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Topic: Albigensian war

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	Albigenses. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In 1208 the papal legate, a Cistercian, Peter de Castelnau, was murdered, probably by an aid of Raymond VI of Toulouse, one of the chief Albigensian nobles.
		The war went on, with the son of Philip II (later Louis VIII) as one of the leaders.
		In 1233, Pope Gregory IX established a system of legal investigation in Albigensian centers and put it into the hands of the Dominicans; this was the birth of the medieval Inquisition.
	www.bartleby.com /65/al/Albigens.html (586 words)

	ALBIGONSES - LoveToKnow Article on ALBIGONSES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		From the I2th century onwards, its bishops, the first of whom appears to have lived about the 3rd century, began to encroach on the authority of the viscounts; the latter, after the Albigensian war, lost their estates, which passed to Simon de Montfort and then to the crow.n of France.
		It is exceedingly difficult, however, to form any very precise idea of the Albigensian doctrines, as our knowledge of them is derived from their opponents, and the very rare texts emanating from the Albigejises which have come down to us (e.g.
		The independence of the princes of the south was at an end, but, so far as the heresy was concerned, Albigensianism was not extinguished, in spite of the wholesale massacres of heretics during the war.
	31.1911encyclopedia.org /A/AL/ALBIGONSES.htm (1962 words)

	Crusade - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In 1063, Pope Alexander II had given papal blessing to Spanish Christians in their wars against the Muslims, granting both a papal standard (the vexillum sancti Petri) and an indulgence to those who were killed in battle.
		The Albigensian Crusade was launched in 1209 to eliminate the "heretical" Cathars of southern France.
		The 21st century's so-called "War on Terror" was at one point referred to as a "crusade" until the Muslim understanding of the term was pointed out.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Crusade (3005 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Albigenses
		The crusade now degenerated into a war of conquest, and Innocent III, in spite of his efforts, was powerless to bring the undertaking back to its original purpose.
		This commander continued the war and was appointed by the Council of Montpellier (1215) lord over all the acquired territory.
		The existence of an Albigensian Pope is not universally admitted.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/01267e.htm (2060 words)

	And you shall hear of WARS
		War is as old as man. It has slowly grown worse in frequency and severity throughout the twentieth century to our time.
		This horseman represents the dreadful devastation of war (the absence of peace is war).
		War has been considered a natural state of equilibrium, while peace has been considered a period of recuperation from the previous campaign in which preparations were being made for the next venture or conquest.
	www.thercg.org /books/ews-w.html (13570 words)

	Albigensian Crusade -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - Your gateway to all Britannica has to offer! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The war pitted the nobility of northern France against that of southern France, and it eventually involved the king of France who established his authority over the south.
		Rather, Crusading became a special class of war called by the pope against the enemies of the faith, who were by no means confined to the Levant.
		It was he (this frail husband of the formidable Blanche of Castile and father of famous sons) who first brought Languedoc under the crown of France and who inaugurated the appanages—grants of patrimonial land to members of the royal family or royal favourites that reverted to the crown...
	concise.britannica.com /ebc/article-9354885 (715 words)

	DOMINIC - LoveToKnow Article on DOMINIC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		called on the Christian princes to suppress the Albigensian heresy by force of arms, and for seven years the south of France was devastated by one of the most bloodthirsty wars in history, the Albigenses being slaughtered by thousands and their property confiscated wholesale.
		His method was to travel over the country on foot and barefooted, in extreme poverty, simplicity and austerity, preaching and instructing in highways and villages and towns, and in the castles of the nobility, controverting and discussing with the heretics.
		Though in his ten years of preaching a large number of converts were made, it has to be said that the results were not such as had been hoped for, and after it all, and after the crusade, the population still remained at heart Albigensian.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /D/DO/DOMINIC.htm (1141 words)

	Battle of Bouvines (27 July 1214)
		The 'war' became one of attrition, and in frustration, both opponents arranged for a marriage to ultimately resolve the contest.
		The most significant origins of the 'War' of Bouvines can be traced to the ascension of Henri, duc d'Anjou, duc de Normandie, and duc d'Aquitaine to the crown of England in 1154.
		Between May 1194 and April 1199, a war was conducted between Richard I and Philippe II that involved considerable use of mercenaries, such as Martin, Algais, Mercadier, and Cadoc.
	www.xenophongroup.com /montjoie/bouvines.htm (6657 words)

	A Chronology of World Political History (1201 - 1400 C.E.)
		Rise of the Albigensian Heresy (split into the Cathars and the Waldensians, led by Peter Waldo) in Albi in southwestern France, centred at Toulouse.
		The Roman Papacy organised the Albigensian Crusade to suppress the heresy (Albigensian War).
		In 1213 the Albigensian Crusade suppressed the heresy and slaughtered the heretics.
	www.geocities.com /kfzhouy/Chron/Chron7e.html (7852 words)

	Albigensian Crusade - InfoSearchPoint.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Albigensian Crusade (1209-1229) was part of the Roman Catholic Church's efforts to crush the Cathars.
		They were termed Albigensians because of the movement's presence in and around the city of Albi.
		The Pope called upon the French king, Philippe II, to act against those nobles who permitted Catharism, but Philippe was involved in the Bouvines War and declined to act.
	www.infosearchpoint.com /display/Albigensian_war (1799 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		It was a bitter conflict that had the characteristics partly of a civil war, partly of a persecution, and partly of an invasion.
		Even though the Albigensian Crusade had little to do with the crusades to the Holy Land, which is the focus of our course, it had an important impact on the theory of crusading and the role of the Church in calling and directing crusades, so it is worth a closer look.
		The crusade against them is called the Albigensian because the town of Albi was one of the centers of the movement.
	crusades.boisestate.edu /Albi (1408 words)

	[No title]
		The Request: Data on examples of "total war," total war being defined as war in which the objective was extermination of the enemy or rendering the enemy incapable of self-defense, i.e., winning by knockout rather than points.
		Wars of Extermination: Of the two types of total war as defined above, the first, extermination, was characteristic of ancient and medieval times and of modern times outside the direct framework of Western Civilization.
		The Albegensian Crusade, 1209-1245, a religious war in southern France contemporaneous with the Mongol invasions, although much smaller in scale, nevertheless involved the bulk of the fighting nobility of all France and achieved its objective of exterminating the Albigensian heretics.
	www.army.mil /cmh/documents/misc/ocmh26.htm (947 words)

	Chapter 6:The Worlds of Alfonso the Learned and James the Conqueror
		War between James and Alfonso was narrowly averted at least twice, in the 1240s and early 1270s.
		As war was allied with law, and letters with war, so all played their role in international policy.
		War was sometimes involved or in the offing, and sometimes not a practical option.
	libro.uca.edu /worlds/chapter6.htm (6834 words)

	The Crusades - Simple English Wikipedia
		These wars were fought by Christians from Europe.
		When the Byzantine emperor Alexius I called for help to defend his empire against the Seljuk Turks, in 1095 Pope Urban II asked all Christians to join a war against the Turks.
		The Albigensian Crusade was started in 1209 to fight the Cathars of southern France.
	simple.wikipedia.org /wiki/The_Crusades (816 words)

	FOREWORD
		War, famine and pestilence have also punished the twentieth century.
		Indeed, the two so-called World Wars of the first half of the century could very well be called our 'thirty years' war', beginning in 1914 with the murder of the Austrian heir to the throne in Sarajevo and ending with the atomic bombs over Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945.
		He shows us the dreadful statistics of the calamities inflicted by the victors on the Germans after the Second World War, but he asks us to personalize that pain, to see that behind statistics there is flesh and blood, lest we too become as indifferent as statistics.
	www.codoh.com /review/revcrimercies.html (1907 words)

	[No title]
		The false doctrine of which the Albigensians were a main example has always been latent among men in various forms, not only in the civilization of Christendom but wherever and whenever men have had to consider the fundamental problems of life, that is, in every time and place.
		The Albigensian district (known in French as "Albigeois") is practically the same as the department of Tarn, in the central French mountains: a district the capital of which is the town of Albi.
		But as yet there was no official action against the "Albigensians" and they were still allowed to develop their strength rapidly for years on years in the hope that spiritual weapons would be enough to meet them.
	www.ewtn.com /library/HOMELIBR/HERESY5.TXT (4708 words)

	Patron Saints Index: Heresy: Albigenses
		At the death of Simon (1218), his son Amalric inherited his rights and continued the war with but little success.
		The territory was ultimately ceded almost entirely by both Amalric and Raymond VII to the King of France, while the Council of Toulouse (1229) entrusted the Inquisition, which soon passed into the hands of the Dominicans (1233), with the repression of Albigensianism.
		The only bond that attached the "believers" to Albigensianism was the promise to receive the consolamentum before death.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/heresy04.htm (2035 words)

	Appendix II-Balliol College Essays and Notes, 1860 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The reason is surely plain, the Saxon war, with its irrational earnestness and straightforward fanaticism, was as much a religious enterprise as the crusades which it anticipated and prefigured.
		Into the detail of those wars this is not the place to enter: we will simply refer in passing to the observation of Michelet that to St. Louis they might have appeared almost in the light of a new species of crusade.
		The war with Henry III is dismissed almost as briefly as the baronial feuds which disturbed the regency of Blanche.
	www.victorianweb.org /authors/swinburne/harrison/appendix2.html (9013 words)

	Overview of the Crusades
		In a broader sense, "crusade" can be used, always in a rhetorical and metaphorical sense, to identify as righteous any war that is given a religious justification ("Gott mit uns," "God with us") and asserted to be holy ("jihad" being the term used in specifically Muslim contexts).
		While the Reconquista was the most prominent example of Christian war against Muslim conquests, it is not the only such example.
		Crusading imagery could be found even in the Crimean War, in which the United Kingdom and France were allied with the Muslim Ottoman Empire, and in the First World War, especially Allenby's capture of Jerusalem in 1917 (illustration, below right).
	www.cbn.com /spirituallife/ChurchAndMinistry/ChurchHistory/Crusades_Wikipedia.asp (3474 words)

	Beziers_Hist2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		It is exceedingly difficult to form any very precise idea of the Albigensian doctrines because present knowledge of them is derived from their opponents and from the very rare and uninformative Albigensian texts that are available.
		The Albigensian theologians and ascetics, known in the south of France (Languedoc) as bons hommes or bons chrétiens, were always few in number.
		This implacable war, the Albigensian Crusade, which threw the whole of the nobility of the north of France against that of the south and destroyed the brilliant Provençal civilization, ended, politically, in the Treaty of Paris (1229), which destroyed the
	www.magma.ca /~kjmac/Beziers_Hist2a.html (373 words)

	The Spanish Civil War
		The war was seen as a crucible for new military technology (the Nazis worked a lot of the kinks out their blitzkrieg strategy there through the Condor Legion), and naval attaches in Spain were tasked to find out all they could about how the modern weapons were faring.
		Spain was an important Roman/Carthaginian province- the second Punic War was mostly fought there and there followed a long period of Roman civilization: all sorts of influences might have been introduced from the rest of the Empire.
		I'm not sure, Hemingway was in the war like a journalist and although he was friendly with the republicans, he returned to Spain a lot of times when dictator Franco was still alive, and he was not impresoned or threatened.
	www.fortunecity.com /tatooine/leiber/50/scw.htm (4391 words)

	Reader's Companion to Military History - - Albigensian Crusade (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		In 1208 Pope Innocent III issued a call for a "holy war" against the Albigensian heretics (Cathars) in southern France.
		The Albigensians preached that an inseparable gulf existed between the material world, which was evil, and the spiritual world, which was good.
		Although intended to fight heresy, it became a war of conquest, providing an opportunity for the northern barons to plunder the richer south.
	college.hmco.com /history/readerscomp/mil/html/ml_001100_albigensianc.htm (270 words)

	Albigensian Crusade
		It is exceedingly difficult to form any very precise idea of the Albigensian doctrines because present knowledge of them is derived from their opponents and from the very rare and uninformative Albigensian texts which have come down to us.
		It was in 1206 that Innocent first commissioned the monks of Citeaux to preach the crusade, and preparations continued until the Spring of 1209, when the armies were prepared to march.
		He was assassinated, supposedly at Raymond's instigation, and in response to this act Innocent launched the Albigensian Crusade, a holy war in which Toulouse was ravaged and its inhabitants, Cathar and non-Cathar alike, were massacred....
	jmgainor.homestead.com /files/PU/Cru/albcr.htm (628 words)

	i implore every muslim discussing jihad to read in length--Ummah.comLearn about Islam (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The war in Islam is waged with a view to securing liberty and freedom for those who are groaning under the oppression of heartless tyrants.
		It is significant that in the Korean War, the first instance in which an international organisation for establishing peace utilised military force to suppress aggression, more than one million persons were killed which added to the civilian deaths in Korea and totalled about five millions.
		I asked you whether you had been at war with him, and you replied that you had been and that the victory between you and him had been shared by turns, sometimes he suffering loss at your hand and sometimes you suffering lost at his.
	www.ummah.net /forum/showthread.php?t=49189 (13189 words)

	The Baldwin Project: The Story of Old France by H. A. Guerber (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Seven years after the fourth crusade had been preached, the French began to wage war against some heretics in the south of France—people who professed to be Christians, and yet upheld certain doctrines contrary to the teachings of the Church.
		As one of their strongholds was Albi (al-bee'), they are known as the Albigenses, and the crusades against them—which lasted, with intervals, about [123] thirty-five years—is known as the fifth, or Albigensian crusade.
		The king himself was too busy at that time to take part in it, so the war was led by a Normon baron, Simon of Mont'fort, who conducted it with great energy, and was rewarded for his services by the gift of large estates in the south, and the title of Count of Toulouse (too-looz').
	www.mainlesson.com /display.php?author=guerber&book=oldfrance&story=more (1050 words)

	"The Albigenses: Bearers of a Bygone Wisdom-Tradition" by Arne Wettermark /TITLE
		The Albigensian perfecti were heirs to a lost secret, a secret come from the Orient, known to the Gnostics and the early Christians.
		The epilogue of the Albigensian war took place at Montsegur around the middle of the thirteenth century.
		So red was the flame that rose toward the sky, so high and pillarlike the smoke, that those Toulousains, Lauraguais and Albigeois, who raised their eyes toward Ariege, knew by this sign that their heroic brethren had been annihilated and that the last hope of the south had died.
	www.theosociety.org /pasadena/sunrise/23-73-4/ph-wett.htm (4525 words)

	The Albigensian Crusade
		Unlike those crusades whereupon Christians had descended upon infidels, however, the Albigensian Crusade of 1209 consisted of some thirty thousand knights and foot soldiers from northern Europe descending like a whirlwind on the Languedoc -- the mountainous northeastern foothills of the Pyrenees in what is now southern France.
		The extermination of populations, cities and crops occasioned by the Albigensian Crusade was extensive enough so as to constitute what might be called the first "genocide" in modern European history.
		Having been called by the Pope himself, its participants wore a cross on their tunics, like crusaders in Palestine, and their rewards were imminently spiritual, i.e.
	www.halexandria.org /dward220.htm (980 words)

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