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Topic: Alberic II of Spoleto

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	[No title]
		Her daughter Marozia, in all things her worthy rival, was married to Alberic, a foreign mercenary of uncertain birth who rose to a position of great influence, and, although an alien, played a leading part in the affairs of the city.
		Alberic's strength was due to his connexion with the nobility, to his father's valiant service against the Saracens at the battle of Garigliano, and to the militia under his command, on which everything depended amid the internal and external dangers now threatening the new state.
		Alberic himself was their president; and, a still more significant fact, their sittings were often held in his private dwelling.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /correction/edit?locale=en&content_id=45632 (22806 words)

	Pope Leo VII - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Leo VII's election to the papacy was secured by Alberic II of Spoleto, the monarch in Rome.
		Alberic wanted to choose the pope so that the papacy would continue to yield to his authority.
		Leo called for Odo of Cluny to mediate between Alberic and Hugh of Italy, Alberic's stepfather, the King of Italy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Leo_VII (269 words)

	f. The Papacy and Italy. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History
		In the same period, the bishops in the west lost the position they had won in the 9th century and became increasingly dependent on the kings and feudal nobility, and increasingly secular in outlook.
		The homage of Pandolf I for Capua and Benevento (967) and his investiture with the duchy of Spoleto mark the beginning of the long imperial effort to include southern Italy in the empire.
		Otto crushed Crescentius I, duke of the Romans, restored Pope Benedict VII (981), and was utterly defeated in his effort to expel the Saracens from southern Italy by a Greco-Muslim alliance (982).
	www.bartleby.com /67/465.html (618 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Alberic II
		Alberic II was ruler of Rome from 932 to 954, after deposing his mother Marozia and stepfather, King Hugh of Italy.
		In 936 Alberic married his stepsister Alda, the daughter of King Hugh, and had a son with her, Octavian.
		Alberic II (died 954) was ruler of Rome from 932 to 954, after deposing his mother Marozia and stepfather, King Hugh of Italy.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Alberic-II (379 words)

	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> Marozia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Marozia also known as Mariuccia, given the unprecedented titles senatrix ("senatoress") and patricia of Rome by Pope John X, was born about 890, and died, imprisoned by her son Alberic II, duke of Spoleto, between 932 and 937.
		Alberic II, Marozia's son, led the opposition to the rule of Marozia and Hugh.
		By her first husband, Alberic I, she was mother of Alberic II, Duke of Spoleto and Prince of the Romans, who appointed four popes in the years 932 to 954, and who in his turn was father of Octavian, who became Pope John XII in 955.
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/Marozia (472 words)

	Marozia
		Her husbands were Alberico I, Duke of Spoleto; Guy of Tuscany; and Hugh of Provence.
		The Liber Pontificalis recorded that by Pope Sergius III she was mother of Pope John XI[?], whose pontificate marked the complete supremacy in Rome of the house of Theophylactus.
		By her husband Alberico I she was mother of Alberic II, Prince of the Romans, who in his turn was father of Octavian, who became Pope John XII[?].
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ma/Marozia.html (246 words)

	Guy IV of Spoleto Information
		Guy IV (Guido or Wido) (assassinated 897) was the duke of Spoleto and Camerino from 889 and prince of Benevento from 895.
		He was murdered on the Tiber by agents of Alberic, who seized Spoleto and set himself up as duke.
		He is referred to as a son of Guy II of Spoleto[1] and also of one Conrad, count of Lecco.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Guy_IV_of_Spoleto (262 words)

	Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Constance was the sole legitimate heir of William II of Sicily, and, after the latter's death in November 1189, Henry had the possibility of adding the Sicilian crown to the Imperial one, as his father had now died in Turkey in June 1190.
		Henry was fluent in Latin, and, according to Alberic of Troisfontaines, was "distinguished by gifts of knowledge, wreathed in flowers of eloquence, and learned in canon and Roman law." He was a patron of poets and poetry, and almost certainly composed the song "Kaiser Heinrich", now among the Weingarten Song Manuscripts.
		According to his rank and with Imperial Eagle, regalia, and a scroll, he is the first and foremost to be portrayed in the famous Codex Manesse, a fourteenth century manuscript showing 140 reputed poets (see Minnesänger) and at least three poems are attributed to a young and romantically minded Henry VI.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Henry_VI,_Holy_Roman_Emperor (838 words)

	Marozia at AllExperts
		Marozia also known as Mariuccia, given the unprecedented titles senatrix ("senatoress") and patricia of Rome by Pope John X, was born about 890, and died, imprisoned by her son Alberic II, duke of Spoleto, between 932 and 937.
		Alberic II, Marozia's son, led the opposition to the rule of Marozia and Hugh.
		By her first husband, Alberic I, she was mother of Alberic II of Spoleto, Prince of the Romans, who appointed four popes in the years 932 to 954, and who in his turn was father of Octavian, who became Pope John XII in 955.
	en.allexperts.com /e/m/ma/marozia.htm (613 words)

	10th Century (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		He reached an agreement with Alberic II which established, that Alberic was to have the civil power and the pope the religious power.
		He was the son of Alberic II and was elected at the age of 18.
		Alberic was hostile toward Otto, but John offered him the imperial crown because he needed military help against the Byzantines in the South.
	www.italycyberguide.com /History/popes/10th.htm (1360 words)

	Italy
		Spoleto had been one of the semi-autonomous Lombard Duchies of Southern Italy, under rather closer control of the Lombard Kings in the north than the more distant, and durable, Duchy of Benevento.
		Alessandro was appointed regent of the Netherlands by King Philip II of Spain at the height of the Dutch revolt.
		Later, Joanna II of Naples left her rights to René I the Good of Anjou, but he was unable to hold off Alfonso V of Aragon and Sicily.
	www.friesian.com /italia.htm (10172 words)

	Hugh of Italy Information
		Hugh of Arles was born sometime before 887, the son of Theobald of Arles and of Bertha, illegitimate daughter of Lothar II of Lotharingia.
		This last fact, though, meant that the marriage was illegal under Canon law, on grounds of consanguinity— a matter that Hugh tried to circumvent by disowning and eliminating the descendants of his mother's second marriage and giving Tuscany to a relative on his father's side of the family.
		This in turn, however, alarmed Alberic, Marozia's teenage son or step-son by her first marriage, who, appealing to Roman distrust of the foreign troops Hugh had brought with him, launched a coup d'état during the wedding festivities.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Hugh_of_Italy (679 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: States of the Church
		With Paschal's successor, Eugene II, the friendly alliance was, by order of Louis, renewed in 824 by his eldest son and colleague in the empire, Lothair I. The pope, dependent on the protection of the emperor, then granted the emperor new rights, which mark the zenith of the imperial influence under the Carlovingians.
		Alberic, the husband of Marozia, with John X, who had been raised to the papacy by the elder Theodora, defeated the Saracens on the Gangliano (916), and thereafter called himself Consul of the Romans.
		When Marozia's son, Alberic II, finally put an end to the despotic rule of his mother (932), the Romans proclaimed him their lord and master, conferred on him all temporal power, and restricted the pope's authority to purely spiritual matters.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/14257a.htm (12123 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		John XI was the son of Marozia and Alberic I of Spoleto, Count of Tusculum.
		At the overthrow of Marozia, John XI reportedly became subject to the control of Alberic II (932–954), his younger brother.
		It was at the insistence of Alberic II that the pallium was given to Theophylactus, Patriarch of Constantinople (935), and also to Artold, Archbishop of Reims (933).
	stron.frm.pl /wiki.php?title=Pope_John_XI (235 words)

	Pope Leo VII - Information at Halfvalue.com
		Leo VII's election to the papacy was secured by Alberic II of Spoleto, the monarch in Rome.
		Alberic wanted to choose the pope so that the papacy would continue to yield to his authority.
		Leo called for Odo of Cluny to mediate between Alberic and Hugh of Italy, Alberic's stepfather, the King of Italy.
	www.halfvalue.com /wiki.jsp?topic=Pope_Leo_VII (319 words)

	Vikings and Feudal Europe 900-1095 by Sanderson Beck
		Alberic II died in 954 but not before Roman nobles promised they would make his son Octavian the next Pope, and in 955 he became Pope John XII at the age of twenty.
		Heinrich II was born May 6, 973 and energetically tried to protect people's rights against their lords by traveling around to dispense justice, though he was quite busy fighting wars to maintain his empire.
		Gunnhild died of a pestilence in Italy, and Conrad II died of illness at Utrecht in 1039.
	www.san.beck.org /AB17-FeudalEurope.html (23987 words)

	10Th Century A.D.: The People's Chronology
		Pope Marinus II dies at Rome in April or early May after a reign of nearly 4 years and is succeeded May 10 by a Rome-born cleric who gains election with the support of the Roman despot Alaric II of Spoleto and will reign until 955 as Agapetus II.
		The Holy Roman Emperor Otto II raises German and Italian princes for a new campaign against the Saracens, but he hears of a general rising by the Slavs east of the Elbe River and dies suddenly in his palace at Rome December 7 at age 28.
		The Scottish king of Alba Kenneth II tries to restore order in part of his realm, kills the son of a man who controls the region, and so angers the young man's mother that she lays a trap for the king.
	history.enotes.com /peoples-chronology/year-10th-century-d (11712 words)

	The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, Vol. II: Basilica - Chambers (benedict)
		He was elected after the death of Leo II, which took place on July 3, 683, though the imperial confirmation was delayed for almost a year.
		At the end of 963, the emperor Otto I deposed the dissolute John XII in a synod at Rome and caused a prominent Roman layman to be put in his place as Leo VIII, taking an oath of the people that they would thenceforth choose no pope without his consent and that of his son.
		He was the son of Count Alberic of Tusculum, and nephew of Benedict VIII and John XIX, the latter of whom he succeeded by his father's intrigues and violence, though he was only ten years old.
	www.ccel.org /ccel/schaff/encyc02.benedict.html?bcb=0 (5541 words)

	Christian History Handbook: Medieval: Lecture Eleven (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Finally after Berengar II of Friuli laid claim to the title in 915 it was ignored for the next half century as the localized warlords continued their competitive struggles.
		He arranged an alliance between the Byzantines, Alberic of Spoleto, and Berengar of Friuli, which resulted in the expulsion of the Muslim raiders from central Italy.
		When Alberic II died in 954 his seventeen-year-old son, Octavian, took his place as head of the city.
	www.sbuniv.edu /~hgallatin/ht34632e11.html (5350 words)

	[No title]
		Adrian II's instructions were that all were to sign the famous formula drawn up three hundred years before by Pope Hormisdas (514-523), [143] and used by him as a test of orthodoxy in the reconciliation which ended the schism of Acacius.
		Eugene II accepted the Constitution, and in a council of the bishops of the Roman province he promulgated the new regulations for the election of the pope.
		When Louis II demanded the reinstatement of the Archbishop of Ravenna, excommunicated for his misgovernment, the pope held firm despite the emperor's personal intervention; and, carrying the war into the other camp, he renewed the decree of 769 forbidding non-Romans -- the emperor's envoys for example -- to interfere in papal elections.
	www.freivald.org /~jake/church-history/historyOfTheChurch_volume2chapter5.html (22156 words)

	Britannicaindia.com: Britannica Browse
		French painter and glassmaker who was one of the first 20th-century glassworkers to exploit the aesthetic qualities of weight and mass and one of the...
		He was a deacon when, in 869, Pope Adrian II sent him as emissary to the fourth Council of Constantinople,...
		He was a priest when nominated by the senator Alberic II, marquess of Spoleto.
	www.britannicaindia.com /britannica_browse/m/m17.html (1754 words)

	Marozia - Definition, explanation
		The bastard son, the grandson, and the great grandson of Marozia—a rare genealogy—were seated in the Chair of St. Peter." From this inaccurate description the term pornocracy has become associated with the effective rule in Rome of Theodora and her daughter Marozia through male surrogates.
		In order to counter the influence of Pope John X (who Luitprand alleges was another of her lovers) she married Guy of Tuscany, who loved his beautiful wife as much as he loved power.
		By her first husband, Alberic I, she was mother of Alberic II, Duke of Spoleto and Prince of the Romans, who appointed four popes in the years 932 to 954, and was in his turn was father of Octavian, who became Pope John XII.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/m/ma/marozia.php (524 words)

	A History of the Church: Chapter 5
		When then, in June 869, the pope — Adrian II — considered with his council the letters sent by the emperor and Ignatius, the main question that occupied his mind was the Photian council of 867 and the patriarch's encyclical letter that had preceded it.
		Adrian II's instructions were that all were to sign the famous formula drawn up three hundred years before by Pope Hormisdas (514-523),143 and used by him as a test of orthodoxy in the reconciliation which ended the schism of Acacius.
		When Louis II demanded the reinstatement of the Archbishop of Ravenna, excommunicated for his misgovernment, the pope held firm despite the emperor's personal intervention; and, carrying the war into the other camp, he renewed the decree of 769 forbidding non-Romans — the emperor's envoys for example — to interfere in papal elections.
	www.freivald.org /~jake/library/HistoryOfTheChurch-volume2_html/HistoryOfTheChurch-volume2_chapter5.html (22314 words)

	Marozia - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		She was the daughter of the Roman consul Theophylact, Count of Tusculum and of Theodora, the real power in Rome, whom Liutprand characterized as a "shameless whore...[who] exercised power on the Roman citizenry like a man."
		By her first husband, Alberic I, she was mother of Alberic II, Duke of Spoleto and Prince of the Romans, who appointed four popes in the years 932 to 954, and was in his turn was father of Octavian, who became Pope John XII.
		Pope John XIX, of the House of Tusculani, was also her descendant.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Marozia (584 words)

	The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Creations of cardinals of the XII Century
		Excommunicated by Pope Innocent II in the Council of Reims on October 18, 1131.
		It adds that, according to Jaffé, Callisutus II was at Cluny from December 30, 1119 to January 7, 1120 and that he consecrated, on January 3, the bishop of Geneva, Humbert, who is not considered a cardinal.
		Antipope Celestine II was elected on December 15/16, 1124.
	www.fiu.edu /~mirandas/consistories-xii.htm (6898 words)

	Pope Leo VII
		Leo VII's election to the papacy was secured by Alberic II of Spoleto, the monarch in Rome.
		Alberic wanted to choose the pope so that the papacy would continue to yield to his authority.
		Leo called for Odo of Cluny to mediate between Alberic and Hugh of Italy, Alberic's stepfather, the King of Italy.
	pope-leo-vii.zdnet.co.za /zdnet/Pope_Leo_VII (824 words)

	Coins Of The Medieval Papal State
		There is no pontifical money of a date between the last-named year and 1305; this is explained, in part, by the fact that the Senate of Rome, which sought to replace the papacy in the temporal government of the city, took over the mint in 1143.
		This was so in the case of Camerino (from Leo X to Paul III), Urbino, Pesaro and Gubbio (under Julius II, Leo X, and Clement XI), Ferrara (from Clement VIII), Parma and Piacenza (from Julius II to Paul III).
		The latter coin was created by Julius II in order to put the carlini of Charles of Anjou out of circulation, these coins being of bad alloy.
	medievalcoins.ancients.info /Papal_State.htm (1927 words)

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