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	Kingdom of Aksum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Kingdom of Aksum at its height extended across portions of present-day Eritrea, northern Ethiopia, Yemen, southern Saudi Arabia northern Somalia, Djibouti, and northern Sudan.
		Aksumite Christianity may be one of the foundations for the legend of Prester John.
		After this period, the Axumite kingdom was succeeded by the Zagwe dynasty in the eleventh century or twelfth century, although limited in size and scope.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Axumite_Kingdom (1520 words)

	History of Yemen - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		2.6 Kingdom of Himyar (100 BCE - 520 CE)
		Kingdom of Himyar (100 BCE - 520 CE)
		Aksumite control in Yemen ended in 570 with the invasion of the elder Sassanid general Vahriz who, according to later legends, famously killed Masruq with his well-aimed arrow.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Yemen (5637 words)

	Aksum - Chs. 1-3. by Dr. Stuart Munro-Hay.
		Aksumite origins are still uncertain, but a strong South Arabian (Sabaean) influence in architecture, religion, and cultural features can be detected in the pre-Aksumite period from about the fifth century BC, and it is clear that contacts across the Red Sea were at one time very close (Ch.
		Aksumite inscriptions from this period are in three scripts and two languages; Ge`ez, the local language, written both in its own cursive script and in the South Arabian monumental script (Epigraphic South Arabian, or ESA), and Greek, the international language of the Red Sea trade and the Hellenized Orient.
		Aksumite settlements also appear to the west and north of Adulis, and the inscription of Sembrouthes from Daqqi Mahari, the buildings and coins from Arato (Piva 1907), and even traces as far north as Rora Laba and perhaps beyond, confirm that this region belonged to the Aksumite milieu.
	users.vnet.net /alight/aksum/mhak1.html (18263 words)

	Aksum - Chs. 4-5. by Dr. Stuart Munro-Hay.
		Aksumite rulers were highly successful from our point-of-view; most of the Aksumite kings are known to us only from the legends on their coins, all other evidence for their existence having perished or disappeared among the ruins of Aksum.
		But the Ethiopian kingdom itself did not remain static; as it lost in the north and east, it gained in the south, and the dynastic capitals of the later Zagwé (c1137) and Solomonic (c1270) dynasties were successively situated further in that direction.
		At some time before 1003 the foreign queen's rule was terminated, the Ethiopian kingdom restored and the church hierarchy reinstated with metropolitan Daniel; but one might imagine that the destruction of cities and churches, and the death or captivity of part of the population, left the country in a weaker condition than before.
	users.vnet.net /alight/aksum/mhak2.html (18933 words)

	Ethiopia - HISTORY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The Aksumite state emerged at about the beginning of the Christian era, flourished during the succeeding six or seven centuries, and underwent prolonged decline from the eighth to the twelfth century A.D. Aksum's period of greatest power lasted from the fourth through the sixth century.
		At the kingdom's height, its rulers held sway over the Red Sea coast from Sawakin in present-day Sudan in the north to Berbera in present-day Somalia in the south, and inland as far as the Nile Valley in modern Sudan.
		Meanwhile, to the south of the kingdom, segments of the Oromo population--cultivators and suppliers of goods exportable to the Red Sea coast and beyond--had developed kingdoms of their own, no doubt stimulated in part by the examples of the Amhara to the north and the Sidama kingdoms to the south.
	www.mongabay.com /reference/country_studies/ethiopia/HISTORY.html (19049 words)

	What are the Axum Obelisks? « Elginism
		The kingdom, of which it was the centre, was founded by Semitic speaking Aksumites or Habash (Abyssinians) and owed its development to a range of factors.
		The Aksumites had a diverse and difficult territory to subdue, which they seemed to achieve, acquiring dominance over the Red Sea straits and over the sea to what are now the Yemeni and Saudi Arabian coastlands, and beyond.
		Perhaps the most spectacular achievements of the Aksumite kingdom were the construction of the great monoliths, of which the example taken by the Italians was the finest.
	www.elginism.com /20050707/161 (1470 words)

	Let's Look Across the Red Sea, III
		The proximity of the Aksumite Kingdom to Yemen led to periodical armed conflicts between the two states on either side of the Red Sea.
		The Aksumites, who by the beginning of the third century AD held a position of paramountcy in the area, at around that time undertook several expeditions to South Arabia.
		The authors of such inscriptions were, however, opponents of the Aksumites, and, being naturally reluctant to record the victories of their enemies, as Munro-Hay has argued, wrote little about the Ethiopian occupation.
	www.addistribune.com /Archives/2003/01/31-01-03/Let.htm (1415 words)

	Foundations of Aksumite Civilization and Its Christian Legacy (1st–7th century A.D.) \| Special Topics Page \| ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Located approximately thirty miles southwest of Yeha, the fertile Hatsebo plain where Aksumite civilization originated began to be populated in the fourth to third centuries B.C., developing into a kingdom between the mid-second century B.C. and the mid-second century A.D. Aksum (Axum) is perhaps most renowned internationally for its
		Aksumite ties through Adulis to the Red Sea would remain vital to the kingdom throughout its history, a factor that contributed to Aksum's decline in the seventh century when increasing Muslim dominance of the region cut off access to international trade.
		The minting of Aksumite coins begins in the third century A.D., and from this point it is possible to date the individual reigns of Aksumite royalty.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/hd/aksu_1/hd_aksu_1.htm (562 words)

	A Chinese in the Nubian and Abyssinian Kingdoms (8th Century)
		This suggests that it had been Adulis, the outlet to the sea of the Aksumite kingdom, or, as this port was in decline in that period, Badi.
		In addition to that, we know that the Nubian kingdoms especially in the 8th century were in contact, both economically and politically, with the Aksumite kingdom.
		Morin, 1998 : "The Kingdom of Dankali, Ethiopia and Yaman (Baylûl Revisited)", Äthiopien und seine Nachbarn, Ethiopia and its Neighbors, Orbis Aethiopicus, 3.
	cy.revues.org /document33.html (7894 words)

	Apolyton ExtraCivs Pack Summaries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Later, in the first century CE, Roman and Greek sources indicate that a kingdom called Aksum was thriving; the city of Adulis (near present-day Massawa) is frequently mentioned because it had become one of the most important port cities in Africa.
		The Aksumite rulers carried the title "negusa nagast" (king of kings), symbolic of their rule over numerous tribute-paying principalities and a title used by successive Ethiopian rulers into the mid-twentieth century.
		By the tenth century a post-Aksumite Christian kingdom (sometimes called Amhara) had emerged that controlled the central northern highlands from modern Eritrea to Shewa (region around Addis Abeba) and the coast from old Adulis to Zeila (in present-day Somalia).
	home.student.utwente.nl /w.snijders/ExtraCivs/EthiopianHistory.html (1428 words)

	Ethiopia
		They seem to have contributed directly to the rise of the Aksumite kingdom, a trading state that prospered in the first centuries of the Christian era and that united the shores of the southern Red Sea commercially and at times politically.
		It was an Aksumite king who accepted Christianity in the mid-fourth century, a religion that the Aksumites bequeathed to their successors along with their concept of an empire-state under centralized rulership.
		The Zagwe heartland was well south of the old Aksumite domain, and the Zagwe interlude was but one phase in the long-term southward shift of the locus of political power.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/Ethiopia.html (4742 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		During the 1st to the 9th century, Eritrea was part of the Aksumite kingdom, a trading state that emerged about the first century A.D. The Aksumites perfected a written language and maintained relations with the Byzantine Empire, Egypt, and the Arabs.
		From the 8th to the 13th century, Eritrea was part of the seven Beja kingdoms and then from the 13th to the 16th century was part of the Bellou kingdom.
		These include the Ptolemic Egyptians (3rd C. BC), the Sennar kingdom (16th-19th C.), the Abyssinian kingdom (14th-18th C., 19th C.), the Adal sultanate (15th-16th C.), the Aussa sultanate (16th-19th C.), Egypt under Muhammad Ali (18th C.), and the Ottoman Turks (16th-19th C.).
	www.geocities.com /elsagebre/geography.html (502 words)

	Ethiopia - Summary of History
		The Ethiopian state originated in the Axumite (also Aksumite) kingdom, a trading state that emerged around the first century A.D. Axum’s core area lay in the highlands of what are today northern Ethiopia and southern Eritrea.
		The Zagwe kingdom was born out of the cultural and political interactions of the Cushitic and Semitic peoples in the northern highlands.
		The weakened Christian kingdom was pressured by Oromo insurgents in the South and by Muslims from the coast.
	www.ethioworld.com /History/summary.htm (1171 words)

	Detail Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The kingdom also supplied elephants for military conquests waged by the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt, as well as rhinoceros horn, animal hides, gold dust, spices, tortoise shell, frankincense, and myrrh.
		There also is evidence that Aksumite manufacturing was sufficiently developed for the kingdom to make—and even export—glassware and crystal, as well as brass and copper items.
		Whatever the ultimate reason for Ezana's decision, its significance to Ezana and his kingdom is made clear by the way in which Aksumite coins began to bear images of the Cross of Christ rather than either symbols from Aksum's traditional, polytheistic religions or images of Ezana himself.
	www.fofweb.com /Onfiles/Ancient/AncientDetail.asp?iPin=AFR0029 (1581 words)

	Biblical Cush - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Others again, like Johann Michaelis and Rosenmuller, have proposed that the name Cush was applied to tracts of country on both sides of the Red Sea, in Arabia (Yemen) and in Africa.
		In the 5th century AD the Himyarites, in the south of Arabia, were styled by Syrian writers as Cushaeans and Ethiopians, and it is certain that the present-day areas of Yemen and Eritrea were both ruled together by one dynasty (see Aksumite Kingdom) at that time.
		The existence of a historical Kush between Egypt and Nubia cannot reasonably be questioned, though the term is employed in the Old Testament with some latitude.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Cush (898 words)

	Ethiopian Treasures - Queen of Sheba, Aksumite Kingdom - Aksum
		When the Aksumite kingdom accepted the arrival of Christianity, during the reign of King Ezana in the fourth century, the Felashas (Beta Israel or Ethiopian Jews) refused to accept Christianity and continued to practise Judaism, which they still do today.
		The original church of Saint Mary of Zion was built in the fourth century during the reign of King Ezana who converted the Aksumite kingdom to Christianity.
		A replica of the Ark of the Covenant, known as the tabot (the tablet), is kept in the holy of holies (Maqdas) in every Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church to indicate that no church is considered consecrated without a replica of the Ark of the Covenant.
	www.ethiopiantreasures.toucansurf.com /pages/aksum.htm (1587 words)

	EthiopianHistory.Com :: Aksum
		There is little in common between the Aksumites and the earlier pre-Aksumite civilizations (Munro-Hay 1991, 4).
		The Aksumite kingdom was located in the northern province of Tigray and there it remained the capital of Ethiopia until the seventh century CE.
		The Aksumites' language, Ge'ez, was a modified version of the South Arabian rudiments, with admixtures of Greek and Cushitic tongues already present in the region.
	www.ethiopianhistory.com /aksum (352 words)

	Ethiopian Treasures - Zagwe Dynasty, Rock-hewn Churches - Lalibela
		It is said that at that time the Felashas refused to pay taxes to the Aksumite kingdom and the king of Aksum sent troops to the Felasha regions and forced them to pay taxes.
		In tenth century, Queen Gudit united the Felashas, and marched on Aksum to try to remove Christianity and the Aksumite dynasty from Ethiopia once and for all.
		She destroyed Aksum, overthrew and killed the King and Princes ending the Aksumite kingdom.
	www.ethiopiantreasures.toucansurf.com /pages/lalibela.htm (406 words)

	African Christianity in Ethiopia \| Special Topics Page \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The growth of the Aksumite state ended after the Persian conquest of South Arabia, which displaced the trade routes of the Red Sea.
		Churches most likely based on Aksumite precedents were hewn out of living rock in the mountains of Lasta.
		While earlier Aksumite churches were circular, later constructions deliberately attempted to mimic those of the description of King Solomon's temple in the Old Testament.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/hd/acet/hd_acet.htm (1070 words)

	2004 Study Day Abstracts
		This paper explores the interaction between the Roman Red Sea and the Aksumite Kingdom of East Africa from the first through sixth centuries AD.
		The Aksumite polity arose in the first century AD, although its antecedents may be traced in northern Ethiopia and in Eritrea for several centuries previously.
		2: The Kingdom of Jerusalem and the Frankish East.
	www.dur.ac.uk /red.sea/StudyAbst.html (2391 words)

	Yeha - Pre-Aksumite Archaeological Site
		As with the Aksumite remains at Matara, Yeha provides an additional advantage for the study of its surviving pre-Aksumite architecture: there was little or no significant later construction obscuring or further damaging the remains.
		The pottery associated with the pre-Aksumite stone foundations in Matara is much like that of the Intermediate period identified at the excavations in Yeha, helping designate this common level as dating between the 5th Century B.C.E. or earlier and the beginning of the Common Era.
		One thing that is certain is that this little-known African kingdom achieved a high level of culture and exerted its influence widely, before being overtaken and supplanted by another indigenous society that grew up in the same region, either a direct descendant of Da'amat or grown from a related culture, and became the Aksumite empire.
	hometown.aol.com /_ht_a/skipbdahlgren/sdahlgren/sdpicYeha.html (742 words)

	Abesha :: View topic - Ethiopian archeologists uncover several ancient relics
		The first known civilization in Ethiopia was that of the mighty Aksumite Kingdom.
		My first book was entitled "Ethiopia under the Kingdom of Sheba," which was published immediatly after I left Ethiopia and was translated into English in England, in the United States and Canada.
		While it certainly existed, it was very localized, existing in only a few towns, and the community existed for only a few decades or a century before being absorbed into the local population or maybe leaving back.
	www.abesha.com /boards/viewtopic.php?p=313691 (5462 words)

	Ancient Civilizations: Ancient: Africa: Ethiopia UFOseek directory for Ancient Civilizations/Ancient/Africa/Ethiopia
		Aksumite origin, language, kingdom, trade, conquers, and religion.
		Connections between Arabia and Abyssinia, Queen Sheba, Sabean religion, Aksum, conversion to Christianity, Lalibela's churches, accomplishments of some of Gonar's rulers and emperors of the modern era.
		The Kingdom of Aksum's height of power, rule over Meroe and southern Arabia, literature, architecture, and coins of Aksum, and establishment of Christianity.
	www.ufoseek.com /Ancient_Civilizations/Ancient/Africa/Ethiopia (126 words)

	The Aksumite State - Assata Speaks - Hands Off Assata - Let's Get Free - Revolutionary - Pan-Africanism - Black On ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The Aksumite State - Assata Speaks - Hands Off Assata - Let's Get Free - Revolutionary - Pan-Africanism - Black On Purpose - Liberation - Forum
		Assata Speaks - Hands Off Assata - Let's Get Free - Revolutionary - Pan-Africanism - Black On Purpose - Liberation - Forum > It's Time To Get Organized!
		Last Online : 1 Day Ago 07:06 PM Join Date: May 2004
	www.assatashakur.org /forum/showthread.php?t=6315 (1353 words)

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