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Topic: Aksum

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Kingdom of Axum

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	Aksum - UNESCO World Heritage Centre
		The ruins of the ancient city of Aksum are found close to Ethiopia's northern border.
		They mark the location of the heart of ancient Ethiopia, when the Kingdom of Aksum was the most powerful state between the Eastern Roman Empire and Persia.
		The massive ruins, dating from between the 1st and the 13th century A.D., include monolithic obelisks, giant stelae, royal tombs and the ruins of ancient castles.
	whc.unesco.org /en/list/15 (139 words)

	Kingdom of Aksum Summary
		Aksum was previously been thought to have been founded by Semitic-speaking Sabaeans who crossed the Red Sea from South Arabia (modern Yemen) on the basis of Conti Rossini's theories and profilic work on Ethiopian history, but most scholars now agree that it was an indigenous development.
		Aksum and South Arabia at the end of GDRT's reign in the 3rd century.
		Aksum began to decline in the 7th century AD, and the population was forced to go farther inland to the highlands, eventually being defeated c.
	www.bookrags.com /Kingdom_of_Aksum (2060 words)

	Aksum - Chs. 1-3. by Dr. Stuart Munro-Hay.
		Aksum is still today a sorting and distribution centre for the frankincense produced in the region, and it is not unlikely that the coastal stations visited by the ancient Egyptians acquired their incense from the same sources.
		Aksum appears on a map by Pizzigani in 1367 as Civitas Syone, the City of Zion, appropriately enough in view of its cathedral dedicated to Mary of Zion.
		Aksum may have been obliged by necessity to tolerate an imperfect situation for some time, until through a policy of gradual replacement by Aksumite officials of hereditary rulers with a hold on local loyalties, the separate identity of the smaller entities was slowly eroded away.
	users.vnet.net /alight/aksum/mhak1.html (18263 words)

	Aksum, Ethiopia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Aksum or Axum, is the capital of Tigray (or Tigre) province in the north of Ethiopia at 2100 m above sea level.
		Aksum is considered a holy city for the Ethiopian Orthodox church; according to tradition, the Cathedral of Beit Miriam (St. Mary of Zion) contains the Ark of the Covenant.
		This is claimed to have been transferred from Jerusalem to Aksum in 1000 BC, before the destruction of Solomon's temple, by Emperor Menelik I, the legendary son of Solomon and the Queen of Sheba.
	www.ozoutback.com.au /worldpics/Africa/Ethiopia/aksum.html (404 words)

	Aksum - Chs. 6-10. by Dr. Stuart Munro-Hay.
		The `daughters of Zion' (the young women of Aksum) gathered in two rows on either side of the pathway near one of the Aksumite inscriptions to the east of the cathedral.
		The soils in the Aksum region may have suffered from excessive exploitation and erosion (though there are still some good farmlands in the area), but the rich lands to the south which were the heartland of the later Ethiopian kingdom were very fertile.
		Within the area of Aksum's control, circulation of the coinage could have been encouraged by the demanding of coinage payments for certain taxes, by state payments for military and other services in coinage, and by the gradual increase in the number of merchants in the markets using it as the standardised medium of exchange.
	users.vnet.net /alight/aksum/mhak3.html (20390 words)

	Ethiopia - Ethiopian History - Aksum
		By the time of the fourth century, Aksum was already at its peak in land sovereignty, which included most of the southern Yemen.
		From its capital on the Tigray Plateau, Aksum was in command of the trade of ivory with Sudan.
		At its peak, Aksum controlled territories as far as southern Egypt, east to the Gulf of Aden, south to the Omo River, and west to the Cushite Kingdom of Meroe.
	www.geocities.com /mentiso/aksum (364 words)

	Ancient Ethiopian City of Aksum
		To the faithful of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church, Aksum is the place where the Ark of the Covenant was brought by Menelik I, son of the
		For a while in the sixth century Aksum was powerful enough to expand across the Red Sea to enclose the region of Saba (modern Yemen) within its borders.
		The decline of Aksum in the eight century may have been largely to do with their loss of trade to the Persians and Arabs.
	wysinger.homestead.com /aksum.html (1266 words)

	Kingdom of Aksum @ National Geopgraphic Magazine (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Aksum today is a dusty agricultural town surrounded by a patchwork of farms clinging to terraced mountains, cut off from the Red Sea by Eritrea, which won its independence from Ethiopia in 1993.
		Storming through Aksum, she destroyed churches, forced the king to hide the Ark of the Covenant back at Tana Kirkos, and, finally, invaded the capital, killed the king, and ascended the throne.
		It is the promise of Lalibela, and the legacy of Aksum.
	www7.nationalgeographic.com /ngm/data/2001/07/01/html/ft_20010701.fulltext.6.html (2531 words)

	Aksum presented in Non Famous section
		The ancient Ethiopian City of Aksum was one of the powerful urban kingdoms of the sub-Saharan societies of Africa flourished in the centuries before and after the time of Christ.
		Aksum was the first African civilization, not including African cities under the Roman Empire, to produce coins.
		Aksum, the site of Ethiopia’s most ancient city, is today a small town and lowly town surrounded by dry hills, ignorant of its glorious past.
	www.newsfinder.org /site/more/aksum (1178 words)

	Kingdom of Aksum - Definition, explanation
		The Kingdom of Aksum (or Axum), was an important trading nation in northeastern Africa, growing from ca.
		Aksum traded with India and Rome (later Byzantium, a strong cultural influence on Aksum), exporting ivory, tortoise shell, gold and emeralds, and importing silk and spices.
		With time and expanding Islamic influence, Aksum was forced into isolation and thus lost its privileged position in international and regional trade, but it still had relatively good relations with all of its Muslim neighbors.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/k/ki/kingdom_of_aksum.php (724 words)

	EthiopianHistory.Com :: Aksum
		Aksum’s foundation is suggested to be as early as 300 BCE.
		Aksum was also within an accessible distance to the port of Adulis, on the coast of the Red Sea, hence maintaining trade relations with other nations, such as Egypt, India, and Arabia.
		Aksum’s ‘fertile’ and ‘well-watered’ location produced enough food for its population as well as its exotic animals, such as elephants and rhinoceros (Pankhurst 1998, 22-3).
	www.ethiopianhistory.com /articles.php?id=Aksum (352 words)

	The magnificence of Aksum: Revisiting Ethiopian civilization
		On the contrary, the sophisticated mason culture and architecture of Aksum was replicated in Wello, Tigray, and Eritrea.
		The magnificence of Aksum is attested by credible historical evidence on the extent of its trade, its literature, architecture, and governance.
		Aksum was honored both during the Old and the New Testament and it is a great country a living proof of history where Ethiopian kings accomplished great deeds and fulfilled their obligations.” - Haile Selassie I, Tir 30, 1957 EC webmaster@ethiomedia.com
	www.ethiomedia.com /newpress/magnificent_axum.html (2916 words)

	Аксум - Aksum
		The ruins of The ancient city of Aksum are found close to Ethiopia’s nor Thern border.
		They mark The location of The heart of ancient Ethiopia, when The Kingdom of Aksum was The most powerful state between The Eastern Roman Empire and Persia.
		Long after its political decline in The 10th century, Ethiopian emperors continued to be crowned in Aksum.
	www.outdoors.ru /unesco/15.php (97 words)

	The Seattle Times: Nation & World: Obelisk, new finds unleash debate in Ethiopia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		AKSUM, Ethiopia —; Ato Gebrmedihin, who estimates his age at about 90, remembers when Italy's invading army in 1937 looted this ancient city's 1,700-year-old, intricately carved obelisk, on the orders of Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini, who wanted to mark his brief occupation of Ethiopia.
		Aksum is also widely believed to have been one of the first places in the world to adopt Christianity after the Middle East and is an important site of pilgrimages in the Christian world, according to Giorghis and other experts.
		Around Aksum, the donkey is the prevailing mode of transportation, and farming is still done with ancient wooden tools like those found in museum cases.
	seattletimes.nwsource.com /html/nationworld/2002707622_obelisk28.html (742 words)

	AllRefer.com - Aksum (Eritea And Ethiopia Political Geography) - Encyclopedia
		Aksum or Axum[both: AksOOm´] Pronunciation Key, town (1994 pop.
		Aksum was the capital of an empire (c.1st–8th cent.
		The Ark of the Covenant is said to have been brought there from Jerusalem in Solomon's time and placed in the church of St. Mary of Zion, where Ethiopia's emperors were later crowned.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/A/Aksum.html (195 words)

	Aksum Obelisk Demonstrations Held in London and Washington
		Demonstrations in favour of the return to Ethiopia of the Aksum Obelisk looted in 1937 on the personal orders of the Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini were held on 14 September in both London and Washington.
		Two represenatives of the London demonstration, Professor Richard Pankhurst, OBE, and Ato Mulugeta Asserate, were received by the Italian Deputy Ambassador Signor Cesare Capitani, who refused to talk to a BBC reporter Mike Thompson.
		Ato Mulugeta declared that Aksum was the historical cradle of Ethiopian civilisation, and that Ethiopians wanted the obelisk well in place before Ethiopia celebrated its Millennium.
	www.addistribune.com /Archives/2004/09/17-09-04/Aksum.htm (263 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		This coin was minted during the reign of King Joel in sixth-century Aksum.
		Between the second and the ninth centuries, the kingdom of Aksum prospered in Ethiopia.
		The old religious symbols of the sun and the moon no longer appeared on coins and were replaced with a cross, which was enlarged over the years.
	www.british-museum.ac.uk /compass/ixbin/print?OBJ13498 (169 words)

	Ethiopian Treasures - Queen of Sheba, Aksumite Kingdom - Aksum
		Yeha, the country's pre-Aksumite foundation of Ethiopian civilisation, is situated between Aksum and Adwa in the province of Tigray.
		After Yeha had fallen the town of Aksum was established during the reign of the Queen Sheba (known as Saba or Makeda by Ethiopians) in 500 BC.
		Aksum became the ancient city of Ethiopian civilisation and a powerful kingdom.
	www.ethiopiantreasures.toucansurf.com /pages/aksum.htm (1587 words)

	March (Site not responding. Last check: )
		According to legend, Aksum was the Queen of Sheba's capital in the 10th century BC.
		The ancient world knew the Kingdom of Aksum as a great power; for 1000 years Aksum dominated the trade routes between Africa and Asia and controlled the Red Sea.
		To our eyes, as we walk down Aksum's wide and rural streets, it's hard to imagine that this was the center of a great civilization.
	www.fullpassport.com /Trip2002/Diary/mar-4.html (246 words)

	Aksum - World Heritage Site - Pictures, info and travel reports
		The city of Aksum emerged several centuries before the birth of Christ, as the capital of a state that traded with ancient Greece, Egypt and Asia.
		They suggest that it was from Aksum that Makeda, the fabled Queen of Sheba, journeyed to visit King Solomon in Jerusalem.
		Overall I would say that Aksum is one of the most intersting sights I visited in Ethiopia and it is well worth the trek.
	www.worldheritagesite.org /sites/aksum.html (1690 words)

	Wonders of the African World - Episodes - The Holy Land - Wonders
		Its kings minted a gold coinage when almost no one else in the world was rich enough to afford it or sophisticated enough to require it.
		Aksum's mythical past has been preserved in the famous epic known as The Glory of Kings.
		When he travels to Jerusalem himself to be anointed by his father, the Ark of the Covenant, the chest containing the tablets of stone inscribed with the Ten Commandments, accompanies him to Ethiopia, where it will remain until the End of Time and the Last Judgement.
	www.pbs.org /wonders/Episodes/Epi4/4_wondr1.htm (221 words)

	Ethiopians Ponder Disrupting Their Present to Reclaim Past
		The final piece of the Aksum obelisk was unloaded in April after the stele's return from Italy, where it was taken in 1937 by the forces of Benito Mussolini.
		"Aksum is one of the least known civilizations in the world," said Fasil Giorghis, an Ethiopian architect and leader of a team of archaeologists and historians who are working in Aksum, as he hunched over reams of drawings in his office.
		Aksum's wealth and architectural achievements were recorded in Greek and Arab literature of that era.
	www.washingtonpost.com /wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/14/AR2005121402174.html (630 words)

	Aksum: Viele Informationen uber Aksum an aligisassu.it
		Aksum gilt in der koptischen christlichen Kirche als heilige Stadt.
		In der ersten Hälfte des vierten Jahrhunderts wurde sie, nach dem Übertritt König Ezanas von Aksum zum Christentum, eine der ersten christlichen Hauptstädte.
		Das Reich von Aksum gilt als einer der ersten afrikanischen Staaten (nach Ägypten und den angrenzenden nubischen Staaten).
	www.aligisassu.it /a/ak/aksum.html (516 words)

	Kingdom Of Axum
		During the centuries of the ascent of Aksum and the city-states, the pattern of life of innumerable interior Africans began to alter drastically.
		This in turn propelled at least one set of agriculturists from their original based in eastern Nigeria southeastward toward the border of Zaire and Zambia; this group then traveled westward, southward, and northeastward until it met a southern- and western-moving flank of people involved in pastoral pursuits.
		In these texts his expeditions to several parts of the country, including lowland areas (where camels were the principal means of transport) and lofty Samen mountains, as well as westwards to the confluence of the Blue and White Niles in what is now the Sudan.
	www.geocities.com /ps5kingdoms/Axum (835 words)

	Archived conservation news articles on Aksum
		He endured oven-like heat, thirst and exhaustion to reach Aksum, the ancient kingdom where the Ark of the Covenant is said to be housed.
		AKSUM, ETHIOPIA.- Major archaeological vestiges have been discovered at the World Heritage site of Aksum (Ethiopia) by the experts UNESCO sent to Aksum...
		The town of Aksum is the centre of Ethiopian religion and the 1,700 year old obelisk was taken from there by Mussolini's troops in 1937.
	conservation.mongabay.com /news/Aksum.htm (1119 words)

	Aksum - HighBeam Encyclopedia
		Aksum was the capital of an empire (c.1st-8th cent.
		KEEPERS OF THE FAITH.(archaeological research and Christian antiquities in Aksum, Ethiopia)
		Bridging two worlds: The Aksum-Arabia Axis: The importance and influence of Aksum, an ancient empire that once held sway over both sides of the Red Sea.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-Aksum.html (346 words)

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