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	Trans-Alaska Pipeline System - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS), usually called the Alyeska Pipeline in Alaska or the Alaska Pipeline elsewhere, is a major U.S. oil pipeline connecting oil fields in northern Alaska to a sea port where the oil can be shipped to the Lower 48 states for refining.
		Although the pipeline is actually about 799 miles long, it is usually referred to as 800 miles long.
		Some elevated parts of the pipeline have radiators called "heat pipes" within the Vertical Support Members (VSMs) which use passive convection of anhydrous ammonia to disperse heat from the oil traveling through the pipeline.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Trans-Alaska_Pipeline_System (1074 words)

	Trans-Alaska Pipeline System - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A pipeline was considered the only viable system for transporting the oil to the nearest ice-free port, almost 800 miles (1,287 km) away at Valdez.
		As well as the harsh environment, the need to cross three mountain ranges and many rivers and streams, the permafrost of Alaska meant that almost half of the pipeline's length had to be elevated rather than buried as normal to prevent the ground melting and shifting.
		The highest losses from the pipeline was in February 1978, when a deliberate explosion led to more than 16,000 barrels (2,500 m³) leaking out at Steele Creek, near Fairbanks.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Alaska_Pipeline (1074 words)

	Trans-Alaska Pipeline
		The Trans-Alaska Pipeline System was designed and constructed to move oil from the North Slope of Alaska to the northern most ice- free port- Valdez, Alaska.
		Pressure inside the pipeline was approximately 525 pounds per square inch at the time of the incident and continues to be high at this time.
		A suspect is in custody for allegedly shooting the pipeline and causing the rupture.
	solcomhouse.com /pipeline.htm (866 words)

	Pipeline, Alaska Science Forum
		The pipeline couldn't be buried in permafrost because the heat of the oil would cause the icy soil to melt.
		The pipeline was built in a zigzag pattern to allow the pipe to expand and contract.
		Where the pipeline crosses seismic faultsóweak areas of rock that rupture during earthquakes when the plates of the earth grind against one anotheróit sits on rails.
	www.gi.alaska.edu /ScienceForum/ASF12/1290.html (694 words)

	Encyclopedia: Alaska Pipeline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS), sometimes called the Alyeska Pipeline or Alaska Pipeline, is a major US oil pipeline connecting oil fields in northern Alaska to a sea port where the oil can be shipped to the Lower 48 states for refining.
		A pipeline was considered the only viable system for transporting the oil to the nearest ice_free port, over 800 miles (1,280 km) away at Valdez.
		As well as the harsh environment, the need to cross three mountain groups and many rivers and streams, the permafrost of Alaska meant that almost half of the pipeline's length had to be elevated rather than buried as normal to prevent the ground melting and shifting.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Alaska-Pipeline (634 words)

	The Trans-Alaska Pipeline: Man-Made Wonder of the Last Frontier - ExploreNorth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Alyeska Pipeline Service Co. constructed the pipeline in 1977 as a means of transporting petroleum from the oilfields at Prudhoe Bay to the marine terminal in Valdez, where it is loaded aboard tankers for the journey to U.S refineries.
		In the case of the Alaska pipeline, a lot of the ground where it runs is underlain by permanently frozen soil, or permafrost.
		Pipeline planners realized that the heat from the oil, which comes out of the ground at 150-180° F, would thaw the frozen soil if the pipeline was buried, causing the pipe to buckle and break, leading to ecological damage.
	www.explorenorth.com /library/aktravel/bl-pipe.htm (687 words)

	Valdez, Alaska > History > The Trans-Alaska Pipeline
		Pipeline employment reached its peak at 21,600 in August of 1975.
		The decision to elevate or bury the pipe depended primarily on soil conditions and the possible effects of the pipeline heat on the soil.
		Throughout much of the life of the pipeline, crude oil was moved down the line by a series of ten operating pump stations.
	www.valdezalaska.org /history/transAlaskaPipeline.html (1048 words)

	Alaska (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The name Alaska is derived from the Aleut word "Alyeska," meaning "great land." Alaska is the largest state in the Union.
		Alaska has 6,640 miles of coastline and, including islands, has 33,904 miles of shoreline, 3 million lakes and more than 3,000 rivers.
		Alaska boasts the northernmost (Point Barrow), the easternmost (Pochnoi Point on Semisopochnoi Island in the Aleutians), and the westernmost (Amatignak Island in the Aleutians) points in the United States.
	www.solcomhouse.com /alaska.htm (385 words)

	Analysis of Restricted Natural Gas Supply Cases - No Alaska Pipeline Case and AEO2004 Reference Case
		The no Alaska pipeline case is projected to change the natural gas supply and demand balance only after 2017, because the AEO2004 reference case projects the pipeline to become operational in 2018.
		In 2025, the no Alaska pipeline case projects a wellhead gas price of $4.60 per mcf, which is 20 cents per mcf greater than the price projected in the reference case.
		The higher wellhead gas price in the no Alaska pipeline case is projected to result in lower gas consumption and higher lower 48 gas production and net gas imports, relative to those projected in the reference case.
	www.eia.doe.gov /oiaf/servicerpt/ngsupply/alaska_pipeline.html (738 words)

	Alexander's Gas & Oil Connections - Trans-Alaska oil pipeline survives earthquake
		The pipeline was shut down for 66 hours after the quake as a precaution.
		The pipeline itself is made of steel pipe chosen for its ability to bend and deform without breaking.
		Nine anchors that restrict the pipeline's horizontal movement were tripped, and a honeycomb of insulating material was crushed in several places, but the pipeline was not dented, Lusher said.
	www.gasandoil.com /goc/news/ntn24876.htm (609 words)

	Alaska oil pipeline photos and information. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Completed in 1977, the Alaska pipeline covers 800 miles of mountain, muskeg and river valleys in its span from Prudhoe Bay to Valdez.
		Where the pipeline crosses seismic faults--weak areas of rock that rupture during earthquakes when the plates of the earth grind against one another--it sits on rails.
		This article is provided as a public service by the Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, in cooperation with the UAF research community and the aid of Alyeska Pipeline Service Company's Elden Johnson.
	patrickendres.com /alaska_oil_pipeline.shtml (750 words)

	What is TAPS?
		TAPS is a pipeline system that transports crude oil from oil fields on Alaska's North Slope to the port of Valdez on Alaska's south coast, where it is loaded into oil tankers and shipped to refineries in other locations.
		Valves are strategically placed along the pipeline to permit isolation of sections of the pipeline and minimize the volume of potential spills.
		Above ground sections of the pipeline are built in a zig zag configuration to allow for expansion or contraction of the pipe because of temperature changes.
	tapseis.anl.gov /guide/what.cfm (779 words)

	Alexander's Gas & Oil Connections - Alaska pipeline builders urge natural gas producers to commit
		Foothills Pipe Lines Alaska Inc., which represents eight pipeline companies, asked the Alaska Gas Pipeline Office in Anchorage to stop processing an application to run the gas line across state land and along the Alaska Highway.
		About 18 months ago, the pipeliners chased the dream again as natural gas prices spiked, causing gas shortages in the Lower 48 where gas is increasingly burned for electricity and home heating.
		The pipeline builders worked with the office to permit the 200 miles of state land left unresolved from 1980.
	www.gasandoil.com /goc/company/cnn22622.htm (649 words)

	Alaska's pipeline potential - (United Press International) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The $8 billion, 48-inch diameter, 800-mile-long Trans Alaska Pipeline System is one of the largest pipeline systems in the world, stretching from the Prudhoe Bay on Alaska's North Slope, through rugged and beautiful terrain, to Valdez, the northernmost ice-free port in North America.
		When the pipeline was being built 30 years ago, environmentalists were making many of the same pleas, yet the wildlife receives no danger of extinction as a result of the pipeline.
		Oil pumped from the pipeline is first stored in the 18 crude concrete dike oil storage tanks, which are 250 feet in diameter, 62 feet, 3 inches with a capacity of 510,000 barrels each for a total of 9.18 million barrels.
	washingtontimes.com /upi-breaking/20040804-121108-9543r.htm (960 words)

	Trans-Alaska Pipeline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Some areas of the pipeline are buried in the ground, and in one case 4 miles of it is refrigerated underground.
		said, “The pipeline traverses 800 miles of palace carpet that consists of frozen tundra, boreal forest, raging rivers, and majestic mountains, the pipeline is a silken thread like no other (1).” The pipeline is 48 inches in diameter, a half inch thick, and wrapped in four inches of insulation.
		the pipeline is shutdown for a few days after it was hit by an earthquake that was 7.9 on the Richter scale.
	home.olemiss.edu /~gnprater/Trans.htm (776 words)

	Washington Group International - Project Profiles - Trans-Alaska Pipeline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		In 1975 Morrison Knudsen Co., operating under a $125-million contract from Alyeska, began work on what was to be the final leg of the pipeline that would carry crude oil from the shores of Prudhoe Bay to the port of Valdez at a dog-legged fjord on Prince William Sound in the Gulf of Alaska.
		There may be longer pipelines in the world but the Trans-Alaska crosses some of the most rugged mountain ranges in the world, traverses scores of wild rivers and carefully and safely spans hundreds of miles of some of the most delicate and fragile landscapes in the world.
		As specialists in the construction of the full range of cross-country and maritime pipelines, the MK-River Division laid the first section of the pipeline in March 1975 at the crossing of the Tonsia River, approximately 75 miles north of Valdez.
	www.wgint.com /project.php?id=8 (1459 words)

	Welcome to SLED :: FAQ Alaska
		The land ownership question was settled with Congressional passage of the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act and its signature into law by President Richard Nixon in December 1971.
		The building permit for the pipeline was issued in 1974, and construction began on March 27, 1975.
		The pipeline is 48 inches in diameter and varies between 0.462 and 0.562 inches thick.
	sled.alaska.edu /akfaq/aktaps.html (319 words)

	alaska pipeline construction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		In the case of the Alaska pipeline, a lot of the ground where it runs is...
		Pipeline construction began in March 1975 and was finished in June 1977.
		The Trans-Alaska Pipeline System was designed and constructed to move oil from the North Slope of Alaska to the northern most ice- free port- Valdez,...
	www.construction-zone-2005-2006.com /4/alaska-pipeline-construction.html (295 words)

	CNN.com - Major earthquake shakes Alaska - Nov. 5, 2002
		He said the pipeline, in the area where the earthquake struck, was designed to sustain a magnitude 8.5 quake.
		The two major north-south highways in Alaska were shut down in places because of large cracks caused by the quake, he said.
		Engineers therefore built the pipeline in a "zig-zag" pattern across the fault so that, in the event of a large fault movement, the pipeline "would undo like an accordion, rather than break," Sieh said.
	archives.cnn.com /2002/US/11/04/earthquake.alaska (835 words)

	FEMA: Survival of the Trans-Alaska Oil Pipeline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		When the pipeline was proposed in 1968 to transport oil from producing fields near Prudhoe Bay on the Arctic Ocean to the ice-free port of Valdez, USGS geologists realized that earthquakes on faults along the pipeline route presented a potential threat.
		In the 1970's, seismologists and geologists commissioned by the Alyeska Pipeline Service Company, in concert with the USGS, studied the likely effects of a magnitude 8.0 earthquake, judged to be the maximum credible earthquake for the Denali fault.
		The resulting technical requirements for the pipeline stipulated it must be designed to withstand intense shaking levels and up to twenty feet of offset, which proved to be right on target for the magnitude 7.9 earthquake that occurred on November 3, 2002.
	www.fema.gov /hazards/earthquakes/nehrp/sty_oil_print.shtm (292 words)

	ipedia.com: Trans-Alaska Pipeline System Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The Trans-Alaska Pipeline System is a major US oil pipeline connecting oil fields in northern Alaska to a sea port where the oil can be shipped to the Lower 48 states for refining.
		The Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS) is a major US oil pipeline connecting oil fields in northern Alaska to a sea port where the oil can be shipped to the Lower 48 states for refining.
		The worst spill relating to the pipeline was in 1989 when over 260,000 barrels (41,000 m³;) were lost by the Exxon Valdez.
	www.ipedia.com /trans_alaska_pipeline_system.html (476 words)

	The Trans-Alaska Pipeline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Alyeska Pipeline Service Co., which operates and maintains the pipeline, gives tours from early May through mid-September at the Fox visitor center, eight miles north of Fairbanks on the Steese Highway.
		The pipeline is buried for less than half its length, where the ground is well-drained gravel or solid rock, and thawing is no problem.
		The Joint Pipeline Office was organized in 1990 in answer to concerns about corrosion of the pipe and potential spills.
	fairbanks-alaska.com /trans-alaska-pipeline.htm (662 words)

	Alaska
		Alaska, University of - Alaska, University of, at Fairbanks, Anchorage, and Juneau; land-grant and state supported;...
		Alaska Range - Alaska Range, S central Alaska, rising to the highest mountain in North America, Mt. McKinley...
		Alaska - Alaska, largest in area of the United States but third smallest (exceeding only Vermont and...
	www.factmonster.com /ipka/A0108178.html (504 words)

	ABC News: Alaska Gas Pipeline Gaining Momentum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Tax credits if Alaska gas fell below a certain price had been sought by the Alaska senators and some of the potential pipeline investors, but were strongly opposed by the Bush administration as being unfair to gas producers in the lower 48 states.
		Alaska's North Slope is believed to hold as much as 100 trillion cubic feet of natural gas, the largest reserves in North America.
		The pipeline would run from Prudhoe Bay along the route of the trans-Alaska oil pipeline to Fairbanks, then follow the Alaska Highway into Canada, where it eventually would connect with pipelines in Alberta and a system of lines into the Midwest, as far as Chicago, and into the Pacific Northwest.
	abcnews.go.com /Business/wireStory?id=203220 (860 words)

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