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Topic: Akkadian Empire

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Semitic Empire of Sargon of Akkad

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	Mesopotamia - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Later a Semitic language, Akkadian, came to be the dominant language, although Sumerian was retained for administrative, religious, literary, and scientific purposes.
		During the time of the Persian Empire of Sassanids, the much larger share of Mesopotamia was called Del-e Iranshahr meaning "Iran's Heart" and the metropol Ctesiphon (facing ancient Seleukia across the Tigris), the capital of Persia, was situated in Mesopotamia.
		During the reign of the Ottoman Empire, Mesopotamia was ruled as three separate vilayats, or territories: Mosul, Baghdad, and Basra, which included the territory that is now present-day Kuwait.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Mesopotamia (3901 words)

	Empire
		An empire is a large, multi-ethnic state, whose political structure is held together by coercion.
		Probably the first example was the Akkadian Empire of Sargon of Akkad.
		For example, the former Soviet Union fits many of the criteria of an empire, but nevertheless did not claim to be one, nor was it ruled by a traditional hereditary "emperor" (see Soviet Empire).
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/em/Empire.html (405 words)

	Akkadian Empire
		The driving force of that empire was the Akkadians, so called after the city of Akkad, which Sargon chose for his capital (it has not yet been identified but was presumably located on the Euphrates between Sippar and Kish).
		Akkadian tradition itself saw it in this light, however, and a learned treatise of the late 8th or the 7th century lists no fewer than 65 cities and lands belonging to that empire.
		The so-called Old Akkadian manner of writing is extraordinarily appealing from the aesthetic point of view; as late as the Old Babylonian era it served as a model for monumental inscriptions.
	www.angelfire.com /nt/Gilgamesh/akkadian.html (1367 words)

	20. The Last Babylonian Empire and the Empire of Darius I. Wells, H.G. 1922. A Short History of the World
		Cambyses went mad and was accidentally killed, and was presently succeeded by Darius the Mede, Darius I, the son of Hystaspes, one of the chief councillors of Cyrus.
		The Persian Empire of Darius I, the first of the new Aryan empires in the seat of the old civilizations, was the greatest empire the world had hitherto seen.
		Such an empire was possible because the horse and rider and the chariot and the made-road had now been brought into the world.
	www.bartleby.com /86/20.html (1037 words)

	Akkad and the Akkadians of Mesopotamia (Ancient Akkad) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		This great capital of the largest empire humans had ever seen up until that point later became the city of Babylon, which was the commercial and cultural center of the middle east for almost two thousand years.
		The Akkadians were Semites, that is, they spoke a language drawn from a family of languages called Semitic languages (the term "Semite" is a modern designation taken from the Hebrew Scriptures; Shem was a son of Noah and the nations descended from Shem are the Semites).
		Semites--whether Akkadians or a Semitic language group that had settled before them--may have had a part in the urbanization that took place at the end of the 4th millennium.
	history-world.org /akkadians.htm (2270 words)

	Akkadian Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planet03.csc.ncsu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Akkadian Empire usually refers to the Semitic speaking state that grew up around the city of Akkad north of Sumer, and reached its greatest extent under Sargon of Akkad.
		However, the Akkadian Empire was already starting to crumble during Shar-kali-sharri's reign, the son of Naram-Sin, and by the end of Shar-kali-sharri's reign, the Akkadian Empire collapsed outright from the invasion of barbarians of the Zagros known as "Gutians".
		The fall of the empire established by Sargon seems to have been as sudden as its rise, and little is known about the Gutian period.
	en.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/Akkadian_Empire (990 words)

	akkad
		The Akkadians were a Semitic people that occupied central Mesopotamia, the area that later came to be called Babylonia.
		Eventually they were defeated and Susa made the capital of the Akkadian viceroy and Akkadian was imposed as the new language of Elam.
		Naram-Sin pushed the boundaries of the Empire to the Zagros mountains.
	www.geocities.com /garyweb65/akkad.html (1029 words)

	Learn more about Empire in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Often these multi-ethnic entities were strengthened by the introduction of a common religion, as was the case under Constantine I of the Roman Empire.
		In the early 21st century, tendencies to refer to the USA as an empire could be seen, following the book Empire by Antonio Negri and Michael Hardt (see American Empire or History of United States Imperialism).
		An empire can also refer to the large economic holdings of one person, usually including the ownership of many different businesses and corporations.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /e/em/empire.html (536 words)

	I/11a Akkadian (2334 -2193 BC)
		The conquest of this empire by Sargon in 2334 B.C. resulted on a profound alteration on the armament and the structure of the ancient war machine.
		On the contrary, the Akkadian armies were equipped in a lightness form, did not wear the copper elements, becoming more swift on manoeuvring, together with the use of the bows that allowed distant fight, giving them a incontestable superiority.
		Thus, the Akkadian bowmen had an important role, as the battle result would depend upon their capacity to decimate the compact the Sumer shield ranks, creating breaches through which to infiltrate infantry armed with axes, spears and daggers.
	www.fanaticus.org /DBA/armies/I11a.html (783 words)

	Akkadian Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The empire was bound together by roads, along which there was a regular postal service; and clay seals, which took the place of stamps, are now in the Louvre bearing the names of Sargon and his son.
		A cadastral survey seems also to have been instituted, and one of the documents relating to it states that a certain Uru-Malik, whose name appears to indicate his Canaanitish origin, was governor of the land of the Amorites, as Syria and Palestine were called by the Babylonians.
		The fall of Sargon's empire seems to have been as sudden as its rise but not much is known about this period.
	publicliterature.org /en/wikipedia/a/ak/akkadian_empire.html (1413 words)

	ooBdoo
		Akkad gave its name to the Akkadian language, reflecting use of akkadû ("in the language of Akkad") in the Old Babylonian period to denote the Semitic version of a Sumerian text.
		While Sargon is traditionally cited as the first ruler of a combined empire of Akkad and Sumer, more recent work suggests that a Sumerian expansion began under a previous king, Lugal-Zage-Si of Uruk.
		Recent studies show that the earliest Akkadian origin was that of the Sycthian warrrior tribes.
	www.oobdoo.com /wikipedia/?title=Akkad (583 words)

	Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		For many centuries, the term "Empire" in the West applied exclusively to states which considered themselves to be successors to the Roman Empire, such as the Byzantine Empire, the Holy Roman Empire, or, later, the Russian Empire ruled from the "Third Rome" (Moscow).
		The Akkadian Empire of Sargon of Akkad furnishes one of the earliest known examples.
		The Mongol Empire was governed by kurultai, and there was freedom of religion, tax exemption and extensive trade routes that were nurtured by the Khan.
	empire.iqnaut.net (1542 words)

	Akkadians And Babylonians - History Forum
		The akkadians weakened and fell to invading barbarian from the mountains to the north.
		Akkadian and Sumerian must have had some influence on each other as closley related as were the speakers of those languages.
		Anyway back to 2340/70, the akkadians, a semitic population in the northern Mesopotamia (btw, Sumer was in south, near Persic Bay) defeated the summerian king Lugalzagesi under the command of Sargon I. The akkadian empire started its existence, but only for about a century as it fell under the gutians, invading from north.
	www.simaqianstudio.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=1869 (3181 words)

	Akkadian language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Akkadian (lišānum akkadītum) was a Semitic language (part of the greater Afro-Asiatic language family) spoken in ancient Mesopotamia, particularly by the Assyrians and Babylonians.
		Akkadian scribes wrote the language using cuneiform script, an earlier writing system devised by the Sumerians using wedge-shaped signs pressed in wet clay.
		Akkadian is an inflected language, and as a Semitic language its grammatical features are highly similar to those found in Classical Arabic.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Akkadian_language (1006 words)

	Cuneiform Resource Page - cunieform
		The Sumerian script was adapted for the writing of the Akkadian, Elamite, Hittite and Luwian languages, and it inspired the Old Persian and Ugaritic national alphabets.
		Written Akkadian included phonetic symbols from the Sumerian syllabary, together with logograms that were read as whole words.
		When the cuneiform script was adapted to writing the Hittite language, a layer of Akkadian logographic spellings was added to the script, with the result that we no longer know the pronunciations of many Hittite words conventionally written by logograms.
	www.globalcpr.com /Cuneiform.html (948 words)

	Sargon
		Akkadian is a Semitic language, akin to Hebrew and Arabic, which had long been spoken in northern Sumer and was soon to replace Sumerian altogether.
		Sargon and his successors, of whom Naram-Sin was the most notable, controlled by military force an area which reached from Tell Brak, on the headwaters of the Habur river, down to Elam, where they held the local princes subject.
		When Sargon died, his son faced an empire wide rebellion and he seems to have spent most of his nine years of rule reconquering his father's domains.
	cornellia.fws1.com /sargon.htm (858 words)

	Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Generally, an empire is defined as a state that extends dominion over areas and populations that are culturally and ethnically distinct from the culture at the center of power.
		Empires predate the Romans by several hundred years: Egypt, for example, created an empire in the 16th century BC by invading and then incorporating Nubia and the ancient city-states of the Levant.
		Empires cannot reliably be explained as a result of the cost/benefit analysis of the elites.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Empire (2368 words)

	Akkad And The Arts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Other stelae and the rock reliefs (which by their geographic situation bear witness to the extent of Akkadian conquest) show the carving of the period to be in the hands of less competent artists.
		Some compensation for the paucity of surviving Akkadian sculptures is to be found in the varied and plentiful repertoire of contemporary cylinder seals.
		The Akkadian dynasty ended in disaster when the river valley was overrun by the mountain tribes of northern Iran.
	ragz-international.com /akkad_and_the_arts.htm (920 words)

	Upto11.net - Wikipedia Article for History of Iraq
		The Akkadians were a Semitic people, that is, they spoke a language drawn from a family of languages called Semitic languages.
		In 2340 BC, the great Akkadian leader Sargon conquered Sumer and built the Akkadian Empire stretching over most of the Sumerian city-states and extending as far away as Lebanon.
		Iraq was carved out of the old Ottoman Empire by direction of the UK government on January 10 1919, and on November 11, 1920 it became a League of Nations mandate under British control with the name "State of Iraq".
	www.upto11.net /generic_wiki.php?q=history_of_iraq (4996 words)

	History of Man (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta Sumer is of one language until the Lord of Eridu estranged their tongues which is similar to the Tower of Babel story.
		The last King of the Akkad empire was Naram-Sin, which means "lover of Sin" the moon goddess.
		With the decline of Sumerian, Akkadian became the lingal franca in the second millenium BC until the time of the Persians when Aramaic was the offical language.
	hometown.aol.com /josh882424/history.html (547 words)

	Tell Leilan Project \| Yale University
		The third millennium BC Akkadian imperial penetration of the north Mesopotamian plain was the terminus of the village-state-empire trajectory of sixth to third millennium BC West Asia (Adams 1966; Stone 1995; Figure 1).
		The origins of the Akkadian empire, of course, are not open for investigation: we do not know how this empire was constructed but for Sargonic “great man” self-descriptions in 4,000 year old royal inscriptions (Frayne 1993).
		Akkadian control was designed to control access to exotic materials, such as metals and stone, situated further North or in the Indus (Oates 1976, Nissen 1988).
	research.yale.edu /leilan/akkadian (1826 words)

	Assyria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Later, as a nation and Empire, it also came to include roughly the northern half of Mesopotamia (the southern half being Babylonia), with Nineveh as its capital.
		The upper Tigris River valley seems to have been ruled by Sumer, Akkad, and northern Babylonia in its earliest stages; once a part of Sargon the Great's empire, it was destroyed by barbarians in the Gutian period, then rebuilt, and ended up being governed as part of the Empire of the 3rd dynasty of Ur.
		As the Hittite empire collapsed from onslaught of the Phrygians (called Mushki in Assyrian annals), Babylon and Assyria began to vie for Amorite regions, formerly under firm Hittite control.
	www.1bx.com /en/Assyria.htm (3753 words)

	Embassy of Iraq to the United States (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Akkadians (2340-2125 B.C.) were a Semitic people living on the Arabian Peninsula during the great flourishing period of the Sumerian city-states.
		Like the Akkadians, the Amorites centralized the government over the individual city-states and based their capital in the city of Babylon, which was originally called Akkad and served as the center of the Amorite empire.
		Baghdad was integrated into the Ottoman Empire until 1918, except for a brief Safavid reoccupation from 1623 to 1638.
	www.iraqiembassy.org /History.html (1468 words)

	- The Fall of the Akkadian Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Proud Akkadian soldiers, though outnumbered, were heavily optimistic on their chances for survivial.
		January 2131 BC- By now, the Sumerian Armies were at the gates of the Akkadian Empire.
		The proud empire which had stood for more than 800 years, was on the verge of collasping.
	www.alturasforums.com /forums/printthread.php?t=345 (401 words)

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