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	Alan Turing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Turing's bombe, with an enhancement suggested by mathematician Gordon Welchman, was the primary tool used by British and American codebreakers to read Enigma traffic, with over 200 bombes in operation by the end of the war.
		The Alan Turing Institute was initiated by UMIST and University of Manchester in Summer 2004.
		A celebration of Turing's life and achievements was held at the University of Manchester on 5 June 2004; it was arranged by the British Logic Colloquium and the British Society for the History of Mathematics.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Alan_Turing (2584 words)

	Alan Turing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Turing was later tried and convicted for "gross indecency and sexual perversion" because of his homosexuality.
		Turing, however, was not directly involved — Colossus was designed and built at the Post Office Research Station at Dollis Hill by a team led by Thomas Flowers in 1943.
		A celebration of Turing's life and achievements was held at the University of Manchester on 5 June 2004; it was arranged by the and the.
	www.marylandheights.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Alan_Turing (2560 words)

	Alan Turing Biography
		Alan Turing was born on June 23rd 1912, to Julius Mathison Turing and Ethel Turing.
		Alan Turing was arrested in 1952 for violation of the existing homosexuality laws in England.
		Alan Turing died in 1954 because of cyanide poisoning.
	www.buzzle.com /editorials/4-5-2005-68126.asp (732 words)

	Alan Turing biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Alan Mathison Turing (June 23, 1912–June 7, 1954) was a British mathematician, logician, cryptographer and war hero, and is widely considered to be the father of computer science.
		His father's Indian Civil Service commission was still active, and during Turing's childhood years his parents travelled between Guildford, England and India, leaving their two sons to stay with friends in England, rather than risk their health in the British colony.
		Turing, however, was not directly involved — Colossus was designed by Max Newman and team, and built at the Post Office Research Station at Dollis Hill by a team led by Thomas Flowers in 1943.
	alan-turing.biography.ms (1867 words)

	Alan Turing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Alan Mathison Turing (June 23, 1912 – June 7, 1954) was a United KingdomBritish mathematician, logician, cryptographer, and war hero, and is widely considered to be the father of computer science.
		A Alan Turing Memorialstatue of Turing was unveiled in Manchester by English Heritage on June 23 2001.
		On October 28 2004 a [http://portal.surrey.ac.uk/press/oct2004/281004a/ bronze statue] of Alan Turing sculpted by John W. Mills was unveiled at Surrey University.
	www.infothis.com /find/Alan_Turing (2466 words)

	Biographical Profile: Alan Turing
		Alan Turing, along with figures such as Shannon and Von Neumann, is one of the "fathers of the computer age".
		Turing joined the cryptologists at the Government Code and Cypher School (Bletchley Park) in 1939, gaining attention for his habit of chaining his tin mug rather than his bicycle to the railing.
		Turing was convicted of homosexual behaviour in 1952 - consensual activity remained illegal until the Wolfenden reforms (1967) and beyond.
	www.caslon.com.au /biographies/turing.htm (839 words)

	The Church-Turing Thesis
		Turing did not show that his machines can solve any problem that can be solved "by instructions, explicitly stated rules, or procedures", nor did he prove that the universal Turing machine "can compute any function that any computer, with any architecture, can compute".
		Turing introduces his machines with the intention of providing an idealised description of a certain human activity, the tedious one of numerical computation, which until the advent of automatic computing machines was the occupation of many thousands of people in business, government, and research establishments.
		Copeland, B.J. ‘Turing's O-machines, Penrose, Searle, and the Brain’.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/church-turing (4930 words)

	Alan Turing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Turing's natural inclination toward the sciences did not earn him respect with the teachers and administrators at Sherborne, whose definition of education placed more emphasis on the classics rather than the area of science.
		Turing's work on breaking the Enigma cypher was kept secret until the 1970s; not even his close friends knew about it.
		As a result of the police investigation, Turing was said to have had a sexual relationship with a 19-year-old man, and Turing was charged with "gross indecency and sexual perversion".
	www.cs.utexas.edu /~dcuth/Timeline7.html (1524 words)

	howard rheingold's \| tools for thought
		Turing proved that his hypothetical machine is an automated version of a formal system specified by the starting position (the pattern of Os and Xs on the tape at the beginning of the computation) and the rules (the instructions given by the instruction tables).
		Turing then asks us to substitute a machine for one of the unknown players and make a new object for the game: This time, the interrogator is to guess, on the basis of the teletyped conversation, which inhabitant of the other room is a human being and which one is a machine.
		Turing was arrested and convicted of "gross indecency," and sentenced to probation on the condition that he submit to humiliating and physically debilitating female hormone injections.
	www.rheingold.com /texts/tft/3.html (7707 words)

	wikien.info: Main_Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Due to his unwillingness to work as hard on his classical studies as on science and mathematics, Turing failed to win a scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge, and went on to the college of his second choice, King's College.
		To help crack the Enigma machine, Turing came up with the logical idea behind the bombe, an electromechanical machine — named after the Polish-designed bomba — which could be used to eliminate large numbers of candidate Enigma settings.
		Turing's bombe, with an enhancement suggested by mathematician Gordon Welchman, was the primary tool used by Allied codebreakers to read Enigma traffic, with over 200 bombes in operation by the end of the war.
	pardus.info /index.php?title=Alan_Turing (2112 words)

	Alan Turing Scrapbook - Turing Test
		I discussed Turing's paper in the light of what seemed to me to be Turing's own doubts about AI — doubts centred on the serious problem of where to draw a line between thinking and living.
		Turing started his paper by describing a game in which a man and a woman compete under these remote-terminal conditions to convince an interrogator that they are the woman.
		Alan Turing was at a great disadvantage in the macho-man engineering world at Manchester, as illustrated on this Scrapbook page.
	www.turing.org.uk /turing/scrapbook/test.html (1357 words)

	Alan Turing: PopSubCulture.com's The Biography Project - Creator of the Turing Test
		Alan Mathison Turing was born on 23 June 1912, in a nursing home in Paddington, London.
		Turing then becomes obsessed with the problem of how the human mind is embodied in matter; of how the mind might be preserved after the death.
		Turing's Ace Report of 1946 and Other Papers (Charles Babbage Institute Reprint Series for the History of Computing, Vol 10) by Alan Turing, et al.
	www.popsubculture.com /pop/bio_project/alan_turing.html (1302 words)

	Alan Turing: About (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		One reason why Turing interests me is that he went to a preparatory school; I went to a preparatory high school and so while I did not have the same experience he had earlier last century, I still understand the type of education he was supposed to be receiving.
		So even though Turing apparently became quite good at higher level and theoretical math, the lack of good grades on his transcript hindered his ability to go to Trinity.
		As will be seen, the cryptographic and problem solving skills Turing had later played a major role in his life and what he was remembered for.
	www.rit.edu /~age5719/imm/project1/education.html (450 words)

	ALAN TURING
		Alan Mathison Turing reformulated Kurt Goedel's unprovability results in terms of Turing machines (TMs) [1] (related work by Alonzo Church).
		Although Turing, a hero of mine, certainly was one of the greatest, we should keep in mind that his paper essentially just elegantly rephrased Kurt Gödel's 1931 results and Alonzo Church's extension thereof.
		In fact, the greatest impact that Alan Turing made on daily life was probably through his contribution to cracking the Enigma code, used by the German military during the Second World War, which is sometimes cited as a decisive event of the war.
	www.idsia.ch /~juergen/turing.html (369 words)

	turing
		We describe a working mechanical device that embodies the theoretical computing machine of Alan Turing, and as such is a universal programmable computer.
		Although the Turing machine is prevalent in theoretical computer science and is theoretically a universal computer, it was never realized as an actual computing device.
		This capability is a result of the biologically-inspired architecture of the computer rather than inherited from the theoretical Turing machine, which was conceived as a "batch" computing device that receives its input at the beginning of the computation and produces an output if and when the computation ends.
	www.wisdom.weizmann.ac.il /~udi/DNA5/turing5.html (2389 words)

	The Doric Column - Starbuck's, economic geography, Paul Krugman, morphogenesis, Alan Turing, the Game of Life
		Alan Mathison Turing "conceived the modern computer in 1935," write B. Jack Copeland and Diane Proudfoot in the April 1999 edition of Scientific American.
		Turing imagined an "Oracle" which would allow the universal machine to "compute the uncomputable." Unfortunately, Turing's death in 1954, presumably by his own hand, has shelved the oracle in the attic of dusty concepts.
		It is a place where Alan Turing's ideas on biological emergence and Paul Krugman's on spatial economics converge in an interdisciplinary catalytic dialogue.
	www.mbbnet.umn.edu /doric/geography.html (2559 words)

	Famous Mathematicians of Guildford (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Alan Turing (1912-1954) the founder of modern computing.
		He was brought up in Guildford and his biographer, Andrew Hodges in "Alan Turing: the Enigma" mentions that he used to walk around Guildford as a young lad discussing his ideas on computing with his mother.
		There is a plaque on the house commemorating Turing's early life in Guildford.
	www.mcs.surrey.ac.uk /Personal/R.Knott/mathematicians.html (223 words)

	Senior HP Fellow Alan Kay wins Turing Award
		HP Senior Fellow Alan Kay has been named winner of the 2003 ACM Turing Award, considered the "Nobel Prize" of computing, for leading the team that invented Smalltalk, an influential programming language that first used completely object-oriented concepts, and for fundamental contributions to personal computing.
		ACM will present the Turing Award at its annual awards banquet on June 5 at the Plaza Hotel in New York.
		The award was named for Alan M. Turing, the British mathematician who articulated the mathematical foundation and limits of computing, and who was a key contributor to the Allied cryptanalysis of the German Enigma cipher during World War II.
	www.hpl.hp.com /news/2004/apr-jun/turing.html (553 words)

	Turing Digital Archive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Turing Trust was set up in November 1975 as a registered charity, and received a legacy of £1000 from Turing's mother, Sara Turing, who died in March of the following year.
		To arrange for a series of Turing memorial lectures to be delivered by acknowledged authorities on topics related to selected aspects of Turing's work.
		Alan Robinson, University of Syracuse, USA (implementer of a widely adopted basis for Turing's proposal to mechanise symbolic logic)
	turing.ecs.soton.ac.uk /trust (556 words)

	Alan Turing: Life and Legacy of a Great Thinker
		Jack Copeland is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Canterbury, New Zealand, and is Director of the Turing Archive for the History of Computing.
		But this talk will discuss a range of topics that Alan Turing left unfinished at his death, relating them to his extraordinary life and personality, and to developments in the world he did not live to see.
		He was forced to resign as Museums Director in 1999 and has now created his own web site: http://www.codesandciphers.org.uk which is recognised as a prime source of information on World War II code breaking.
	www.teuscher.ch /alanturing/print.php?content=speakers (556 words)

	Alan Turing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This is the story of mathematical genius Alan Turing (played by Derek Jacobi), the man who designed the computer that cracked the German Enigma code and, it is argued, enabled the allies to win World War II.
		It is also the story of a tormented and truthful man whose admittance to homosexuality, at a time when it was illegal, presented problems for him, his family, his colleagues, and the State's preoccupation with National Security.
		And Hugh Whitemore's screenplay, based on his play and Andrew Hodges book, Alan Turing: The Enigma, is presented with all the humor, compassion and intellectual importance it deserves.
	mainline.brynmawr.edu /EventDetails/Turing.html (159 words)

	The Turing Test Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Turing Test is meant to determine if a computer program has intelligence.
		Why The Turing Test is AI's Biggest Blind Alley Whitby argues that AI should not be too distracted into direct copying of human performance and methods.
		Chatterbots, Tinymuds, And The Turing Test: Entering The Loebner Prize Competition This paper describes the development of a program and its performance on the first three Loebner Prize competitions.
	cogsci.ucsd.edu /~asaygin/tt/ttest.html (1646 words)

	The archive of Alan Turing's work - Personal Computer World
		Part of the archive of Alan Turing's work has been digitised and made available on the web, as Greg Smith reports.
		Alan Turing, the man who led the team responsible for cracking the Nazi's Enigma cryptography machine at Bletchley Park during the last war, has had a significant proportion of his work made available via the internet.
		Described as 'one of the most creative thinkers of the twentieth century', Turing laid the foundations of modern computing and was also distinguished in the fields of artificial intelligence, logic, statistics and developmental biology.
	www.pcw.co.uk /information-world-review/news/2083342/archive-alan-turing-work (594 words)

	UCLA Computer Scientist Alan Kay Wins Turing Award
		Alan C. Kay, an adjunct professor of computer science at UCLA and a senior fellow at HP labs, has been named winner of the 2003 Turing Award from the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM).
		He is President of Viewpoints Research Institute, a non-profit organization dedicated to children and learning that he founded in 2001.
		The Turing award derives its name from Dr. Alan Turing, the British mathematician who is most well known for the "Turing Machine," an abstract logic exercise that articulated the mathematical foundation and limits of computing.
	www.engineer.ucla.edu /stories/2004/turing.htm (690 words)

	ESGI 2005 Home Page
		The organisers of this meeting are grateful for financial support from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, Smith Institute for Industrial Mathematics, Manchester Institute for Mathematical Sciences and the Alan Turing Institute.
		All Study Groups with Industry held in the UK are administered by the Smith Institute, managers of the Faraday Partnership for Industrial mathematics.
		As well as acting as a focus for recent Study Group activity via its website, the Smith Institute works alongside the local organizers of the UK Study Groups, to ensure a good mix of problems and a good match with the available academic expertise.
	www.ma.man.ac.uk /~dabrahams/esgi (1220 words)

	The Alan Turing and Computer History / Philosophy Book Page
		alan turing is a true pioneer of the computer era,
		alan and his team at Bletchley Park were in great part responsible for breaking the Enigma code.
		Alan Turing, Enigma, Computerkulture, Bd 1 (German Edition) Vol 1 A.
	www.a-ten.com /alz/aturing.htm (500 words)

	Disinformation :: Alan Turing: 'Father Of The Computer' Honored (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This book illustrates the historical evidence that Jesus was a mortal man, a young genius who believed himself to be the Messiah and deliberately and brilliantly planned his entire ministry according to the Old Testament prophecies - even to the extent of plotting his own arrest, crucifixion, and resurrection.
		Everything You Know Is Wrong, a Disinformation weekend at the Omega Institute's Rhinebeck NY campus (23-25 September 2005).
		'Alan Turing was one of the pioneers of computer science, and his work helped make the modern PC a reality.
	www.disinfo.com /site/displayarticle3875.html (171 words)

	Rainbow Query: Search the Queer Internet for Turing, Alan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		About Alan Turing, founder of computer science, British mathematician, philosopher, codebreaker, strange visionary and a gay man before his time...
		A life-like, life-size silicon-bronze of Turing by Glyn Hughes will sit in Sackville Park, Manchester - appropriately with the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology buildings on the one side and the famous gay bars of Canal Street...
		The mathematician Alan Turing was the first to imagine the possibility of machines really thinking and his work happened to be of crucial importance to the outcome of World War II.
	www.rainbowquery.com /Categories/Turing,_Alan.html (229 words)

	Benzene - Alan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Alan Cox's webpage, stable kernel release notes, and Linux news.
		Alan Hettinger is a freelance designer available for motion graphics, post production, and creative print design.
		ALAN Workshop Authors Announced ALAN President Patty Campbell has announced the names of YA authors who will be speaking at the annual ALAN Workshop, November 21 and 22, 2005.
	www.benzene-exposure-lawyer.com /alan (530 words)

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