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	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Alan Hodgkin
		Hodgkin and Huxley shared the prize that year with John Carew Eccles, who was cited for research on synapses.
		Hodgkin and Huxley's findings led the pair to hypothesize ion channels, which were confirmed only decades later.
		Hodgkin was educated at Gresham's School, Holt, Norfolk and Trinity College, Cambridge.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Alan-Hodgkin (299 words)

	Alan Lloyd Hodgkin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Hodgkin and Huxley shared the prize that year with John Carew Eccles, who was cited for research on synapses.
		Hodgkin and Huxley's findings led the pair to hypothesize ion channels, which were confirmed only decades later.
		Hodgkin was educated at Gresham's School, Holt, Norfolk and Trinity College, Cambridge.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Alan_Lloyd_Hodgkin (264 words)

	Alan L. Hodgkin - Biography
		Alan Lloyd Hodgkin was born in Banbury, Oxfordshire, on February 5th, 1914.
		Alan Lloyd Hodgkin was educated at the Downs School, Malvern (1923-1927), Greshams School, Holt (1927-1932), and Trinity College, Cambridge (1932-1936).
		Professor Hodgkin was elected to a fellowship of the Royal Society in 1948 and in 1951 became a Foulerton Research Professor of the Royal Society.
	nobelprize.org /medicine/laureates/1963/hodgkin-bio.html (820 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In July 1939, Hodgkin and Huxley, aged 25 and 21, succeeded in measuring the voltage on the inside of a nerve cell, all previous measurements of nerve activity having been extracellular.
		Hodgkin transformed the study of rod and cone photoreceptors, bringing to the subject the incisiveness and quantitative rigour that were the hallmark of his research on nerve and muscle.
		Alan Hodgkin's wonderful approach to biology stimulated generations of neuroscientists to the study of nerve, muscle and photoreceptors.
	www.uchsc.edu /physiology/wjb/misc/HHparty (2339 words)

	BioModels Database
		In the 1930, Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley started a series of experiments and modelling to elucidate the flow of electric current through an axonal membrane.
		Hodgkin and Huxley chose the giant squid axon as a model system for their experiments, since it is unusually large (around 0.5 mm in diameter) and therefore quite suitable for electrophysiological experiments [1].
		Although Hodgkin and Huxley did not draw this conclusion initially, their model eventually led to the hypothesis of ion channels [6].
	www.ebi.ac.uk /biomodels/ModelMonth/September2006/BIOMD0000000020_MM.html (544 words)

	Hodgkin and the action potential 1935-1952 -- Huxley 538 (1): 2 -- The Journal of Physiology Online
		Alan Hodgkin began research after graduating in 1935 at Trinity College, Cambridge and, in the same year, I came to the same college as an undergraduate.
		This experiment was originally planned with the hope of demonstrating the decrease of membrane resistance postulated by Bernstein; in fact, this was achieved by Cole and Curtis (1939) in a beautiful experiment using a high-frequency AC bridge to measure the impedance of the membrane of the giant nerve fibre of the squid.
		Both Cole and Hodgkin realised that the explosive character of the action potential mechanism made it difficult to investigate the current-voltage characteristic of the membrane, but that this could be overcome by using feedback to control the internal potential.
	jp.physoc.org /cgi/content/full/538/1/2 (869 words)

	Alan Lloyd Hodgkin -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Hodgkin and Huxley shared the prize that year with (Click link for more info and facts about John Carew Eccles) John Carew Eccles, who was cited for research on (The junction between two neurons (axon-to-dendrite) or between a neuron and a muscle) synapses.
		Hodgkin and Huxley's findings led the pair to hypothesize (Click link for more info and facts about ion channel) ion channels, which were confirmed only decades later.
		The experimental measurements on which the pair based their action potential theory represent one of the earliest applications of a technique of (Click link for more info and facts about electrophysiology) electrophysiology known as the "voltage clamp".
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/a/al/alan_lloyd_hodgkin.htm (129 words)

	Chapter 2. A Brief history of Computational Neuroscience
		Alan and Andrew had theorized previously that "the sodium conductance was a continuous function of membrane potential multiplied by an inactivation variable that fell with first-order kinetics towards another function of membrane potential".
		Hodgkin also was aware of errors introduced by the resistance of the axial electrode and developed several ways to improve on Kacy's voltage control of the axon membrane.
		The fact that the delay in onset was very obvious in the records which he made later with Huxley and Katz (using their much improved experimental setup) may have played an important role in revising his thinking about the details of the ionic channel kinetics and conductances.
	neuron.duke.edu /userman/2/pioneer.html (1295 words)

	First I would like to thank the organisers for organising this meeting
		Alan had been introduced to the squid giant fibre, by K.C.Cole in the United States, when Alan was there in 1937-38.
		And the other four of the 1952 papers were by Alan and myself alone because we continued the experiments in the next summer and got the records that we finally used, and it was Alan and I who did all the analysis.
		That summer Alan Hodgkin went to Plymouth to do some experiments on the giant nerve fibre of the squid, and I joined him at, I think it was, the very beginning of August 1939.
	www.physiol.ucl.ac.uk /Bernard_Katz/andrewhuxley.htm (1596 words)

	Alan Hodgkin (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Following World War II, Hodgkin, Huxley and Katz developed their version of the voltage-clamp, allowing them to hold the membrane potential at a constant value and thereby measure only the ionic components of current flowing across the membrane.
		In a series of four papers published by Hodgkin and Huxley in 1952, it was shown that the inward and outward currents observed in voltage-clamp experiments were due to the sequential activation of two distinct conductance pathways to Na and K ions, respectively.
		Hodgkin and Huxley were awarded jointly the Nobel Prize for this work in 1963.
	www.sfn.org /wrensite/projects/patch_clamp/hodgkin.htm (257 words)

	Alan Lloyd Hodgkin Biography / Biography of Alan Lloyd Hodgkin Main Biography
		English physiologist Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin (1914-1998) received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine (along with Andrew Huxley and Sir John Eccles) in 1963 for discovery of the chemical processes responsible for passage of impulses along individual nerve fibers.
		Alan Hodgkin was born on Feb. 5, 1914, in Banbury, Oxfordshire, England.
		Hodgkin's first work was carried out on whole nerve trunks dissected from frogs, the classical material for investigations on nerve conduction.
	www.bookrags.com /biography-alan-lloyd-hodgkin (252 words)

	NASA Neurolab Web: Mission Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin was born in 1914 in Oxfordshire, England.
		The English physiologist and biophysicist received (with Andrew Fielding Huxley and Sir John Eccles) the 1963 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of the chemical processes responsible for the passage of impulses along individual nerve fibres.
		By inserting microelectrodes into the giant nerve fibres of the squid Loligo forbesi, they were able to show that the electrical potential of a fibre during conduction of an impulse exceeds the potential of the fibre at rest, contrary to the accepted theory, which postulated a breakdown of the nerve membrane during impulse conduction.
	neurolab.jsc.nasa.gov /hodgkin.htm (137 words)

	Chance and Design - Cambridge University Press
		Alan Hodgkin believes that - contrary to popular conviction - chance plays quite as large a role as design in scientific discovery.
		A chance observation on frog nerve led to a Trinity Fellowship and a year at the Rockefeller Institute in New York (where he met his future wife), to the Nobel Prize in 1963, and ultimately to the Presidency of the Royal Society.
		His experiments on nerve conduction seemed almost at the point of success when everything had to be abandoned on the outbreak of war in 1939, and for six years Hodgkin worked on the concept and design of airborne radar, described in the central section of the book as Flight Trials and Tribulations.
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521400996 (285 words)

	BBC News \| Sci/Tech \| Nobel winning biologist dies, aged 84
		Sir Alan and fellow scientists Professor Andrew Huxley and Sir John Eccles were honoured by the Nobel committee for "solving a problem that has haunted physiology for 100 years".
		The young Alan was interested in both history and science but he eventually opted for the latter and went to Trinity College in Cambridge, of which he was made a fellow in 1936.
		Sir Alan, who had began his research into the nervous system before the war, worked with his former pupil Professor Sir Andrew Huxley, investigating the "ionic theory" of how nerve cells send messages to the brain via an "electric cable" in the spinal cord.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/sci/tech/239286.stm (397 words)

	Huxley, Andrew (Site not responding. Last check: )
		English physiologist, awarded the Nobel prize 1963 with Alan Hodgkin for work on nerve impulses, discovering how ionic mechanisms are used in nerves to transmit impulses.
		In 1945 at Cambridge, Hodgkin and Huxley began to measure the electrochemical behaviour of nerve membranes.
		Stimulating the axon with a pair of outside electrodes, they showed that the inside of the cell was at first negative (the resting potential) and the outside positive, and that during the conduction of the nerve impulse the membrane potential reversed.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/H/Huxley/1.html (168 words)

	USD Science Lecture Series
		In the late 1940's, British scientists Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley at the University of Cambridge used this giant cell to investigate how electrical impulses (action potentials) are transmitted rapidly over long distances.
		In an elegant series of experiments, Hodgkin & Huxley were able to determine that the electrical activity of the cell could be explained entirely by the regulated flow of the simple ions sodium and potassium (Na+ and K+) across the cell membrane.
		Hodgkin remarked in 1977 that "...the introduction of the squid giant nerve fibre by J. Young in 1936 did more for neurophysiology and axonology than any other single advance during the past 40 years."
	www.sandiego.edu /sci_lectures/stillworm.html (1185 words)

	History
		However, after there was no confirmation of these two observations, Hodgkin and Huxley were able to conclude that it must have been an artifact of overcompensation for the high frequency response of the electrical recording circuit, and not an accurate representation of an action potential.
		Alan Hodgkin was born in Feburary 1914 in Oxfordshire, England.
		In 1963, Hodgkin and Huxley won the Noble Prize in Physiology and Medicine for their work on the action potential.
	www.swarthmore.edu /natsci/echeeve1/Ref/HH/History.htm (433 words)

	Alan Cristea - HOME
		Alan Cristea has been dealing in and publishing limited edition prints by some of the finest 20th Century artists for the past thirty years.
		For the last thirteen years he has run his own gallery which specialises in prints by both 20th Century masters and by some of the best living artists.
		Alan Cristea Gallery is now open at 31 and 34 Cork Street.
	www.alancristea.com (115 words)

	Hodgkin, Alan Lloyd (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Hodgkin was born in Banbury, Oxfordshire, and educated at Cambridge, where he spent most of his career and became professor 1952.
		Hodgkin and Huxley managed for the first time to record electrical changes across the cell membrane, and Hodgkin then built on these findings working with Bernhard Katz, another cell physiologist.
		They proposed that during the resting phase a nerve membrane allows only potassium ions to diffuse into the cell, but when the cell is excited it allows sodium ions (which are positively charged) to enter and potassium ions to move out.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/H/Hodgkin/1.html (156 words)

	CSHL: Symposia on Quantitative Biology
		That this might be considered a golden period in understanding the electrophysiological properties is shown by the presence of five colleagues—Eccles, Hodgkin, Huxley, Katz and Kuffler—at the Symposium, four of whom later won Nobel Prizes.
		Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley described their research on the movements of sodium and potassium ions across the nerve cell membrane.
		As Cole put it in the discussion to their paper, their quantitative description seemed "...likely to form an adequate basis for all of the phenomena in its province—both known and unknown!" It won Hodgkin and Huxley the 1963 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine.
	library.cshl.edu /symposia/1952 (338 words)

	Hazeltine, Alan -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Australian reporter, foreign correspondent, and historian Alan Moorehead was highly praised for his coverage of the African campaigns in World War II.
		As the author of the novel ‘Cry, the Beloved Country', Alan Paton brought the tragedy of the racial situation in South Africa to the attention of the world.
		U.S. ethnomusicologist, folklorist, and scholar Alan Lomax was known for the groundbreaking work he did in studying and categorizing the music of African Americans in the Deep South.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=9039688 (643 words)

	Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin Winner of the 1963 Nobel Prize in Medicine
		Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin Winner of the 1963 Nobel Prize in Medicine
		Alan L. Hodgkin — Biography (submitted by Helly)
		Sir Alan Hodgkin Biography from Encyclopedia Britannica (submitted by www.britannica.com)
	www.nobelprizes.com /nobel/medicine/1963b.html (96 words)

	Andrew Huxley (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The implication was that the membrane had not simply become leaky in some unselective fashion, rather that the membrane somehow become selectively permeable to Na ions.
		Following World War II, Hodgkin, Huxley and Katz developed their version of the voltage-clamp [also Marmont (1949) and Cole (1949)], allowing them to hold the membrane potential at a constant value and thereby measure only the ionic components of current flowing across the membrane.
		In a series of four papers published by Hodgkin and Huxley in 1952, it was shown that the inward and outward currents observed in voltage-clamp experiments were due to the sequential activation of two distinct conductance pathways to Na and K
	www.sfn.org /wrensite/projects/patch_clamp/huxley.htm (260 words)

	Alan
		Alan is the name of a Germanic tribe.
		Alan was the name of an early Breton saint (the Bishop of Quimper).
		Alan Francis Brook, Baron Alanbrook of Brookborough (1883-1963)
	www.geocities.com /edgarbook/names/al/alan.html (112 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In 1939, Huxley began researching nerve conduction with Alan Hodgkin, and they were the first to electrically record from the inside of the nerve fiber.
		After World War II, Huxley and Hodgkin continued their work of electronically measuring the relation between potential across the membrane of the giant nerve fiber and the currents carried by the ions of sodium and potassium through it.
		For his work, Huxley was awarded the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1963, which he shared with Alan Hodgkin and John Eccles.
	www.intelihealth.com /pcn/general/00303752.htm (144 words)

	Paul Greengard - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		He began his graduate studies at Johns Hopkins University in the lab of Haldan Keffer Hartline.
		Inspired by a lecture by Alan Hodgkin, Greengard began work on the molecular and cellular function of neurons.
		In 1953, Greengard received his PhD and began postdoctoral work at the University of London, Cambridge University, and the University of Amsterdam.
	www.bucyrus.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Paul_Greengard (418 words)

	Intel Opportunity Scholars (Site not responding. Last check: )
		First people to formulate the phenomenon in a differential equation were Alan Lloyd Hodgkin and Andrew Fielding Huxley who published their work in 1952.
		Huxley and Hodgkin’s most remarkable achievement was the empirical representation of the experimental data in a quantitative model, which was the first complete description of the excitability of a single cell.
		They modeled the observed smooth current changes in terms of pores or channels that were either open or closed, and by using a statistical approach generated predictions for the probability of channels being open.
	www.cc.gatech.edu /projects/isp/research/IOS_posters_2004_files/slide0005.htm (1094 words)

	HISTNEUR-L Archives (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Hodgkin and fellow scientists Sir Andrew Huxley and Sir John Eccles earned the prize for explaining how nerve cells send messages to the brain.
		Hodgkin's American father-in-law, Frederick Rous, won the Nobel Prize in medicine in 1966 for discovering that some forms of leukemia are caused by a virus.
		Hodgkin was knighted in 1972 and awarded the Order of Merit in 1973.
	www.bri.ucla.edu /nha/hnl/msg98279.htm (204 words)

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