Al-Anfal Campaign - Factbites

Al-Anfal Campaign - Factbites
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Topic: Al-Anfal Campaign

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	Al-Anfal Campaign - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The campaign takes its name from Surat Al-Anfal in the Qur'an, which was used as a code name by the former Iraqi Baathist regime for a genocidal campaign against the Kurdish community of southern Kurdistan.
		The al-Anfal campaign also involved the alleged killing and torturing of Kurdish families.
		The campaign, which began in 1986 and lasted until 1989, is said to have cost the lives of 182,000 civilian Kurds, according to Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Al-Anfal_Campaign (516 words)

	Arabization - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In part of the Al-Anfal Campaign, Saddam Hussein's Iraqi Ba'athist regime drove hundreds of thousands of Kurdish families out of their homes in Kirkuk after a Kurdish revolt, and gave their homes to Arab-speaking oil field workers as well as to other non-Kurdish people whom Saddam moved from southern Iraq to the city.
		Excavating the skeletons of Kurds killed at the Anfal Campaign.
		This violent campaign of Arabization was an attempt to transform the historically multi-ethnic city of Kirkuk, with a strong Kurdish majority according to the Ba'athist regime's own official census, into an Arab city.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Arabization (386 words)

	Gendercide Watch: The Anfal Campaign (Iraqi Kurdistan), 1988
		The anti-Kurdish "Anfal" campaign, mounted between February and September 1988 by the Iraqi regime of Saddam Hussein, was both genocidal and gendercidal in nature.
		It was the PUK that would bear the brunt of the Anfal campaign in 1988.
		In August 1988 -- with the Anfal campaign nearly over, and in the wake of a year-and-a-half of vicious chemical attacks on civilian populations -- "the United Nations Sub-Committee on Human Rights voted by 11 votes to 8 not to condemn Iraq for human rights violations.
	www.gendercide.org /case_anfal.html (4053 words)

	Aid & Development: Return of evicted Kurds causes new displacements
		These campaigns involved the violent, large-scale and systematic alteration of the ethnic composition of the northern region where forced displacements of one group went hand in hand with the settlement of another.
		The campaign included the use of chemical weapons, shelling and burning of villages, assassinations, contamination of water, police raids and large-scale dam projects.
		From the mid-1970s, much of this resulted from the Iraqi authorities' campaigns in the north of the country to neutralise Kurdish aspirations for independence and to strengthen control over some of the world's largest oil-reserves.
	electroniciraq.net /news/printer1372.shtml (2011 words)

	ABC News: Iraq's President: Saddam Admits to Kurdish Massacre
		The campaign, codenamed "Al-Anfal," or "the spoils" was conducted against Iraq's Kurdish minority as the 1980-88 Iran-Iraq war ended.
		6, 2005 -- Saddam Hussein has confessed to signing orders that led to the deaths of thousands during a military campaign in the late 1980s, Iraq's president, Jalal Talabani, said in an interview broadcast on Iraq TV tonight.
		Iraq's Kurdish minority supported Iran during the Iran-Iraq war, but al-Anfal is believed to have been more a response to a Kurdish uprising in 1975.
	abcnews.go.com /International/story?id=1102311 (303 words)

	The Moor Next Door: What is to Be Done With Arabism?
		It is as pluralistic as the famous, Al Anfal Campaign in Iraq was.
		Al Hursi believed in the "Arab" cause so much that he forbade of Persians and Kurds the right to occupy teaching positions and actively sought that they be alienated from Iraqi society.
		The racism practiced by Saat'i al Hursi in the name of the Arabs while he was the Minister of Education in Iraq (during the Mandate period) was a shame upon the Arabs.
	wahdah.blogspot.com /2005/03/what-is-to-be-done-with-arabism.html (1403 words)

	The Al-Douri Factor
		Following the first Gulf War, al Douri was one of the chief architects of the campaign to suppress the uprising that followed the conflict in the south.
		While smaller than the main al Qaeda contingents in Baghdad and Iraqi Kurdistan, the Times reported that the Mosul cell and its counterparts might be planning to attack U.S. forces trying to stabilize Iraq after the war, a line of analysis which seems to have panned out.
		Al Shamari revealed a wealth of purported information about pre-war ties between Iraq and al Qaeda, including details about the activities of Colonel Saadan Mahmoud Abdul Latif, a member of Ansar al-Islam's ruling council far better known as Abu Wael.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/1447596/posts (1197 words)

	Saddam not responsible for gassing the Kurds- Evidence -
		The tribunal holds Saddam and his associates responsible for the 1987-88 Al-Anfal campaign against Kurds.
		Al- Yawar defended Ahmed, saying that the former defence minister was a professional soldier, and was never involved in any of the killings, the former regime is charged with.
		Of Saddam’s 11 lieutenants, the only one who deserves to be freed, according to Al Yawar, is the former defence minister general Sultan Hashim Ahmad.
	www.aljazeera.com /me.asp?service_ID=6672 (832 words)

	Politics nearly as normal for Kurdish leader
		"It is not allowed for Ba'aths to enter," read the sign, also printed in Kurdish and Arabic - a reference to the hated former regime that tormented this and other Kurdish towns during the notorious al-Anfal campaign of the late 1980s.
		And as with all politicians on the campaign trail, Mr Salih came armed with crowd-pleasing rhetoric and a host of election promises.
		The Halabja monument, dedicated to the 5,000 victims of the chemical gas attack by Saddam Hussein's forces in March 1988, was built during Mr Salih's tenure as prime minister of the Kurdish regional government in Sulaimaniya.
	www.ekurd.net /mismas/articles/misc2005/1/vote93.htm (763 words)

	Presiding Judge in the Saddam Hussein Trial Reveals Discusses Possibility of Execution: Free Muslims Coalition
		The case of the Al-Anfal campaign in Kurdistan is well known, as are the events of 1991, in southern and central Kurdistan.
	www.freemuslims.org /news/article.php?article=840 (595 words)

	Mass grave - Psychology Central
		The 1988 Anfal campaign, during which as many as 182,000 people disappeared.
		Most of the men were separated from their families and were executed in deserts in the west and southwest of Iraq.
		The 1983 attack against Kurdish citizens belonging to the Barzani tribe, 8,000 of whom were rounded up by the regime in northern Iraq and executed in deserts at great distances from their homes.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Mass_grave (879 words)

	Whatever Happened To The Iraqi Kurds? (Human Rights Watch Report, March 11, 1991)
		Genocide in Iraq: The Anfal Campaign Against the Kurds
		The Anfal Campaign, Other Key Reports on Iraq
		The attacks were part of a long-standing campaign that destroyed almost every Kurdish village in Iraq -- along with a centuries-old way of life -- and displaced at least a million of the country's estimated 3.5 million Kurdish population.
	www.hrw.org /reports/1991/IRAQ913.htm (13680 words)

	VOA News Report
		Instead, it was a part of a deliberate campaign called Al-Anfal, intended by Saddam Hussein to kill and displace the predominately Kurdish inhabitants of northern Iraq.
		A study published in 1994 by Human Rights Watch concluded that the Al-Anfal campaign resulted in at least fifty-thousand deaths and perhaps as many as one-hundred-thousand deaths.
		Halabja and Al-Anfal are not simply history lessons but portents of what Saddam Hussein and his regime would be capable of doing in the future.
	www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/library/news/iraq/2003/iraq-030318-2118c32f.htm (421 words)

	Kurd , Kurdistan, Kurdistan Democratic Party-Iraq, KDP, barzani, kurd, arab, north iraq, party, kurdistan, kurd, rawanduz,barzani, kdp,hawler, irbil, Iraq,Irak,iraq,iraks, kurds, KURDISTAN,www.kdp.pp.se / www.kdp.se
		The campaign against the Kurds was dubbed al-Anfal by Saddam, after a chapter in the Koran that allows conquering Muslim armies to seize the spoils of their foes.
		The Anfal campaign was not an end in itself, like the Holocaust, but a means to an end—an instance of a policy that Samantha Power, who runs the Carr Center for Human Rights, at Harvard, calls "instrumental genocide." Power has just published " 'A Problem from Hell,' " a study of American responses to genocide.
		Most of the Kurds who were murdered in the Anfal were not killed by poison gas; rather, the genocide was carried out, in large part, in the traditional manner, with roundups at night, mass executions, and anonymous burials.
	www.kdp.nu /index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=26&Itemid=71 (17968 words)

	Community Introduction
		The aftermath of the savage al-Anfal campaign has contributed to further marginalizing women because so many are infertile, permanently reminded of the chemical bombardment.
		The village was, by and large, abandoned after the al-Anfal campaign and, certainly, everyone can recall the refugee crisis created by our forced exodus.
		The long-term effects of this chemical onslaught have devastated the ecosystem and created lingering health problems for the residents of Halabja who choose to stay or were unable to leave for lack of money.
	bss.sfsu.edu /nfwatts/PLSI250Halabjacommintro.htm (1995 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly Region Wanted: dead or alive
		In masterminding the Anfal campaign, Al-Majid famously indicated that he could exterminate with impunity, saying that he would strike with chemical weapons and kill all the Kurds.
		The announcement was a welcome resurrection for the once-feared Al-Majid, who, in addition to directing the Anfal campaign, was also responsible for the brutal suppression of the Shi'a uprising in southern Iraq that followed the first Gulf War in 1991.
		The gassing of the Kurdish town of Halabje in northern Iraq on 16 March 1988 was the most prominent atrocity in the prolonged operation of extermination known as the Anfal campaign, masterminded by former Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein's cousin Ali Hassan Al-Majid -- then governor of northern Iraq.
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /2003/653/re9.htm (1560 words)

	ReliefWeb » Document Preview » Iraq: Profile Summary
		The al-Anfal campaign in 1988 included gassing, killing and displacing hundreds of thousands of Kurds and Turkmen and led to the destruction of thousands of Kurdish villages and towns.
		The old IDP caseload is a result of long-term government policies such as the al-Anfal campaign, the Halabja gassing tragedy and Saddam Hussein’s ‘Arabisation’ process.
		Shi’a Arab populations in the south of Iraq have also been displaced from their homes due to government actions, particularly since 1991.
	www.reliefweb.int /rw/rwb.nsf/AllDocsByUNID/63bd18cc383761e7c1256d48004966cd (3602 words)

	Iraqi Special Tribunal : Home
		This step is one of many in the investigation procedure about the crimes mentioned in the statute of the Iraqi special tribunal, the formers “who are among the famous twelve Officials in Saddam’s former regime” are accused in one case till now which is (Al-Anfal Campaign) between the years 1987 and 1988.
		The chief tribunal investigative judge shows that the investigation has been done in the presence of an Iraqi amici who has been chosen by the accused themselves, and he also mentions the fact that the former accused were very cooperative during the investigation session and they may be appeared again according to the investigation needs.
	www.iraqispecialtribunal.org /en/press/releases/0011e.htm (243 words)

	THE FIRE THIS TIME - CHRONOLOGY BY CHARLES BROWN
		("Al Anfal" is named for a Qu’ranic sura) This military campaign targets Iraqi Kurds for terror campaigns and genocide.
		However, the efficacy of the psyops campaign was questionable as mass surrenders did not occur.
		Schwarzkopf never gave permission for the rest of the war and the 1 Feb. 6 TLAM strike on Al Rashid Air Base was the last one of the war.
	www.firethistime.org /brownchrono.htm (11768 words)

	DefenseLINK News: Halabja Revisited After 16 Years
		The U.S. State Department reported that the attacks, part of Saddam's al-Anfal campaign, were aimed at repressing Kurdish revolts during the Iran-Iraq war.
		The attack on Halabja was not an isolated incident, but rather, part of a systematic campaign ordered by Saddam against Iraqi Kurdish civilians.
		But State Department officials said Saddam's goals were to do more than systematically terrorize and exterminate the Kurdish population in northern Iraq and to silence his critics -- he also wanted to test the effectiveness of his chemical and biological weapons.
	www.defenselink.mil /news/Mar2004/n03162004_200403161.html (400 words)

	Most Iraqis Want to See Saddam Hussein Hang
		He said Saddam confessed to the al-Anfal campaign against the Kurds between 1986 and 1989 in which over 100,000 people were slaughtered.
		In the interview with al-Iraqiya Network, Talabani said that one of the investigators was able "to extract important confessions from Saddam Hussein." Saddam admitted to having ordered an unspecified number of executions during his regime.
		The statement was made after the Iraqi government officially confirmed that the deposed dictator will go on trial on October 19 charged with the killing of 143 Shi'ite villagers in Dujail.
	www.aina.org /news/2005090795616.htm (510 words)

	Kurdistan
		Arabization - Part of the Al-Anfal Campaign, the anti-Kurdish campaign lead by the Iraqi regime of Saddam Hussein, spanning between between February and September 1988.
		The process is part of a broader campaign to wipe out the non-Arab characteristics of the Kirkuk region, a campaign that also involves refusing to register non-Arab names and insisting on Arabic names for formerly Kurdish (or Turkoman and Assyrian) schools, districts, mosques, and streets.
		The campaign was an attempt to transform the historic Kurdish city of Kirkuk into an Arab Iraqi city.
	hem.passagen.se /khanaqin/Arabization.html (8332 words)

	Kirkuk
		More than 000 of them were forced from Kirkuk outlying villages during the regime of Saddam Hussein and replaced with Arab oilfield workers Saddam's Arabization plan of the Al-Anfal Campaign.
		The Kurds have identified Kirkuk as their preferred in any new Kurdish state.
	www.freeglossary.com /Kirkuk (628 words)

	THE FIRE THIS TIME - Fear and loathing of the Iraqi government
		Iraq remains the country with one of the highest numbers of 'disappearances.' Of the 16,496 people reported missing to the UN Commisioner of Human Rights, most are Kurds who vanished during the Al-Anfal campaign.
		Between 1997 and 1999 a campaign of 'prison cleansing' took place which saw the arbitary excecution of an estimated 2500 prisoners.
		An all out military and terror assault on the Kurds living in the North of the country, as many as 100,000 (some estimates say 200,000) Kurds were killed and 4,000 Kurdish villages were wiped off the map.
	www.firethistime.org /feariraqgovt.htm (4134 words)

	Boston.com / News / World / Middle East / Tribunal vows fair trial for Saddam, aides
		The tribunal said that so far "the famous 12 officials of Saddam's former regime" are accused of one crime -- the Al-Anfal campaign between 1987-88 that included Saddam's depopulation scheme that killed and expelled hundreds of thousands of Kurds from northern Iraq.
		The "accused were very cooperative during the investigation session and they may appear again according to the investigation needs."
	www.boston.com /news/world/middleeast/articles/2004/12/21/iraqi_tribunal_vows_fair_trial_for_saddam?mode=PF (424 words)

	Iraqi Special Tribunal: Investigative sessions are continuing
		Saber Abul-Aziz al-Douri, Sultan Hashim Ahmed and Ali Hassan al-Majeed also appeared before an IST investigative judge and were questioned by the judge and prosecutors in the presence of their defense counsel about the use of chemical weapons during the "al-Anfal" campaign of genocide against the Kurds in the 1980s.
		Various complaints have been aired via the international media by lawyers and those claiming to speak on behalf of deposed dictator Saddam Hussein and his aides.
		Republication and redistribution of KurdishMedia.com content is expressly prohibited without the prior written consent of KurdishMedia.com.
	www.kurdmedia.com /news.asp?id=7167 (184 words)

	Biography Details
		In the late 1980s, Galbraith uncovered and documented Saddam Hussein’s murderous “al-anfal” campaign against the Iraqi Kurds.
		Galbraith is the author of published Foreign Relations Committee reports on ethnic cleansing in Bosnia-Hercegovina, the Iran-Iraq War, the Iraqi Kurds, Nuclear Proliferation in South Asia, and the Cambodian famine.
		His reports, including one documenting the use of chemical weapons on Kurdish villagers, led the US Senate to pass comprehensive sanctions on Iraq in 1988.
	www.salve.edu /pellcenter/functions/biography_detail.cfm?bio_ID=43 (761 words)

	Signs Mounting That Saddam Could Soon Face Trial - RADIO FREE EUROPE / RADIO LIBERTY
		Saddam's regime killed tens of thousands of Kurds in northern Iraq as part of the so-called Al-Anfal campaign of the late 1980s, which took revenge for Kurdish guerrillas having sided against him in the Iran-Iraq war.
		We believe they are victims of the Al-Anfal campaigns in 1988, [by] Saddam Hussein's regime."
		The regime also used chemical weapons to kill some 5,000 Kurds in the northeastern city of Halabja in March 1988.
	www.rferl.org /featuresarticle/2005/06/cd6ab409-6f94-40cf-80ab-5260ef8cd69f.html (942 words)

	Politics PM admits graves claim 'untrue'
		The Baathist regime was responsible for massive human rights abuses and murder on a large scale - not least in well-documented campaigns including the gassing of Halabja, the al-Anfal campaign against Kurdish villages and the brutal repression of the Shia uprising - but serious questions are now emerging about the scale of Saddam Hussein's murders.
		It is an issue that Human Rights Watch was acutely aware of when it compiled its own pre-invasion research - admitting that it had to reduce estimates for the al-Anfal campaign produced by Kurds by over a third, as they believed the numbers they had been given were inflated.
		It comes amid inflation from an estimate by Human Rights Watch in May 2003 of 290,000 'missing' to the latest claims by the Iraqi Prime Minister, Iyad Allawi, that one million are missing.
	politics.guardian.co.uk /print/0,3858,4973393-111381,00.html (729 words)

	Telegraph News Trial of Chemical Ali can't end the suffering of his victims
		In March 1988, Majid ordered the bombing of their town with sarin and VX nerve gases, as part of the al-Anfal campaign against a Kurdish rebellion.
		More than 5,000 people died, many of them women and children, in an attack that came to symbolise the brutality of Saddam Hussein's regime.
	www.telegraph.co.uk /news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2004/12/20/wirq120.xml&sSheet=/news/2004/12/20/ixworld.html (371 words)

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