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Topic: Albedo

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	Albedo Systems: website content management systems; web design; e-commerce; web-based databases; web site hosting and ...
		Albedo specialises in developing websites that are functional, maintainable, usable and accessible.
		Albedo Systems can offer everything you need to create and maintain a web presence, large or small, from initial consultancy, through analysis, programming and graphics design, final deployment and promotion - and continuing with systems that will lift the burden of site content management, maintenance and upgrading.
		We see a website as more than just a set of disjointed pages - to us it is an interconnected system that requires an integrated approach.
	rd.business.com /index.asp?epm=s.1&bdcq=Albedo&bdcr=1&bdcu=http://www.albedo.co.uk/&bdcp=&partner=2662601&bdcs=nwuuid-2662601-5B0223CA-8CC4-10C6-715A-540C89448FA5-ym (300 words)

	Albedo - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Albedo is the measure of reflectivity of a surface or body.
		The white-sky albedo is the reflectance of a surface illuminated uniformly from all points on a hemisphere (the sky).
		In this case the albedo depends on the direction of illumination (particularly zenith angle) and is similar to the daytime insolation of the Earth's surface under a clear or cloud-free sky.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Albedo (1328 words)

	Albedo (Xenosaga) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Albedo is first seen in the asteroid Pleroma, the base of Margulis, a commander of the U-TIC Organization.
		Albedo re-enters the scene in his E.S. Simeon, and summons Proto Merkabah, a large space station that was once home to Joachim Mizrahi and MOMO, using the knowledge he had gained from MOMO's memories.
		Albedo was sent to the Woglinde to get the Zohar Emulator onboard, but he tells Margulis he decided to grab his Kirschwasser instead, claiming that it didn't matter, because the Zohar Emulator is not the real Zohar.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Albedo_(Xenosaga) (2603 words)

	Albedo of the Earth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		The term albedo (Latin for white) is commonly used to applied to the overall average reflection coefficient of an object.
		For example, the albedo of the Earth is 0.39 (Kaufmann) and this affects the equilibrium temperature of the Earth.
		The geometric albedo is defined as the amount of radiation relative to that from a flat Lambertian surface which is an ideal reflector at all wavelengths.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/phyopt/albedo.html (241 words)

	Albedo: How Bright is the Moon?
		Albedo is measured as the fraction of incident light that the surface reflects back in all directions.
		A perfect reflector by definition has an albedo of unity, i.e., all the incident light is reflected; a body that reflects no light at all would have an albedo of zero.” Actually, real surfaces never have albedos of exactly zero or one, but something in between.
		Earth’s albedo is 0.37; Mars is 0.15; Jupiter, 0.52; Saturn, 0.47; Uranus, 0.51; Neptune 0.41.
	www.asterism.org /tutorials/tut26-1.htm (628 words)

	albedo
		Albedo (from the Latin "albus" for "white") is expressed as the fraction of light and/or other radiation falling on an object that is reflected or scattered back into space; its value ranges from 0, for a perfectly fl surface, to 1, for a totally reflective surface.
		The normal albedo of a moon or asteroid, which can be calculated if the object’s apparent brightness, size, and distance are known, is an important indicator of surface composition.
		Bond albedo (named for the American astronomer George Bond (1826-1865)), also known as spherical albedo, is the fraction of the total incident solar radiation – the radiation at all wavelengths – that is reflected or scattered by an object in all directions; this is an important measure of a planetary body’s energy balance.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/A/albedo.html (334 words)

	Albedo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		The primary result of a greater albedo is a reduced ability for the surface to absorb solar radiation.
		Albedo is the ratio of the reflected radiation to the incident radiation.
		To calculate the albedo, divide the upwelling shortwave radiation by the downwelling shortwave radiation.
	k12.ocs.ou.edu /teachers/lessons/albedo.html (583 words)

	Radiation Budget Lesson: Exploring Albedo
		Albedo is the percentage of incoming sunlight that is reflected, rather than absorbed.
		Albedo is represented as a percentage of the Earth's total incoming energy.
		Further assume that the albedo of the white paper (or milk) is 100%.
	eosweb.larc.nasa.gov /EDDOCS/scierbe.html (881 words)

	Albedo: Platinum Catalyst - Sanguine Productions
		Albedo is Steve Gallacci's long-running anthology comic, mostly known for its longest-running series, "Erma Felna EDF", about the eponymous heroine and her struggle to survive in an interstellar society torn apart by war.
		Albedo: Platinum Catalyst - Twentieth Anniversary Edition will be available from limited outlets for sale, such as our own website, beginning August 18, 2004, at the GenCon Game Expo in Indianapolis, Indiana.
		This year marks the 20th anniversary of Albedo in print, the "platinum anniversary." The platinum-catalyst process is important in many chemical and industrial processes.
	www.sanguine.com /Albedo/index.shtml (513 words)

	Albedo
		\n\nThe \'\'\'albedo\'\'\' is a measure of reflectivity of a surface or body.
		Enceladus, a moon of Saturn, has the highest known albedo of any body in the solar system, with 99% of EM radiation reflected.\n\nHuman activities have changed the albedo (via forest clearance and farming, for example) of various areas around the globe.
		However, quantification of this effect is difficult on the global scale: it is not clear whether the changes have tended to increase or decrease global warming.\n\nThe \"classical\" example of albedo effect is the snow-temperature feedback.
	encycl.opentopia.com /term/Albedo (263 words)

	EO Newsroom: New Images - Earth's Albedo in Decline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Albedo is the fraction of incoming sunlight that our planet reflects back to space.
		Notice how the highest albedo values are in regions where Earth is mostly covered by snow and ice, or clouds, or both.
		A drop of as little as 0.01 in Earth’s albedo would have a major warming influence on climate—roughly equal to the effect of doubling the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which would cause Earth to retain an additional 3.4 watts of energy for every square meter of surface area.
	earthobservatory.nasa.gov /Newsroom/NewImages/images_topic.php3?img_id=16905&topic=heat (628 words)

	- Albedo
		The albedo is the ratio of the light reflected by an object to the total amount of light it receives.
		The albedo of the Earth depends on whether there are clouds in the sky.
		The albedo of a cloud depends on many factors including: the height of the cloud, its size and the number of water droplets inside the cloud.
	www.atmosphere.mpg.de /enid/25w.html (770 words)

	MODIS/Terra Albedo 16-Day L3 Global 1km SIN Grid
		Albedo is defined as the ratio of upwelling to downwelling radiative flux at the surface.
		Black-sky albedo is defined as albedo in the absence of a diffuse component and is a function of solar zenith angle.
		White-sky albedo is defined as albedo in the absence of a direct component when the diffuse component is isotropic.
	edcdaac.usgs.gov /modis/mod43b3v4.asp (440 words)

	Albedo Moon Images (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		About 50,000 Clementine images have been processed and mosaicked to produce a global map of the Moon's albedo (normalized brightness or reflectivity) at a wavelength of 750 nm.
		Although the images were acquired at a resolution of about 100 meters/pixel, they have been reduced to 1 km/pixel for this preliminary effort.
		The brightnesses are dominated by albedo everywhere except near the poles, where the brightness is dominated by topographic shading.
	www.cmf.nrl.navy.mil /clementine/albedo.html (214 words)

	albedo. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		A perfect reflector by definition has an albedo of unity, i.e., all the incident light is reflected; a body that reflects no light at all would have an albedo of zero.
		The albedos of planets, moons, and asteroids provide valuable information about the structure and composition of their surfaces.
		The dark regions on the earth’s moon give it the very low average albedo of 0.07, while highly reflective clouds give Venus an albedo of 0.85, the highest of any body in the solar system.
	www.bartleby.com /65/al/albedo.html (177 words)

	GURPS Albedo
		Several years ago, shortly after the first edition of Albedo: the Role-Playing Game came out, I got my hands on a copy of it at a get- together of some of my friends and was immediately fascinated by its portrayal of a future society at risk not from without but from within.
		Skills in the Albedo RPG are not that difficult to translate into GURPS terms, despite the mucking about with governors in the first edition and the shift to broad skill levels in the second.
		The one modification you'll have to make is to minimum ST; improved recoil compensators and the like reduce the kick of guns to the point that mice, avians, and the like can at least use pistols without the recoil throwing their aim all over the place (reduce minimum ST of all firearms by 3).
	www.sjgames.com /gurps/articles/GURPS_Albedo-1.7.html (8168 words)

	7(f) Atmospheric Effects on Incoming Solar Radiation
		The reflectivity or albedo of the Earth's surface varies with the type of material that covers it.
		Reflectivity of the surface is often described by the term surface albedo.
		The Earth's average albedo, reflectance from both the atmosphere and the surface, is about 30 %.
	www.physicalgeography.net /fundamentals/7f.html (683 words)

	Conversion of Absolute Magnitude to Diameter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Conversion of H to a diameter for a specific object requires knowledge of the object's albedo.
		This quantity is not known for most objects, so the diameters listed here are given as ranges: the smallest value corresponding to an albedo of 0.5 (intended for icy object), the middle value corresponding to an albedo of 0.25 and the larger to an albedo of 0.05.
		If a specific object has an albedo < 0.05, the diameter will be larger than the upper limit listed here.
	cfa-www.harvard.edu /iau/lists/Sizes.html (201 words)

	EO Newsroom: New Images - Earthshine and Climate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		The Earth’s albedo is principally governed by clouds, since they are almost always more reflective than the Earth’s surface.
		Changes in the brightness of earthshine are mainly caused by changes in cloudiness—the cloudier the Earth, the brighter the earthshine.
		Albedo is an important factor in climate change because it determines the amount of energy from the Sun that the Earth absorbs.
	earthobservatory.nasa.gov /Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=16562 (286 words)

	Albedo
		Instruments like the one in the picture have a sensor that measures how much light there is. We point the sensor upward to measure the incident sunlight, then quickly flip it upside down to measure the reflected sunlight.
		The albedo of any object is somewhere between zero and one.
		For example, pavement is more dark than light, so its albedo is closer to zero than to one.
	www.arcticice.org /albedo.htm (182 words)

	PSIgate - Physical Sciences Information Gateway: Search/Browse Results (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		The data is analysed to obtain the albedo from the ratio of the earthshine and moonshine intensities.
		Some of the characteristics of the Moon, its albedo, the phases of illumination, and its orbital locking on Earth are described alongside optical and radar studies of the lunar surface.
		The project titles are: 'Exploring the formation and growth of sea ice'; 'Ice albedo and sea ice classification'; 'Evolution of sea ice during the melt season'; 'Sea ice deformation features and processes'; 'Sea-ice microstructure and ice nomenclature'; and 'Inuit knowledge of sea ice in a geophysical setting'.
	www.psigate.ac.uk /roads/cgi-bin/psisearch.pl?term1=albedo&subject=All&limit=0 (1466 words)

	CERES/SARB Broad Band Albedo Map (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		The albedo is calculated in a two step process.
		These spectral curves are integrated to give a broad band albedo for the region.
		Before calculating the albedo the scene is tested for snow or ice (see Snow and Ice Map) Should there be any within the region, spectral curves for both the underlying scene and the snow or ice are appropriately weighted and averaged.
	snowdog.larc.nasa.gov /surf/pages/bbalb.html (152 words)

	What Albedo Means to Me
		What Albedo Means to Me "Kanoc has a new collection of poems out on the net.
		What Albedo Means to Me In the past several years, I've read a lot of comics.
		The people of the spacefaring society it describes and the technology they depend on are illustrated with skill and subtlety.
	www.vex.net /~smarry/albedo.html (721 words)

	Heat Island Group: Pavement Albedo
		Pavements with higher albedos albedo less energy and are thus cooler.
		Note that a specific pavement's albedo would depend on the kind of aggregate used and the history (e.g.
		There may also be a collateral effect of pavements with higher albedos: Nighttime visibility is improved on higher albedo pavements.
	eetd.lbl.gov /heatisland/Pavements/Albedo (257 words)

	Albedo One News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Albedo One is Ireland’s longest-running and foremost magazine of the Fantastic.
		Albedo One is edited (in no particular order and without any particular order) by John Kenny, Bob Neilson, David Murphy, Frank Ludlow and Roelof Goudriaan.
		Partly the mystery of her murder, partly a love story that retraces childhood in Ireland of the early 20th century.
	homepage.eircom.net /~albedo1 (902 words)

	Albedo · Astrological definition of Albedo · Astrology Encyclopedia
		A measure of the reflecting power of a planet, in ration to its absorptive capacity; expressed in a figure which represents the amount of light reflected from an unpolished surface in proportion to the total amount of light falling upon it.
		The albedo of the Moon and Mercury is 7; Venus 59; Earth 44; and Mars 15.
		The dimly-lit surface of the Moon at the Lunation is due to light reflected back from the Earth, which with its high albedo would appear to the Moon-dweller as four times larger and many times brighter than the Moon as seen from Earth.
	www.astrologyweekly.com /dictionary/albedo.php (722 words)

	Albedo RPG
		Albedo RPG and its associated tables are Copyright 1993, Steve Gallacci and Paul Kidd, Thoughts & Images.
		Louis Fillion has made some pages for his Albedo pbm and kindly given his permission to let these pages be added here
		Original program by Hubert Bartels, HTML version by Ola Ågren.
	www.acc.umu.se /~corps/albedo (73 words)

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