the original SSLeay license.
	www.juliantrubin.com /encyclopedia/computers/advanced_encryption_standard.html (2300 words)

	KASUMI - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In cryptography, KASUMI is a block cipher used in the confidentiality (f8) and integrity algorithms (f9) for 3GPP mobile communications.
		Rather than invent a cipher from scratch, an existing algorithm, MISTY1, was selected by SAGE and slightly optimised for implementation in hardware.
		It is a Feistel cipher with eight rounds, and like MISTY1 and MISTY2, it has a recursive structure, with subcomponents also having a Feistel-like form.
	open-encyclopedia.com /KASUMI (189 words)

	RC5 [Definition]
		Feistel networkIn cryptography, a Feistel cipher is a block cipher with a particular structure, named after IBM cryptographer Horst Feistel; it is also commonly known as a Feistel network.
		The cipher is susceptible to various forms of cryptanalysis, and has acted as a catalyst in the discovery of differential and linear cryptanalysis....
		SPN ; Attacks: Brute forceIn cryptanalysis, a brute force attack on a cipher is a brute-force search of the key space; that is, testing all possible keys, in an attempt to recover the plaintext used to produce a particular ciphertext.
	www.wikimirror.com /RC5 (2506 words)

	Category:Block Ciphers [Definition] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Block cipherIn cryptography, a block cipher is a type of symmetric key cipher which operates on groups of bits of a fixed length, termed blocks.
		Feistel cipherIn cryptography, a Feistel cipher is a block cipher with a particular structure, named after IBM cryptographer Horst Feistel; it is also commonly known as a Feistel network.
		Iraqi block cipherIn cryptography, the Iraqi block cipher was a block cipher published in C source code form by anonymous FTP upload around July 1999, and widely distributed on Usenet.
	www.wikimirror.com /Category:Block_ciphers (1326 words)

	Triple DES - the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In cryptography, Triple DES (also 3DES) is a block cipher formed from the Data Encryption Standard (DES) cipher.
		It was developedby Walter Tuchman (the leaderof the DES development team at IBM) and is specified in FIPS Pub 46-3.
		The award-winning AES (Rijndael) cipher has been offically appointed to succeed 3DES incommercial, academic and unclassified governmental environments.
	www.free-web-encyclopedia.com /?t=3DES (285 words)

	Citations: Akelarre: A New Block Cipher Algorithm - 'Alvarez, Guia, Montoya, Peinado (ResearchIndex)
		In [4] it was shown that Akelarre with any number of rounds is susceptible to ciphertext only attacks.
		Akelarre is an iterated cipher, which uses components of the block ciphers RC5[4] and IDEA[2] A comparison is made to these block ciphers in favor of Akelarre.
		Furthermore, Akelarre does not use modular multiplications, but instead uses a combination of a 128 bit key dependent rotate at the beginning of....
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /context/363439/0 (1516 words)

	Akelarre - InformationBlast
		Akelarre is the Basque name ("meadow of the he-goat") of a place in Zugarramurdi (Navarre, Spain).
		Álvarez Marañón, A. Fúster Sabater, D. Guía Martínez, F. Montoya Vitini y A. Peinado Domínguez, Akelarre: a New Block Cipher Algorithm, pp1–14, in proceedings of SAC'96, Third Annual Workshop on Selected Areas in Cryptography, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, 1996 [1] (http://www.iec.csic.es/~gonzalo/publis/papers/Akelarre.zip).
		Niels Ferguson and Bruce Schneier, Cryptanalysis of Akelarre, Fourth Annual Workshop on Selected Areas in Cryptography, August 1997, pp201–212
	www.informationblast.com /Akelarre.html (195 words)

	Ciphertext-only attack (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In the history of cryptography, early ciphers, implemented using pen-and-paper, were routinely broken using ciphertexts alone, Cryptographers developed a variety of statistical techniques for attacking ciphertext, such as frequency analysis.
		Nonetheless poor cipher usage or reliance on home-grown proprietary algorithms that have not be subject to thorough scrutiny has resulted in many computer-age encryption systems that are still subject to ciphertext-only attack.
		A cipher whose key space is too small is subject to brute force attack with access to nothing but ciphertext by simply trying all possible keys.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/C/Ciphertext-only-attack.htm (570 words)

	Block cipher - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In cryptography, a block cipher is a type of symmetric key cipher which operates on groups of bits of a fixed length, termed blocks.
		This is in contrast to stream ciphers which encrypt each bit of the plaintext individually before moving on to the next.
		In addition to linear and differential cryptanalysis, there is a growing catalog of attacks: truncated and partial differential cryptanalysis, slide attacks, boomerang attacks, square and integral attacks, the XSL attack, impossible differential cryptanalysis and algebraic attacks.
	www.info-en.com /index.php/Block_cipher (764 words)

	Advanced Encryption Standard process - The Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Since the specification for the AES is not secret, it is expected that the cipher will also see much use in non-government applications, and outside the US.
		A block size of 128 bits was specified, and key sizes of 128, 192, and 256 bits had to be supported.
		The cipher had to be secure and speed was also considered important.
	www.the-encyclopedia.com /description/Advanced_Encryption_Standard_process (345 words)

	S-1 - the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In cryptography, the S-1 block cipher was a block cipher posted in sourcecode form on Usenet on 11 August1995.
		Although incorrect security markings immediately indicated a hoax, there were several features of the code which suggested it might be leaked source code for the Skipjack encryption algorithm, which was stillclassified at the time.
		When Skipjack was eventuallydeclassified in 1998, it was indeed found to be totally unlike S-1.
	www.encyclopedia-of-knowledge.com /?t=S-1 (96 words)

	MMB - the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In cryptography, MMB (Modular Multiplication-based Blockcipher) is a block cipher designed by Joan Daemen as an improved replacement for the IDEA cipher.
		Weaknesses in the key schedule were identified by EliBiham, and this, together with the fact that the cipher had not been designed to resist linear cryptanalysis, meant that other designs were pursued instead, such as 3-Way.
		Daemen, R. Govaerts, and J. Vandewalle, "Block Ciphers Based on Modular Arithmetic, " Proceedings of the 3rd Symposium on:State and Progress of Research in Cryptography, Fondazione Ugo Bordoni, 1993, pp.
	www.world-knowledge-encyclopedia.com /?t=MMB (115 words)

	RC5 - the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		RC5 is a block cipher notable for its simplicity.
		Designed byRonald Rivest in 1994, RC standsfor "Rivest Cipher", or alternatively, "Ron's Code" (compare RC2 and RC4).
		Unlike many schemes, RC5 has a variable blocksize (32, 64 or 128 bits), key size (0 to2040 bits) and number of rounds (0 to 255).
	www.encyclopedia-of-knowledge.com /?t=RC5 (328 words)

	QUOTES REGARDING CRYPTOGRAPHIC INTRACTABILITY (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In 1917 in an article in Scientific American the Vigenere cipher was claimed to be "impossible of translation" Today it is a student exercise to show that this claim is false.
		Akelarre is a design, which combines features of RC5 and IDEA, and claimed to be secure after 4 rounds.
		It was shown that Akelarre with any number of rounds is susceptible to ciphertext-only attacks.
	www.agsencryptions.com /library/qintract.htm (756 words)

	Cryptography-Digest Digest #479
		It is hard to do a key-recovery attack on a block cipher using a differential with probability 1.
		A cipher that is that bad isn't worth spending too much time on.
		Ah notice that ciphers based on decorrelation theory (pair-wise) in GF(2^n)[2]/p(x) have prob 1 differentials yet don't emit a known difference with prob 1.
	www.mail-archive.com /cryptography-digest@senator-bedfellow.mit.edu/msg05676.html (3985 words)

	Two Rights Sometimes Make a Wrong - Knudsen, Rijmen (ResearchIndex)
		Abstract: At the SAC'96 a new iterated block cipher, Akelarre, was proposed.
		Akelarre uses components of the block ciphers RC5 and IDEA and is conjectured strong with four rounds.
		Akelarre [1] is a design, which combines features of RC5 and IDEA, and claimed to be secure after 4 rounds.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /knudsen97two.html (464 words)

	Linear cryptanalysis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In cryptography, linear cryptanalysis is a general form of cryptanalysis based on finding affine approximations to the action of a cipher.
		Linear cryptanalysis is one of two widely applicable attacks on block ciphers; the other being differential cryptanalysis.
		The discovery of linear cryptanalysis is attributed to Mitsuru Matsui, who first applied the technique to the FEAL cipher (Matsui and Yamagishi, 1992).
	www.info-en.com /index.php/Linear_cryptanalysis (191 words)

	RC6 : Encyclopedia Entry
		In cryptography, RC6 is a symmetric key block cipher derived from RC5.
		It was designed by Ron Rivest, Matt Robshaw, Ray Sidney, and Yiqun Lisa Yin to meet the requirements of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) competition.
		Beauchat FPGA Implementations of the RC6 Block Cipher.
	bibleocean.com /OmniDefinition/RC6 (172 words)

	RC5 - Wikipedia - AdWiki - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In cryptography, RC5 is a block cipher notable for its simplicity.
		, RC stands for "Rivest Cipher", or alternatively, "Ron's Code" (compare RC2 and RC4).
		The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) candidate RC6 was based on RC5.
	www.wikipedia.net.pl /en/wiki/RC5.html (416 words)

	RC2 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The development of RC2 was sponsored by Lotus, who were seeking a custom cipher that, after evaluation by the NSA, could be exported as part of their Lotus Notes software.
		After further negotiations, the cipher was approved for export in 1989.
		RC2 is a 64-bit block cipher with a variable size key.
	encycl.opentopia.com /term/RC2 (357 words)

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