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Topic: Akhenaten

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Amenophis IV

2nd millenium BC

Smenkhkare

1367 BC

Nefertiti

1364 BC

1362 BC

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Aten

Amenhotep III

Akhenaten, Dweller in Truth

Tiy

Amarna letters

Ankhesenpaaten Tasherit

14th century BC

	Pharaoh Akhenaten - Crystalinks
		Akhenaten was the son of Amenhotep III and Queen Tiy, a descendent of a Hebrew tribe.
		Akhenaten is principally famous for his religious reforms, where the polytheism of Egypt was to be supplanted by monotheism centered around Aten, the god of the solar disc.
		Tutankhaten succeeded Akhenaten and Smenkhkare and was married to Akhenaten's daughter Ankhesenpaaten.
	www.crystalinks.com /akhenaten.html (4427 words)

	Akhenaten
		Akhenaten (alternatively spelled Akhnaten, Akhenaton, Akhnaton, Ikhnaton, and so on), known as Amenhotep IV at the start of his reign (and called Naphu(`)rureya in the Amarna letters), was a Pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt.
		Artistic representations of Akhenaten give him a very feminine appearance, giving rise to controversial theories such that he may have actually been a woman masquerading as a man, which had been known to happen in Egyptian politics once or twice, or that he was a hermaphrodite or had some other phenotypic sexual disorder.
		Akhenaten, Smenkhkare, Tutankhamun, and Ay were omitted from the official lists of Pharaohs, which instead reported that Amenhotep III was immediately succeeded by Horemheb.
	publicliterature.org /en/wikipedia/a/ak/akhenaten.html (1043 words)

	Images of King Akhenaten
		This example is a household altar in the form of a shrine; the brick structure in front of it has both decorative and devotional function and resembles the pylons of temples built around a cella.
		The cartouches bearing the "didactic name of the Aten" (i.e., the name given by Akhenaten to his god) are applied below the molding of the pylons and on the sides of the entrance portal whereby the pharaoh is permitting the god the royal prerogative of seeing his own name in the royal cartouche.
		The identity of Akhenaten's figure is not in doubt: his names are written in the cartouches before his face.
	www.homestead.com /wysinger/akhenaten.html (644 words)

	AKHENATEN the "heretic" pharaoh (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Akhenaten (1352-1336 BC) was son of Amenhotep III and Queen Tiy.
		Artistic representations of Akhenaten give him a strikingly bizarre appearance, with slender limbs, a protruding belly and wide hips, giving rise to controversial theories such as that he may have actually been a woman masquerading as a man, or that he was a hermaphrodite or had some other intersex condition.
		Akhenaten's name never appeared on any of the king lists compiled by later Pharaohs and it was not until the late 19th century that his identity was re-discovered and the surviving traces of his reign were unearthed by archaeologists.
	www.egyptologyonline.com /akhenaten1.htm (1388 words)

	Akhenaten - The Glory of the Aten
		Akhenaten then relocated the capital to Akhet-Aten, where palaces and buildings were swiftly built from mud brick, and in which he built a splendid temple to the Aten filled with religious art.
		Akhenaten apparently neglected foreign policy, allowing Egypt's captured territories to be taken back, though it seems likely that this image can be partially explained by the iconography of the time, which downplayed his role as warrior.
		Akhenaten ruled for eighteen years, to be succeeded by 'Smenkhkara,' believed by some to be Nefertiti herself, and soon afterwards by Tutankhaten, who quickly changed his name to Tutankhamun, and whom we all know well as 'King Tut' after his tomb was discovered intact.
	www.katestange.net /egypt/akhenaten.htm (401 words)

	Akhenaten
		Akhenaten was originally named Amenophis 4, but changed his name in the first year of his reign, as a reflection of a religious orientation in which he accepted only the worship of one god, Aten.
		Akhenaten is principally famous for his religious reforms, in which the polytheism of Egypt was to be supplanted by a monotheism centered on Aten, the god of the solar disc.
		Akhenaten's choice of monotheism was not only motivated by religious speculation, but was also an attempt to increase the power of the Pharaoh at the expense of the local temples and their officials, which had become both rich and politically important.
	lexicorient.com /e.o/akhenat.htm (306 words)

	Akhenaten - Definition, explanation
		Akhenaten, known as Amenhotep IV at the start of his reign, was a Pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt.
		Initially, Akhenaten presented Aten as a variant of the familiar supreme deity Amun-Ra (itself the result of an earlier rise to prominence of the cult of Amun, resulting in Amun becoming merged with the sun god Ra), in an attempt to put his ideas in a familiar Egyptian religious context.
		Akhenaten's name never appeared on any of the king lists compiled by later Pharaohs and it was not until the late 19th century that his identity was re-discovered and the surviving traces of his reign were unearthed by archaeolologists.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/a/ak/akhenaten.php (2148 words)

	Egypt: Rulers, Kings and Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt: Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten)
		The Amarna Interlude, as it is often called, saw the removal of the seat of government to a short-lived new capital city, Akhetaten (modern el-Amarna), the introduction of a new art style, and the elevation of the cult of the sun disc, the Aten, to pre-eminent status in Egyptian religion.
		Akhenaten was traditionally raised by his parents, Amenhotep III and Queen Tiy (1382-1344 B.C.) by worshipping Amen.
		Akhenaten's adherents would not have left his body to be despoiled by his enemies once his death and the return to orthodoxy unleashed a backlash of destruction.
	www.touregypt.net /18dyn10.htm (1857 words)

	BBC - History - Akhenaten and the Amarna Period
		Akhenaten is a source of endless fascination and speculation - this often masks the fact that we actually know very little about him.
		Some people are drawn by interest in Akhenaten himself or his religion, others by a fascination with the unusual art which appeals strongly to the tastes of modern viewers and provides a sense of immediacy rarely felt with traditional Egyptian representation.
		The radical changes Akhenaten made have led to his characterisation as the 'first individual in human history' and this in turn has led to endless speculation about his background and motivation; he is cast as hero or villain according to the viewpoint of the commentator.
	www.bbc.co.uk /history/ancient/egyptians/akhenaten_01.shtml (389 words)

	Smenkhkare - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Smenkhkare (sometimes spelled Smenkhare and Smenkare, and means "Strong is the Soul of Ra") was a Pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty, successor of the heretic Akhenaten, and predecessor of Tutankhamen.
		Moreover, whenever any of Akhenaten's daughters were referenced, they were referred to as "the king's daughter, of his loins, (daughter's name)." That there was no reference to another son would seem unlikely in such a patriarchal society.
		Given that Akhenaten produced six daughters but no known sons, this makes it plausible for both Smenkhkare and his successor, Tutankhamen, to be sons of Amenhotep III, and therefore also brothers to Akhenaten.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Smenkhkare (913 words)

	:: Discovery Channel CA ::
		Akhenaten, the son of Amenhotep III and born Amenhotep IV, changed his name, built a new capital, and founded a radically new cult.
		Akhenaten's name was even omitted from inscriptions listing the kings of Egypt, hence the ignorance until relatively recently of his very existence.
		Akhenaten's rule seems to have led to an artistic revolution in the way that the life of the pharaoh could be portrayed (Akhenaten is often seen in peaceful scenes with his family, in contrast to previous pharaohs), which has led to hypotheses that the pharaoh's appearance was influenced to portray him as an androgenous demi-god.
	www.exn.ca /egypt/story.asp?st=Rulers (881 words)

	Akhenaten
		The Aten cult died with Akhenaten because the sentiments of the priesthood and the Egyptian people were outraged by his destruction of their traditions.
		Of the many artistic achievements of the era of Akhenaten, the most familiar today is the bust of his wife Nefertiti.
		The story of Akhenaten and his name itself was erased efficiently from Egyptian history, and he was referred to as 'that heretic' or 'rebel' if necessary.
	www.aldokkan.com /egypt/akhenaten.htm (296 words)

	Akhenaten: The Great Heretic Ruler
		Akhenaten will always be remembered as a great heretic ruler, who uprooted traditional Egyptian religions, and conjured a monotheistic religion that is very close in nature to Christianity and Judaism.
		Amenhotep IV, the name Akhenaten was born with, was the son of the Pharaoh Amenhotep III and Amenhotep III’s second wife Tiye (Vansten 6).
		Akhenaten was most known for his change from the older religion to his new monotheistic belief.
	www.ccds.charlotte.nc.us /History/Egypt/04/raymond/raymond.htm (1276 words)

	TEMPLE OF AKHENATON (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Akhenaten was the son of Amenhotep III and Queen Tiye.
		Akhenaten appointed Smenhkhare as his co-regent around his 15th Year, and Smenhkhare moved with his new bride, Meritaten, to Thebes, where he began to restore the temples of Amun.
		Akhenaten's tomb has been found, but there is no evidence to suppose that he was ever buried there.
	sangha.net /messengers/akhenaton.htm (580 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly \| Culture \| Akhenaten à la Grèque (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Akhenaten's peculiar appearance and controverted, ambiguous sexual identity were also issues that Farag steered clear of, together with the monarch's relationship with his adored mother and his firstborn daughter Miretaten (Beloved of Aten), or Mayati, as she was nicknamed in the Amarna Letters, whom he is believed to have married at one point.
		Building on Akhenaten's correspondence with Tushratta, the king of Mitanni, which evidences the queen-mother's active role in foreign affairs and her cordial relation with the Asiatic king, Bunduq sends her on an imaginary secret trip in disguise to Mitanni with the purpose of satisfying her sexual cravings after her husband's death.
		When the attempt fails, Akhenaten's bride, the beautiful Nefertiti, comes to the rescue and to save the queen- mother's honour and protect the throne leads everybody, including her husband, to believe that Miret is her own daughter by Akhenaten.
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /2005/754/cu2.htm (1950 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Smenkhkare
		Moreover, whenever any of Akhenaten's daughters were referenced, they were referred to as "the king's daughter, of his loins, (daughter's name)." That there was no reference to another son would seem unlikely in a largely patriarchal society.
		Given that Akhenaten produced six daughters but no known sons, this makes it plausible for Smenkhkare to be a younger son of Amenhotep III and, therefore, a brother of Akhenaten.
		Some scholars consider this to be the mummy of Smenkhkare while others are certain that it belongs to Akhenaten because its royal cartouches were deliberately erased from the king's coffin and his royal uraeus was removed, as were many traces of Akhenaten because of his controversial religious revolution.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Smenkhkare (2695 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Tutankhamun
		However, he is also significant as a figure who managed the beginning of the transition from the heretical Atenism of his predecessors Akhenaten and Smenkhkare back to the familiar Egyptian religion.
		Allen argues that Akhenaten consciously chose a female co-regent named Neferneferuaten to succeed him rather than Tutankhamun which is unlikely if the latter was indeed his son.
		Tutankhamun was married to Ankhesenpaaten (possibly his sister), and after the re-establishment of the traditional Egyptian religion the couple changed the –aten ending of their names to the –amun ending, becoming Ankhesenamun and Tutankhamun.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Tutankhamun (1817 words)

	Akhenaten
		Akhenaten ruled in the eighteenth dynasty, which seemed to be an age of revolution in ancient Egypt.
		Akhenaten's strange appearance and mysterious behavior, as well as his connection with Nefertiti and with the ill-fated "boy king" Tutankhamen, have made him the subject of much passion and controversy in the last century or so.
		Akhenaten was married to Nefertiti, who is now famous because of the beautiful bust of her found at Amarna.
	www.angelfire.com /realm2/amethystbt/Eankenaten.html (664 words)

	Akhenaten - Art History Online Reference and Guide
		Initially Akhenaten presented Aten as a variant of the familiar supreme deity Amun-Ra (itself the result of an earlier rise to prominence of the cult of Amun, resulting in Amun becoming merged with the sun god Ra), in an attempt to put his ideas in a familiar Egyptian religious context.
		Temples Akhenaten had built, including the temple at Thebes, were disassembled by his successors Ay and Horemheb, reused as a source of easily available building materials and decorations for their own temples, and inscriptions to Aten defaced.
		Akhenaten's name never appeared on any of the king lists compiled by later Pharaohs and it was not until the late 1800s that his identity was re-discovered and the surviving traces of his reign were unearthed by archaeolologists.
	www.arthistoryclub.com /art_history/Akhenaton (1604 words)

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