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	Alaska Boundary Dispute - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Alaska Boundary Dispute was a territorial dispute between the United States of America and Canada (then a British Dominion with its foreign affairs controlled from London), and at a subnational level between the territory of Alaska on the U.S. side and the provinces of British Columbia and the Yukon on the Canadian side.
		After the United States bought Alaska in 1867 and British Columbia united with Canada in 1871, Canada requested a survey, but it was refused by the United States as too costly: the border area was very remote and sparsely-settled, and without economic or strategic interest at the time.
		The main legal points at issue were which coastal range should be chosen as the basis of the boundary and whether the "ten marine leagues" (or 30 miles) should be measured from the heads of the fjords or from a baseline which would cut across the mouths of the fjords.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Alaska_Boundary_Dispute (485 words)

	Alaska Boundary Dispute (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Alaska Boundary Dispute was a disagreement between Canada and the United States over the boundary of the Alaska Panhandle - the southern strip of Alaska that runs south to 54°40' on the British Columbia coast.
		Alaska was owned by Russia until 1867 when the tsar sold it to the United States.
		Alverstone sided with the Americans, and thus the dispute was decided 4-2 in favour of the American claim.
	www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com /PrinterFriendly.cfm?Params=J1ARTJ0000107 (243 words)

	Canada Boundaries - Canadian Boundaries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The present boundaries of the Dominion of Canada are the result of a long evolution, in which (against a background of imperfect maps and geographical ignorance) wars and rumours of wars, international negotiations, treaties, and arbitrations, and judicial decisions have all played their part.
		According to the treaty, the boundary was to run from the north-westernmost point of the lake of the Woods due west to the Mississippi; but a line drawn due west from this point on the lake of the Woods does not touch the Mississippi, since this river rises farther south.
		Under this treaty it was arranged that the boundary should follow the forty-ninth parallel from the Rocky mountains as far as the middle of the channel that separates the mainland from Vancouver island, and thence southerly through the strait of Juan de Fuca to the Pacific ocean.
	www2.marianopolis.edu /quebechistory/encyclopedia/CanadaBoundaries-CanadianBoundaries.htm (1737 words)

	The Alaska-Canada Boundary, Alaska Science Forum
		Following the purchase of Alaska by the U.S., it was found that the wording concerning the boundary line not being farther inland than ten marine leagues from the coast was interpreted differently by the Canadians and Americans.
		The southeastern boundary dispute was settled in October 1903, when an international tribunal upheld the American interpretation of the Treaty of 1825.
		With mining activities increasing in interior Canada and Alaska, it became important that the 141st meridian international boundary line be determined and marked to separate the two countries, and in 1906, a Convention was signed by Canada and the U.S. requiring this be done.
	www.gi.alaska.edu /ScienceForum/ASF1/193.html (470 words)

	Alaska Boundary Dispute (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Alaska boundary dispute, took place between Canada and the US over the boundary of the Alaska Panhandle running south to latitude 54°40' north on the coast of BC.
		When the US purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867, it inherited the Russian position on the boundary, first defined in the 1825 Anglo-Russian treaty.
		The sixth, Lord Alverstone, Lord Chief Justice of England, supported the American claim for a boundary running behind the heads of the inlets, but agreed to the equal distribution of 4 islands at the mouth of Portland Canal.
	www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com /index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&ArticleId=A0000107 (288 words)

	ICE Case Studies
		On January 3, 1959, Alaska officially became the 49th state of the United States and is home to the highest mountains, the largest land mass, the youngest population, and the greatest number of bald eagles in the United States.
		Alaska, which derives its name from the Aleut word Alashka meaning "Great Land," is twice the size of Texas with a coastline that stretches over 47,000 miles.
		Although the Alaska Boundary dividing the U.S. and Canada was established in the early 1900s, the American and Canadian governments continue to be shaped by boundary and sovereignty questions, particularly questions revolving around Native American peoples' land claims and the Arctic Policy.
	www.american.edu /ted/ice/alaska.htm (2337 words)

	Alaska Panhandle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Alaska Panhandle is the coast of the American state of Alaska, just west of the northern half of the Canadian province of British Columbia.
		In many places, the international border runs along the crest of the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains (see Alaska Boundary Dispute).
		Major bodies of water of the Alaska Panhandle include Glacier Bay, Lynn Canal, Icy Strait, Chatham Strait, Stevens Passage, Fredrick Sound, Summer Strait, and Clarence Strait.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Alaska_Panhandle (390 words)

	Fairbanks ANE ANCSA Teacher's Guide
		When Alaska became part of the United States in 1867, there was no provision in the law for private ownership in the new territory, except for the private individual property holders who had obtained written title to the land under the Russians.
		Then, because of a growing non-Native population in Alaska, the discovery of a vast oil field on the North Slope, and increasing demands for that oil in the lower 48, the question of "who owns Alaska" became a national issue in 1971.
		Organized group of Alaska Natives for the land freeze on federal lands until land claims issues were solved, and the recommendation to Congress of the Land Claims Act.
	www.ankn.uaf.edu /ane (6929 words)

	The Alaska-Canada Boundary Dispute - settling the border between Alaska and the Yukon in 1903 - ExploreNorth
		The Alaska-Canada Boundary Dispute - settling the border between Alaska and the Yukon in 1903 - ExploreNorth
		An aspect of the boundary agreement that is often overlooked is that the Tlingits, who traded with the Russians, had an extensive trade network in what became British territory.
		This was still disputed territory, as many Americans believed that the head of Lake Bennett, another 12 miles north, should be the location of the border.
	www.explorenorth.com /library/weekly/aa103000a.htm (1439 words)

	Sponsor Statement for HJR 27: Maritime Boundary Dispute between Alaska and Russia
		HJR 27 explains the boundary dispute between Russia and Alaska and requests the Governor and Attorney General to actively pursue resolving the problem.
		The disputed seabeds in the Arctic and Bering Sea amount to an area the size of Texas.
		The maritime boundary between Alaska and Russia thus remains unresolved, as does the status of the islands in the Arctic Ocean and at the end of the Aleutians.
	www.akrepublicans.org /pastlegs/spsthjr02703111999.htm (587 words)

	Volume I 99-103: The Labrador Boundary Dispute Documents
		It is necessary to distinguish between the use of the term to denote a line without width from which a measurement has to be made and to denote area of territory including some depth into the interior.
		It is beyond dispute that it is used in the latter sense in the Statutes, Orders-in-Council, and Proclamations relevant in this Reference inasmuch as Canada admits that some depth of interior country is under the jurisdiction of Newfoundland.
		It would be strange if Newfoundland had comprehended the extent of territory under her control as falling within so much narrower limits than those assigned to it by general reputation and belief prevailing at all material times as illustrated by the maps in the Newfoundland Atlas.
	www.heritage.nf.ca /law/lab1/labvol1_89c.html (1253 words)

	Search Results for "I-Bench"
		He was a judge of the Supreme Court of Canada (1878) and was later chief justice (1902-6).
		In the Alaska Boundary Dispute (1903), he gave the deciding vote against the...
		The name is derived from the medieval theory that the law administered by the king's courts represented the common...
	www.bartleby.com /cgi-bin/texis/webinator/65search?query=I-Bench (272 words)

	BC Alaska boundary dispute
		In 1898 a joint high commission met to discuss the boundary dispute at which time both sides agreed to a compromise.
		Canadian miners in Alaska were denied certain legal rights, because of a loophole in the Alaskan Homestead act of 1899.
		They had been told that they could not keep the Alaska Panhandle because they did not assert Canadian sovereignty there, so they changed this by sending Northwest Mounted Police to areas in the far North that were in danger of a similar dispute, such as Hershal Island in the northern Yukon Territory.
	www.mysteriesofcanada.com /BC/bc_alaska_boundary_dispute.htm (800 words)

	The Seattle Times: Local News: Alaska case goes to high court
		The case began when Alaska commercial fishermen were angered by the National Park Service's decision in 1998 to phase out fishing in Glacier Bay.
		State attorneys are also asking the court to resolve a 34-year-old state-federal boundary dispute over the rest of Southeast Alaska's inland waters.
		It disagreed with the state's view that Southeast Alaska islands should be considered an extension of the mainland — a legal distinction that would mold Southeast Alaska into two large bays with numerous islands.
	seattletimes.nwsource.com /html/localnews/2002110364_glacierwire06m.html (439 words)

	Man made environment
		This boundary was violated by the Hudson's Bay Company, but a direct confrontation over British rights to establish a trading post on the Stikine River near present-day Wrangell resulted in a settlement between the two governments whereby the Hudson's Bay Company gained control over a large area of southeastern Alaska until the American purchase.
		Disputes over landholdings and mining rights and conflicts between civilians and army officers over mining claims led to the declaration of martial law in the area in 1881 and a meeting in Juneau to which miners from all over Southeast were invited.
		In 1903 the boundary dispute was resolved, largely in favor of the United States, which caused long-lasting Canadian resentment.
	www.alaskool.org /resources/regional/SE_reg_pro/man_made_env.htm (8411 words)

	Alaska Boundary Dispute -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		The treaty of 1867, by which the United States had bought Alaska from Russia, established the boundary of southeast Alaska (the Panhandle) as 30 miles (48 kilometers) from the coast.
		A dispute between the United States and Canada over the boundary between British Columbia and the Alaska panhandle was decided by an Alaska Boundary Tribunal in 1903.
		The Alaska boundary dispute with Canada was adjusted during 1903.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-9272773 (872 words)

	Canada in the Making - Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		When America bought Alaska from the Russians in 1867, the U.S. believed it had land ownership of various fjords along the coastline in what's now called the Alaskan Panhandle.
		This was a royal commission headed by Judge Thomas Berger to look into the effects of building an oil pipeline from Alaska to Alberta, via the northern Yukon and the Mackenzie Valley.
		Many Finnish people settled in Alaska (which was then a part of Russia) between 1835 and 1865, and would gradually move down the coast of British Columbia.
	www.canadiana.org /citm/glossaire/glossaire1_e.html (12220 words)

	Lecture Four
		French Quebeckers were drawn into these disputes, as the minorities looked to Quebec for help and support - not only to French MPs in Ottawa, but to Quebec directly (either the press or the people).
		Alaska Boundary dispute emerged because of the discovery of gold in the Alaskan panhandle in 1898.
		Roosevelt told the British ambassador to the U.S. that he was “going to be ugly” on Alaska and send 800 troops to the area to make his point.
	www.nipissingu.ca /faculty/davidc/History/lecture_4.htm (3333 words)

	Canada
		The discovery of gold in the Yukon made a remote boundary dispute that had remained unresolved for years suddenly critical.
		The International Boundary Commission was established in 1908 to finally settle remaining areas of dispute as a purely technical procedure without the histrionics of Alaska.
		The Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909 established the International Joint Commission, whose role was to advise both governments on issues that affected waters straddling the border.
	www.tvdsb.on.ca /thames/thames/canada'scentruy.htm (4407 words)

	alaska history historical alaska
		___A description of the situation in Alaska after its purchase and prior to the formal installation of a civil government precedes the complete text of the Organic Act.
		Information concerns the construction of Alaska's end of the Alaskan-Canadian Highway and it's importance as a military supply route during WWII.
		In the 250 years since Europeans found Alaska, much of that oral history was lost, what was recorded does not correspond to the Western manner of recording events on a calendar basis." - Text only - From the Alaska State Library - http://sled.alaska.edu/akfaq/akchron.html
	www.archaeolink.com /alaska_history_historical_alaska.htm (1345 words)

	Stories in the News - Ketchikan, Alaska - June Allen
		There seemed to be little or no need for a political boundary between the Russian claims and the Canadian lands until the early 1800s when the Hudson's Bay Company, fur trading competitor of the Russian-America Company, paddled its way to the western edge of Canada.
		The boundary therefore was to follow the "crest of the mountains situated parallel to the coast" and should not anywhere exceed the distance of 10 marine leagues (whatever that is in miles) from the ocean.
		At a point roughly north of Mount St. Elias the boundary then followed the 141st degree of longitude straight up northward to the "Frozen Ocean." That was a very general description but it served its purpose well enough with one exception.
	www.sitnews.net /JuneAllen/Border/042203_ak_ca_border.html (1629 words)

	Pacific Northwest - Psychology Central
		In the United States its boundaries are imprecise but generally coincide with the area covered by the original Oregon Territory of 1848 (e.g.
		After a war scare with the United Kingdom, the Oregon boundary dispute was settled in the 1846 Oregon Treaty, partitioning the region along the 49th parallel and resolving most (but not all) of the border disputes.
		During the Alaska Boundary Dispute US President Teddy Roosevelt threatened to invade and annex British Columbia if Britain would not yield on the question of the Yukon Ports.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Pacific_Northwest (1556 words)

	National Interest, The: The realistic Roosevelt
		In 1895, Britain, recognizing that it was overextended in the face of a more powerful Germany, adopted a conciliatory strategy towards the United States during the boundary dispute between British Guyana and Venezuela (an example of a strategic change of direction in response to an incident of intrinsically minor importance).
		During the Spanish-American War, Britain, as part of this new strategy, sold coal and ships to the U.S. Navy and allowed Dewey to communicate with Washington via the undersea cable in Hong Kong--not unlike the low-profile support that the United States was to provide Britain during the Falklands War.
		This border dispute between the United States and Canada, which had developed with the discovery of gold in the 1890s, came to a head in 1902.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2751/is_77/ai_n6353172 (1172 words)

	Imperialism
		Boundary had not been defined since the Anglo-Russian Treaty of 1825
		Boundary became urgent matter in 1890s when Gold was discovered in the Yukon
		Dispute was referred to a joint commission of six officials
	ghs.gresham.k12.or.us /socialstudies/weberwel/Imperialism.htm (2724 words)

	High court to hear Alaska-U.S. land dispute
		State attorneys are also asking the Supreme Court to resolve a 34-year-old state-federal boundary dispute over the rest of southeast Alaska's inland waters.
		Both sides have agreed Alaska has rightful claim to most of the submerged lands in southeast Alaska, whittling down the disputed territory by about 80 percent.
		They disagreed with the state's view that southeast Alaska islands should be considered an extension of the mainland -- a legal distinction that would mold southeast Alaska into two large bays containing numerous islands.
	seattlepi.nwsource.com /local/202421_fill06.html (489 words)

	Nelson - History - -- Textbooks -- Web Links
		The full text of the 1889 Ontario Boundary Act, which settled the dispute between Ontario and Manitoba and fixed the western limits of Ontario.
		The full text of the 1854 Reciprocity Treaty between the United States and Canada, which, although it was cancelled in 1866, continued to have considerable influence on the economic relations between the two countries.
		An overview of the Alaska Boundary Dispute between Canada and the United States, with information on causes and reactions, as well as selected articles from period newspapers.
	www.nelson.com /nelson/harcourt/history/links/link2.htm (2279 words)

	A Loose Bandage
		The Yukon and Alaskan Gold Rushes trigger resumed debates as to the legitimacy of the current border, which prompts the Canadian government to request a survey of the area.
		The US and Great Britain soon agree on a format to address the boundary arbitration: a commission will be appointed, consisting of six members (three from the United States, two from Canada, and one from Britain).
		- Late in the year, the arbitration commission assigned to rule on the Alaskan Boundary dispute rules in favor of the United States, awarding it the lands in question, while awarding British Columbia a small triangle of land on the Alaskan panhandle in return.
	www.geocities.com /wmlives/ALB1.html (10308 words)

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