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Topic: Al urf

In the News (Sun 27 May 12)

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	Urf and Istishab (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Urf and its derivative 'Maruf' both occur in the Quran, mostly in the sense of "good" (as opposed to "bad or evil") adehrence to Allah's injunctions, (The Quran - 3:110; 7:199).
		However, this rule is applicable in the case of Urf of the Muslim nations and when the Urf is not in conflict with the rules, essence and spirit of Shariah.
		Urf has also been classified as Urf al Sahih (valid Urf - valid according to the Quran and the Sunnah) and Urf-al-Fasid (disapproved Urf, not valid according to the Quran and the Sunnah).
	www.ymofmd.com /books/uaf/urf_and_istishab.htm (1114 words)

	Islamica Community Forums - Consideration of Urf in the Judgments of the Khulafa al Rashidun and the Early Fuqah (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		This might be why al Nakha'i recommends that the guardians of orphans invest their wards' wealth in either a mudarabah undertaking or in some other profitable business.
		Al Mawardi states that once when 'Umar received a large, amount of sadaqah from Bahrain, he consulted the Companions on how it should be managed.
		Khalid ibn al Walid, who was also at this meeting, related what he had seen in Syria, where apparently the Byzantine rulers had their own diwan system.
	www.islamicaweb.com /archive/t-32512 (2692 words)

	al-Hiwar: Words Matter: Something's Fishawy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		'Urf is defined as, "local customs or laws which may exist alongside Islamic law." Al-Fishawy denies the charge and has refused to submit to DNA testing.
		The concept of 'urf is one which comes up often in my discussions with Islamists in Yemen, mainly with regard to women's issues.
		Thus, the wearing of the niqab, or full face veil, is considered to be 'urf, and is actively denounced many members of the Islah party, including the head of the Women's Directorate, Dr. Amat al-Salaam Raja', herself a Professor of Fiqh and Usul al-Din (jurisprudence and the principles of religion) at Sana'a University.
	al-hiwar.blogspot.com /2005/01/somethings-fishawy.html (789 words)

	Explanation of Some Juristic Terms - Al-Masaalih al-Mursalah, `urf and Al-Istihsaan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		According to Ibn Burhan, it relates to matters which are not, fully or partly, expressly prescribed by the Shari`ah.
		`urf, in simple words, is what we know as 'tradition' or 'general custom'.
		According to the Muslim scholars of the science of legislation, in the absence of an express directive of the Shari`ah, `urf serves is a binding standard of acceptable behavior.
	www.understanding-islam.com /related/text.asp?type=question&qid=2522 (320 words)

	Ketabook Core List R1 - Basic Reference Works
		Sa'id al Ahrash, Burdat al Busiri bi al Maghrib wa al Andalus (The panegyric of Al Busiri in the Islamic west), $ 24.50
		'Abd Allah Najmi, Al Tasawwuf wa al Bid'a (the 'Akakiza sufi sect in the 17
		Yusuf Ibn Al Zayyat Al Tadili, Al Tashawwuf ila Rijal Al Tasawwuf (biographies of saints in the medieval Maghrib), 1997, $38.50
	www.ketabook.com /listr2.asp (781 words)

	A Refutation of Fiqh al Aqaliyaat (Fiqh of Minorities) – A Jurisprudence to Assimilation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		This trend of thought led to an attempt to “re-invent” Islam, or Tajeed al Islam, such that it is brought into the modern world.
		The advocates of such thoughts were the like of Muhammad Abduh, who was placed as Sheikh al Azhar, by the British colonialists, but alas my discussion today is not on the origins of this thought process, but on one of it’s products.
		I will highlight the foundations of this thought, some key results that emerge from its application, and to answer the point whether there is a need for such jurisprudence.
	www.geocities.com /hamza_tzortzis/ARefutationofFiqhalAqaliyaat.htm (5038 words)

	Jeugdtheater Urf (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Soms was het ook wel een beetje spannend, en soms een beetje vies met gekus enzo.
		Het duurde veel te kort, ik dacht dat het pauze was voor een snoepje en limonade, maar toen was het al afgelopen.
		Als het bij ons komt in Oss kom ik heel graag weer kijken.
	www.urftheater.nl /home/stage_urfrecensies.html (294 words)

	[No title]
		Recently, Nash et al (2000) monitored the effects of time on feed on carcass traits in Limousin × Angus heifers, as well as Crews et al (2003), who measured British × European composite steers, bulls, and heifers at the weaning, yearling, and preharvest stages, using ultrasound.
		May et al (1992) and Nash et al (2000) also reported a linear increase in fat thickness as days on feed increased.
		In general, URF measurements were greater than UFT measurements since the beginning of the trial, which implies that URF measurements may be more useful than UFT for detecting back-fat differences in young and/or leaner cattle.
	www.cipav.org.co /lrrd/lrrd16/8/silv16058.htm (2338 words)

	Fiqh al Aqaliyaat (Fiqh of Minorities) — A Jurisprudence to Assimilation.--Ummah.comGeneral
		Fiqh al Aqaliyaat (Fiqh of Minorities) — A Jurisprudence to Assimilation.
		The meaning of “laws changing” is not that the laws of Shariah will change in accordance with the time and era, rather, laws that are based on custom and habit (urf) or the rules of Fiqh which are based on juristic opinion (ra’i) or Ijtihad have often been formulated in the light of prevailing custom.
		Since the Muslims gave their human minds the right to define and outweigh, which they are not able to do, due to the disparity in minds and views, they elected George Bush junior and rejected Al Gore on the basis of this principle.
	www.ummah.net /forum/showthread.php?t=20319 (4730 words)

	Centro Cultural Islámico de Valencia
		Alabado sea Alá y que la paz y la gracia sean con Sus mensajeros, sobre el sello elegido de todos ellos, nuestro profeta Mujámmad, sus familiares, compañeros y con todo aquel que los tomó como ejemplo.
		Como también pedimos al resto de hermanos, que la traten siempre con la mejor manera posible, sobre todo cuando esta falta de no cubrirse la parte de la cabeza como mandan los cánones islámicos, aún siendo ilícito, no deja de ser una falta leve y no es un pecado capital.
		Antes de realizar dicho contrato islámico, se debe recordar tanto al marido como a la mujer, su falta y que pidan perdón a Alá ensalzado sea, por haber convivido ilícitamente antes del matrimonio civil.
	www.webcciv.org /islam/al_islam_actualidad_fatuas.htm (8297 words)

	When does a journey count as travelling? (9644) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Some think that travelling is defined by ‘urf (local custom), so that whatever is customarily regarded as travelling is travelling, even if it is to a place that is close, and whatever is not regarded as travelling — i.e.
		If it is agreed that a trip counts as travelling based on both distance and ‘urf, there is no need for debate.
		If there is a difference between distance and ‘urf, then a person should act in accordance whatever is on the safe side.
	www.islam-qa.com /QA/5\|Jurisprudence_and_Islamic_Rulings(Fiqh)/Salaat_(_Prayer_)/Salaat_Ul-Musaafir_(Prayer_of_the_Traveler)/When_does_a_journey_count_as_travelling.10012001.9644.shtml (224 words)

	Islamic Economics Thought: Muslim Scholars on Islamic Economic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The Islamic rulings derived by the ijma' al-'ulama are those on which qualified jurists have reached consensus of opinions.7 The qiyas is to derive ruling in the Shari'ah, if the basis ('illah) of the ruling seems to be common in both.
		This method was invoked by the Maliki school of jurisprudence, and endorsed by the Hanafi school.s Finally, the 'urf is a custom, generally accepted, on which there exists no textual or analogical ruling, and the custom does not contradict Shari'ah.
		In public expenditure, al- Tartusi emphasised development and provision of physical infrastructure and public goods (and also subsidising the basic needs for human welfare).
	islamic-world.net /economics/economic_thought.htm (4809 words)

	Chapter Three
		He was very eager to stress that al Imam Malik and Abu Hanifah, and their companions, were more or less conforming to the opinions of the Tabi'un and the Sahabah before them (as opposed to generating their own Ijtihad), and had not transcended the jurisprudence of their predecessors.
		This was the case, by and large, with 'Abd Allah ibn 'Umar ibn al Khattab, 'Abd Allah ibn 'Amr ibn al 'As, al Zubayr, and 'Abd Allah ibn 'Abbas.
		Moreover, Ahl al Hadith agreed with Ahl al Ra'i on the necessity of having recourse to reason whenever a matter occurs for which there is no specific ruling in the source texts.
	www.usc.edu /dept/MSA/law/alalwani_usulalfiqh/ch3.html (2156 words)

	Ijtihad: Its Meaning, Sources, Beginnings and the Practice of Ra'y
		Also, the very force of ijtihad, from the era of tashri` (legislation) to the present (as discussed in detail in the article on the epochs of ijtihad), as a legitimate activity is derived from criticism and debate.
		(j) Al `Allamah Taj al‑Din al‑Subuki, in his book Jam` al jawami`, writes: Ijtihad as a technical term means the utmost efforts made by a faqih for arriving at presumption in regard to a hukm (of the Shari'ah).
		Then, in an effort to remove the vicious circle, al‑Muhaqqiq al Qummi says: The `faqih' is a person possessing such capacity as would lead to the knowledge of far`i ahkam of the Shari'ah.
	www.al-islam.org /al-tawhid/ijtihad/1.htm (6742 words)

	Protected Areas Programme - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Urf laws or customs, which include a significant element of environmental land-use, clearly dominate rural life to a greater extent than would legislation of central government (Herzog, in litt., 1991).
		In the unified Yemen there is reported to be an almost total lack of attempts to set up protected areas at the national level, extremely limited funding, lack of trained personnel in conservation issues, and an apparent lack of coordination between government institutions.
		Scholte, P., Al Khulaidi, A.W. and Kessler, J.J. The vegetation of the Republic of Yemen.
	www.unep-wcmc.org /protected_areas/data/countrysheets/yem.html (4382 words)

	Innovative Research and Renovation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The real innovator is the one who looks at the texts and the evidence with one eye, and at the reality of his era with another, so that he may harmonise between obligation and reality, and give to each event the judgement that is appropriate to its place, time and situation.
		This Hadith, which was quoted by Abu Dawuud in his Al Sunan, by Al Haakim in Al Mustadrak, by Al Baihaqii in Ma'rifat Al Sunan wal 'Aathaar, by Al Tabaraanii in Al 'Awsat, gives the Muslim nation a strong ray of hope, and dissipates the obscurity of despair.
		They both come from the same source and they al1 constitute a bof the tree that is damned in the Q'an, the Old Testament and the Bible: that is the tree of wicked materialism, which deprives man of his soul, life of its faith and society of the guidance of Allah.
	www.ymofmd.com /books/tsa/ch1p2.htm (7268 words)

	EIASIME - Newsletter 1999-2000: EIASIME Lectures and Seminars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The paper began by defining 'urf and allied terms, a task which revealed that 'urf is used with two separate and mutually antagonistic contexts.
		Second, it is identified with the civil law of the hisbah or else the customary law of the tribes, the hukm qabali or taghut, and is therefore set in opposition to the Shari'ah..
		Finally, the discussion was applied to a specific example, that of sharecroppiing contracts which are problematic in Islamic law, and especially within the Shafi'i school, but which are nevertheless found widely throughout the Islamic countries, by studying three modern written sharecropping contracts from al-'Udayn in northern Yemen.
	www.arts.ed.ac.uk /eisawi/newsletter99-00/EIASIMElectures.html (1404 words)

	Further Justifications for the Validity of Takaful (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		(ii) A transaction which originated from the ancient custom or ‘urf is permissible as long as such custom does not contravene any of the Divine principles and doctrine enshrined in the Holy Qur’an and the Sunnah of the Holy Prophet (s.a.w.).
		Islam, in this matter, has always been flexible in accepting any custom or ‘urf of the people which may be convenient for the society, but of course with the condition that such custom is in line with the Shari’ah.
		An insurance contract may be said to have originated from the ancient Arab custom (‘urf) the doctrine of ‘al-’Aqila’ which was approved by the Prophet (s.a.w.)
	islamic-finance.net /islamic-insurance/t-dispute/justifications-takaful.html (1353 words)

	Intrafamily Femicide in Defence of Honour: The Case of Jordan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		‘urf, however, considers honour as something that does not belong to one individual, but to the whole community.
		This honour of the females (and males) of the tribe has to be safe-guarded through the following measures: the protection and defence of the honour of all members, both male and female, and the imposition of serious penalty on those who threaten the honour of the tribe and all its members.
		This figure is an estimate for 1998 based on the census of 1994.
	www.secularislam.org /articles/femicide.htm (6822 words)

	Islamic caliphate - SourceWatch
		To these a re-establishment of "Islamic caliphate" means essentially a re-establishment of the Ottoman Empire and its continued evolution from where it ended in 1918, with perhaps more local autonomy.
		This view is usually associated with the Wahabist movement originating with Sunni power figures in Saudi Arabia, and nominally embodied in such regimes as the Afghanistan Taliban and such non-state actors as Al Qaeda.
		The various understandings developed in moder Islamic philosophy, all of which focus to some degree on the more abstract notion of khalifa or "stewardship" expressed directly in the Qur'an and in traditional Muslim practics, e.g.
	www.sourcewatch.org /index.php?title=Islamic_caliphate (470 words)

	Encyclopedia: Fiqh
		This is an Arabic phrase literally translated as People of the House, or family.
		Fatima Zahra also called Fatemeh Al Zahraa or Az-Zahra (Arabic:) was the daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his first wife Khadija.
		The Quran (Arabic: al-qurÄn literally the recitation; also called Al QurÄn Al KarÄ«m or The Noble Quran; or transliterated Quran, Koran, and less commonly Alcoran) is the holy book of Islam.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Fiqh (1902 words)

	St Katherine Protectorate - community guards (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The conservation ethic is deep rooted with the tribal system of al-hilf ('the agreement') to control seasonal use of pasture, or personal action dakhl ('essence') normally to protect trees.
		These systems were enforced by tribal law ('urf) so when a person pledges to uphold a principle that all tribes people regard as just, acting against it violates both his personal honour and 'urf itself.
		The Bedouin have constantly stressed the importance of using 'urf to assign responsibility for nature protection in specific areas to individual men who were 'ahl al-makan, i.e.
	www.stkparks.gov.eg /stk-sp-communityguards.htm (664 words)

	Lista de términos islámicos en árabe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Alhamdulillah - "alabanza al dios!" Exclamation de Qur'anic.
		kafir - "uno quién rechaza someter al un dios verdadero".
		Las palabras o las frases de un cierto inglés traducirían muy mal al árabe por razones culturales, por ejemplo la palabra inglesa "crusade" sería interpretada muy probablemente como significado "genocide", y la "justicia infinita" sería interpretada muy probablemente como significado "juicio divino" - adl en la justicia de Allah de implicación árabe.
	www.yotor.net /wiki/es/li/Lista%20de%20t%E9rminos%20isl%E1micos%20en%20%E1rabe.htm (2082 words)

	Discover Islam and Muslims - Usul Al Fiqh Al Islami Source Methodology in Islamic Jurisprudence: Methodology for ...
		31 Ibn Hajar, Al Isabah IV, 112; and Ibn 'Abd al Barr, Al Isti'ab (on the margins of Al Isabah) p.415.
		36 Al Mursal: A Hadith whose chain of narrators is broken at the end, ie.
		For the Fiqh and Hadith scholars of the early generations, however, this was not a great problem, as they were familiar with the Tabi'i narrators and the Shuyukh from whom they had heard and related Hadith.
	www.islamic-paths.org /Home/English/Discover/Book/Fiqh/Chapter03.htm (2656 words)

	Saudi Aramco World : Memories of a Muslim Prince (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Its crumbling brown stones conjure the ghosts of crusading warriors and Muslim knights, sometimes at war, often at peace, who, clad in coats of mail, with banners flying and silver-tasseled horses a-gallop, rode the length and breadth of this same countryside.
		The once-mighty citadel is perched on the very edge of a rock-strewn spur called 'Urf al-Dik, the Cock's Comb.
		Strategically situated on this promontory, which rises 40 yards and is washed on three sides by the winding river, Shayzar looks over the deep gorge of the Orontes and the plain beyond.
	www.saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/197003/memories.of.a.muslim.prince.htm (2368 words)

	LE NOSTRE GUIDE DI VIAGGIO: SPECIALE BARBADOS, CARAIBI
		Ma in ogni caso, non potete sottrarvi al rito del rum che fa parte dell'arte di vivere di Barbados e sta alla base di cocktail deliziosi come il Rum and CocaCola o il Rum Punch, serviti in tutti i caffè e ristoranti della costa al tramonto o nei locali alla moda alla sera.
		Garrison Savannah, quartiere generale delle truppe britanniche durante il periodo coloniale, che oggi ospita l’ippodromo della capitale dove si incontrano gli appassionati di corse di cavalli e dove all’epoca coloniale i proprietari delle piantagioni venivano a giocare a polo.
		I collegamenti settimanali con Barbados si effettuano il mercoledì, con scalo a Santo Domingo all'andata e volo diretto al ritorno (arrivo il giovedì) e durano fino a fine marzo 2001.
	www.cartolinedalmondo.com /barbados.htm (3334 words)

	al- A÷ô#Aøô , Abå MuÈammad Ma#dÊkarib b. \|ays b. Ma#dÊkarib [I:696b] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The nickname, by which he is most commonly known, means “with unkempt or dishevelled hair”; he is also called, but less frequently, al-
		In 10/631 he was leader of the delegation (wafd) which offered the submission of a section of Kinda to the Prophet at al-
		rose in revolt with his clan and was besieged by Muslim troops in the castle of al-
	www.encislam.brill.nl /data/EncIslam/S2/SIM-0782.html (285 words)

	Talfiq and Acting Upon Rukhsahs and Their Rules (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		‘urfí (conventional) way, they are doomed to reject each other.
		‘urf widely accepted among the companions - is inadmissible.
		‘urfí understanding (common sense) resorts, in confrontation with a situation of disagreement between two cases, to such restriction.
	www.ahl-ul-bayt.org /MAGAZINE/English/Thaqalayn14/ch2_1.htm (6697 words)

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