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Topic: Albanian literature

	Literature - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Literature is literally "an acquaintance with letters" as in the first sense given in the Oxford English Dictionary (from the Latin littera meaning "an individual written character (letter)").
		The word "literature" as a common noun can refer to any form of writing, such as essays; "Literature" as a proper noun refers to a whole body of literary work, world-wide or relating to a specific culture.There is often confusion regarding the actual definition of literature and Literature.
		Romanticism emphasized the popular folk literature and emotive involvement, but gave way in the 19th-century West to a phase of so-called realism and naturalism, investigations into what is real.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Literature (2604 words)

	ALBANIAN LITERATURE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Although the literature that evolved in Voskopoja was mainly in the Greek language, the need to erect obstacles to Islamisation made necessary the use of national languages, encouraging the development of national cultures.
		Naim Frashëri is the founder of the national literature of the Albanians and of the national literary language.
		The literature of the Albanians of Italy in the period between the two Wars continued the tradition of the romanticist school of the 19th century.
	www.geocities.com /albaland/literature.html (4380 words)

	Albanian_literature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Although Albanian is an ancient tongue, the oldest known document in the language is from November 8, 1462, a formula of baptism (Albanian: Formula e Pagëzimit) by the bishop of Durrës, Pal Engjëlli.
		The scarcity of translations of Albanian literature has, thus, nothing to do with a lack of quality in the original (although there are admittedly many works of dubious merit which would be better left untranslated), but simply rather with a lack of literary translators from Albanian into English.
		The lack of earlier examples of written Albanian is thought to be due to the influence of Greek and Latin.
	www.apawn.com /search.php?title=Albanian_literature (369 words)

	Literature - Albanian Authors - Migjeni - Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Previous generations of poets had sung the beauties of the Albanian mountains and the sacred traditions of the nation, whereas Migjeni now opened his eyes to the harsh realities of life, to the appalling level of misery, disease and poverty he discovered all around him.
		Eroticism has certainly never been a prominent feature of Albanian literature at any period and one would be hard pressed to name any Albanian author who has expressed his intimate impulses and desires in verse or prose.
		This literature was, however, soon to be nipped in the bud.
	home1.gte.net /vze7b2yg/id207.html (2234 words)

	Literature - Albanian Authors - Ismail Kadare - Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Kadare’s poetry was less bombastic than previous verse and gained direct access to the hearts of the readers who saw in him the spirit of the times and who appreciated the diversity of his themes.
		With candidness and sincerity, Kadare contributed in particular to the evolution of love lyrics, a genre traditionally neglected in Albanian literature.
		He was thus the most prominent representative of Albanian literature under the dictatorship of Enver Hoxha and, at the same time, its most talented adversary.
	home1.gte.net /vze7b2yg/id201.html (447 words)

	Shkodra
		Though few minor Albanian writers, such as Vangjel Koça (1900-1943) and Vasil Alarupi (1908-1977), were genuine proponents of fascism, some did see a certain advantage to Italian tutelage despite their general opposition to foreign interference in Albanian affairs.
		From 1942 to 1943, Koliqi was president of the newly formed Institute of Albanian Studies (Istituti i Studimevet Shqiptare) in Tirana, a forerunner of the Academy of Sciences.
		The northern Albanian dialect as a refined literary medium and indeed Scutarine culture in general had achieved a modest golden age, only to be brought to a swift demise at the end of the Second World War.
	www.shkoder.net /en/ekoliqi.htm (1687 words)

	Albanian literature -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The development of Albanian literature was seriously hindered by the Ottoman Empire, which ruled Albania from the 15th to the late 19th century and prohibited publications in the Albanian language for most of that time.
		Albanian poet and novelist Ismail Kadare, a resident of Paris since 1990, was hard at work in 1997 revising his collected works, which were being published--some for the first time--in both French and Albanian.
		As in the history of the literature of most peoples, poetry was the first literary expression of the Germans.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9005396?tocId=9005396 (685 words)

	Kosovo: CHAPTER ONE
		Albanian national consciousness, like other forms of national consciousness in the Balkans and elsewhere, was formed in large part in relationship to a real and imagined historical past, as written, told and shared.
		The League, the primary symbol of the Albanian "national awakening," had called in 1878 for a unified Albanian state and full autonomy for all Albanian-inhabited territories in the Ottoman empire.(17) To mark this seminal event, nearly every predominately Albanian town in Kosovo held celebrations of Albanian literature, song and history.
		Many of the Albanians who were arrested, like other political prisoners at the time, were harshly treated: "Albanians were beaten into insanity, had their arms and legs broken under torture, were forced to conduct prolonged hunger strikes and were shot inside solitary cells.
	ucpress.edu /books/pages/8454/8454.ch01.html (9763 words)

	Modern Albanian Poetry
		His poetry, collected in the slender volume "Free Verse", is characterised by a strong social ethic, not of pity for the poor, but of outrage against injustice and oppression.
		Literature of the fifties and early sixties saw the pervasion in Albania of the doctrine of socialist realism which encouraged a definite social and political message, not only in prose but also in verse.
		Fortunately, the assigned mission of the poet was soon combined with enough creativity and talent to save contemporary Albanian lyrics from the sterile panegyrics which party dogmatists usually long for.
	www.macedonia.co.uk /mcic/balkankaleidoscope/multiculturalisminmacedonia/albpoems.htm (510 words)

	Search Results for Albanian - Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Albanian, the language of the present-day republic of Albania, is known from the 15th century AD.
		There are an estimated seven million ethnic Albanians in the world, but fewer than half of them live within the boundaries of the Albanian state.
		The Albanian language (called Shqip by Albanians) is of interest to linguists because, as a descendant of the extinct Illyrian tongue, it is the only surviving member of its branch of the...
	www.britannica.com /search?query=Albanian&submit=Find&source=MWTAB (430 words)

	Albanian Telegraphic Agency (ATA), 99-03-02
		The Albanian Ministry of Education and Science is attaching priority during the current academic year also to establishing of direct contacts between Albanian universities and foreign analoguous educational institutions, in the contest of bilateral agreements, said today the deputy minister of Education and Science, Mimoza Hafizi.
		Stavri Çollaku, inspector of the regional Albanian Fund for Development in Korça said to ATA that a bid would be held soon to pave way for the reconstruction of the aqueduct in the Voskop village, for which a fund worth US$65 thousand had been approved.
		Meta said that a priority of the Albanian government policy is to avoid the war and humanitarian catastrophe and the conference on Kosova had and would have the support of the Albanian government.
	www.hri.org /news/balkans/ata/1999/99-03-02.ata.html (4988 words)

	KULTURE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Perhaps the best-known living Albanian writer is Ismail Kadare, author of the novel The General of the Dead Army (1963).
		Notable Albanian artists of the 20th century include Vangjush Mijo and Androniqi Zenge, both of whom are credited with introducing Western-style impressionism to Albania in the mid-1930s.
		The first Albanian play, Emma, was written in 1887 by an Italo-Albanian, Anton Santori, and dealt with themes of the Albanian diaspora (migration to other countries).
	albinfo.com /travel1.html (911 words)

	Professor Victor Friedman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Evidentiality in the Balkans: Macedonian, Bulgarian, and Albanian.
		(Albanian: The Albanian admirative and the Romanian presumptive).
		Albanian in the Balkan Linguistic League: A Reconsideration of Theoretical Implications.
	humanities.uchicago.edu /depts/slavic/friedman.html (13244 words)

	Albanian Collections (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The exact size of the Albanian holdings is not known, since, like other country/language holdings, they have no separate catalogue and are dispersed within the rest of the collections.
		The literature which came out Albania in the 1950s and 1960s was particularly didactic and moralising, and produced few serious works.
		In spite of the past difficulties, however, coverage of Albanian material in the humanities and social sciences is good.
	www.bl.uk /collections/easteuropean/albanian.html (645 words)

	Albanian Translation and Localization Services
		we work exclusively with Albanian, which means that we devote all of our time, energies, and resources to only one language, resulting in a very high level of attention paid to each of the assignments we get.
		Albanian or Shqip is the oldest Indo-European language spoken by some six million inhabitants of the western Balkan peninsula in south-eastern Europe (Albanians).
		Tosk is spoken in southern and central Albania, by the Arbëreshë of Italy, among the Albanian minority of Greece: the Çam and the Arvanites, and in small communities of Albanian immigrants in Ukraine, Turkey, Egypt, and the United States.
	www.albaniantranslations.com (270 words)

	Jeronim DE RADA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Girolamo De Rada (1814-1903), known in Albanian as Jeronim De Rada, is not only the best known writer of Italo-Albanian literature but also the foremost figure of the Albanian nationalist movement in nineteenth-century Italy.
		His vision of an independent Albania grew in the second half of the nineteenth century from a simple desire to a realistic political objective to which he was passionately committed.
		De Rada was the harbinger and first audible voice of the Romantic movement in Albanian literature, a movement which, inspired by his unfailing energy on behalf of national awakening among Albanians in Italy and in the Balkans, was to evolve into the romantic nationalism characteristic of the Rilindja period in Albania.
	www.albanianliterature.com /html/authors/bio/derada.html (568 words)

	Read about Albanian literature at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Albanian literature and learn about Albanian ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Albanian is an ancient tongue, the oldest known document in the language is from
		baptism (Albanian: Formula e Pagëzimit) by the bishop of Durrës, Pal Engjëlli.
		The lack of earlier examples of written Albanian is thought to be due to the influence of
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Albanian_literature (102 words)

	KULTURE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Book distribution in all Albanian district with proper means of transport; selling con track with bookshops and commercial centres of book-selling in the towns all round the country.
		Todey Toena is the most important publishing house, contributing to the Albanian culture, indelibly inculcating the best values of the Albanian literature.
		Part of its encyclopedic gamut are the scientific works prepared by the most prominent scholars and professors of the research and academic institutions, as well as informative books, piblications dedicated to the national histoty and traditions, foreign language course books, various dictionaries, manuals intended for specialists and professionals, even albums and maps.
	www.albinfo.com /k01.html (173 words)

	ATA News from Albania, 96-09-01
		Gjergj Fishta's literary work, Albanian world and the linguistic values of this work were on the focus of Saturday's session.
		Fishta's knowledge on Albanian language was that of a scientist, he was the chairman of the commission for the establishment of the alphabet rendering a valuable contribution.
		The interlocutors also focused on the legalization of the Albanian immigrants in Greece, number of whom is thought to be 300 000.
	www.hri.org /news/balkans/ata/1996/96-09-01.ata.html (1180 words)

	Ismail Kadare (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Albanian writer, frequently mentioned as a candidate for the Nobel Prize in Literature, a leading figure of Albanian cultural life from the 1960s.
		He attended primary and secondary schools in Gjirokastra, and went on to study languages and literature at the Faculty of History and Philology of the University of Tirana.
		In 1982 Kadaré was accused by the president of the League of Albanian Writers and Artists of deliberately evading politics by cloaking much of his fiction in history and folklore.
	www.kirjasto.sci.fi /kadare.htm (1215 words)

	[ALBSA-Info] SEM-ENG.TXT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This seminar is organised for students, professors and researchers outside of Kosova and Albania occupated with Albanian language, literature, and culture and with Albanology in general.
		In 1991 the imposed Serbian rule oriented against the Albanian culture and everything Albanian had interrupted the activities of the Seminar.
		In 1995 and 1996, in co-operation with the Institute of Linguistics and Literature of the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Albanian, the Seminar was forced to develop its activities in Tirana.
	www.alb-net.com /pipermail/albsa-info/2000-July/000381.html (382 words)

	Albanian Literature (14th-16th centuries) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Such is the earliest known reference to the existence of an Albanian literature.
		A fragmentary translation of St. Mathew's Gospel, chapter 28, verses 62-66, followed by an Easter chant is the earliest known scrap of Albanian, and was discovered by Sofronio Grassisi in 1912.
		An Albanian adaptation of Bellarmino's Christian Doctrinae was published in Rome in 1618, and was reprinted in 1636, 1664 and lastly 1868.
	members.aol.com /dxhezo/literatearly.htm (1154 words)

	Dr. Robert Elsie - Studies in modern Albanian literature and culture
		Although many of these publications circulated among writers and intellectuals in Albania at the time of their issue, very few were ever republished there under the dictatorship, and those which were translated and printed in the Tirana literary newspaper Drita,were abridged for obvious political reasons.
		With the collapse of communism in Europe, the American literary journal ‘World Literature Today’ devoted its issue of spring 1991 to “Literature and revolution in Eastern Europe.” In addition to articles on literary developments in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia and Bulgaria, an article on Albanian writing was included.
		This article, which I entitled “Evolution and revolution in modern Albanian literature,” offered the first substantial survey of modern Albanian literature since the fifties to be published in English.
	www.elsie.de /pub/b13.html (847 words)

	Selected Literatures and Authors Pages - Serbian, Montenegrin, and Yugoslav Literatures
		The Literature of Montenegro Before 1918 - Role of Petar I Petrovic.
		By Ivo Andric Nobel Laureate in Literature, 1961.
		The Albanian National Question in the Serb Political Programs during 1937-1944.
	learning.lib.vt.edu /slav/lit_authors_serbian.html (752 words)

	Robert Elsie, Albanian authors in translation
		It comprises a wide range of Albanian authors from past and present, including writers from Albania, Kosova and the Albanian diaspora.
		These translations are the fruits of over twenty years of research in the field of Albanian studies.
		In this connection, I would like to thank Canadian poet Janice Mathie-Heck (musette@telus.net) of Calgary, Alberta, who has collaborated with me in numerous translations of Albanian literature, for her contribution to the preparation of this collection.
	www.albanianliterature.com (445 words)

	Kadare -3
		The Man Booker International Prize is unique in the world of literature in that it can be won by an author of any nationality, providing that his or her work is available in the English language.
		Noted Albanian poet and novelist Ismail Kadare has won the first-ever Man Booker International Prize, thus gaining recognition as one of the world's finest writers.
		He spoke of how freedom and literature belong together and how, as a youth, during the years of suppression under Enver Hoxha, he was sustained and inspired by literature.
	cercizloloci.8m.net /contact.html (5455 words)

	Dr. Robert Elsie - History of Albanian literature
		The Frashëri brothers and the Rilindja literature of romantic nationalism
		The currents of early twentieth-century Albanian literature to 1944
		Twentieth-century Albanian literature in Italy and in the diaspora
	www.elsie.de /pub/b10.html (179 words)

	languagehat.com: Comment on ALBANIAN LITERATURE.
		Although I'm not so sure Albanian is any more underserved than Romanian or Bulgarian.
		I could name Ismail Kadare off the top of my head if asked to think of an Albanian writer, I can't think of any modern Romanian, Bulgarian or Macedonian writers who have garnered attention in the West.
		In Albanian, the word ‘kishet’ (gërshet) means ‘braids’ and that was the way they were accustomed to wearing their hair, as far as I remember.
	www.languagehat.com /mt/mt-comments.cgi?entry_id=1919 (260 words)

	Albanian language and literature presented by Antoni (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		These pages are meant to become a kind of archive pages for the Albanian language and literature.
		If you are interested in texts written in Albanian, here are my pages in Albanian.
		Another thing: if you have any articles about albanian language or literature and you think that these pages would be nice place to put them on, then please send them to me.
	studweb.studserv.uni-stuttgart.de /studweb/users/ger/ger10999/english/english.html (189 words)

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