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	Albumen print - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The albumen print, invented in 1850 by Louis Désiré Blanquart-Evrard, was the first commercially exploitable method of producing a print on a paper base from a negative.
		It used the albumen found in egg whites to bind the photographic chemicals to the paper and became the dominant form of photographic positives from 1855 to the turn of the century, with a peak in the 1860-90 period.
		Albumen prints are placed in direct contact with the negative.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Albumen_print (273 words)

	AlternativePhotography.com : how to make albumen paper
		Printing - The amount of time required to fully print out a silver chloride print will vary depending on the strength of the light source (by the way, UV printers may be used in lieu of the sun) and the density of the negative.
		Prints may also be produced by placing the print frame toward open sky, which yields higher contrast images but takes considerably longer due to the lack of direct sunlight.
		Albumen prints require negatives of exceedingly high contrast range, usually above 2.0, dictating the need for full exposure (at least one stop more than a negative to be used for a silver gelatin print) and N+2 development.
	www.alternativephotography.com /process_albumen_paper.html (3684 words)

	The Albumen Print--The Albumen Print: British Masters of the Albumen Print
		During the span of albumen paper's popularity, nearly every sort of negative was used in conjunction with it: calotypes, albumen negatives, waxed-paper negatives, collodion-albumen and collodion negatives, as well as more modern gelatin dry plates were all printed on albumen paper.
		Since silver prints are extremely sensitive to any chemistry that includes sulphur or its compounds, exposure to the sulphurous atmosphere of London in the 1850's and1860s was dangerous, especially as the ambient humidity could combine with the sulphur to form sulphur-dioxide, a compound quite harmful to most everything.
		Albumen printing's particular beauty was and still is directly related to its extremely smooth and hard surface, its slightly translucent and opalescent luminosity, and its soft and mellow tonal coloration.
	albumen.stanford.edu /library/monographs/masters/the_albumen_print.html (2834 words)

	CMStory: Charlotte Photographers and Their Works (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Albumen is literally a coating of egg whites that contains sodium chloride and provides a luster to the surface of the photograph.
		After the albumen was applied to the surface of thin, smoothed-surface paper, silver nitrate was applied to react with the sodium chloride.
		An albumen print mounted on a 4 ¼ x 2 ½ piece of cardboard is known as a carte de viste.
	www.cmstory.org /photo/def.htm (469 words)

	Pacific Book Auction Galleries Sale 132
		Since albumen print paper was no longer manufactured they had to produce their own by coating a very scarce kind of paper with egg whites mixed with ammonium chloride, then coating them again with egg white and silver nitrate when they were ready to print.
		As if the preparation of the printing paper were not enough of a challenge, they also had to produce the negatives from existing mammoth plates [none of Muybridge's negatives have survived] and this required making five separate negatives for each image in order to reproduce the range of tones in the original prints.
		One set of duplicates is by different publishers with small print on one stating "reproduced from original stereoscopic photograph." One of the color stereographs appears to be a very crudely hand-tinted photograph, the others appear to be printed color illustrations made from photographs.
	www.pbagalleries.com /catalogs/curcat132-15.html (3775 words)

	Aperture Foundation \| Featured Prints \|
		Because albumen prints are printed out through the direct action of sunlight on a sensitized paper without the need for chemical processing, their ease of production and ability to capture fine detail made them the most common type of photographic print in the nineteenth century.
		While contact printing was largely relegated to the task of producing contact sheets and work prints after the introduction of the 35-mm camera in the 1920s, a resurgence of interest in large-format camera work, and the earlier processes, has prompted many photographers to take up contact printing.
		Unlike a dye-destruction print (see cibachrome), the dyes are not contained within each layer prior to exposure, but are made during the developing process by adding dye couplers which join the silver particles to produce the colors.
	www.aperture.org /store/collectors.aspx (1778 words)

	Cycleback Fashion Photographs Guide
		Albumen photographs were made in a wide range of sizes and styles, often related to the era that they were made.
		Some albumen prints have a distinct effect called ‘silvering.’ Silvering is when it appears as if the silver has come to surface of the image.
		Along with the carbon print, the platinum print is considered to be the zenith of prints of the era.
	www.cycleback.com /fashion/seven.htm (3491 words)

	Cycleback Guide to Identifying and Understanding Early Photographs: Introduction
		If the carbon print is held at a certain angle to the light, the shadows of the image should appear shinier than the highlights.
		Along with the platinum print, the carbon print is considered by collectors and historians to be the pinnacle of early paper photography, with an image of highest quality and lacking the typical deterioration of age.
		The platinum print is known for its image quality, superior in detail to the more popularly used albumen and gelatin-silver processes.
	www.cycleback.com /earlyphotos/two.html (2604 words)

	JAIC 1994, Volume 33, Number 3, Article 4 (pp. 279 to 299)
		A layered structure in albumen prints and a mismatch in dimensional response of the layers to water vapor result in albumen print curl and planar distortions.
		In the case of the historical albumen print in the E-SEM experiment (Messier and Vitale 1993), the albumen layer should have swelled 17%+ in all directions, but it was restrained in the x and y planes.
		If the same print is dried from immersion in less than 48 minutes, more cracks and greater crack width increase than those reported in Messier and Vitale (1994) should be observed because of the pronounced rate-of-strain dependency of the material.
	aic.stanford.edu /jaic/articles/jaic33-03-004_6.html (803 words)

	ArtLex's Al-Am page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		prints, on which egg whites (albumen) coated the paper in order to increase its sensitivity, adding to the brightness of whites in the picture.
		Albumen prints were the state of the art in photography from 1855 to 1895, when gelatin provided a more stable effect.
		In a print medium, if this text were produced at the same size, and antialiased at a higher level of resolution, the lettering could be extremely smoother.
	www.artlex.com /ArtLex/Al.html (4028 words)

	A. D. White Photographs, Albumen
		Most of the albumen prints in the A. White Architectural Photographs Collection were produced between 1865 and 1895.
		During the first stage of preparation, the viscous albumen coating fills in the pores of the paper and produces an even, slightly glossy surface.
		Although albumen prints are highly prone to fading, the general tone is yellowish, with cream-colored highlights and deep chocolate brown shadows.
	cidc.library.cornell.edu /adw/albumen.htm (395 words)

	Stereoviews of the Castle
		Albumen print on paper, the cardboard mount is yellow colored on front, pale salmon colored on the back
		These photographs were called albumen prints because the process used paper that was coated with a solution containing egg whites.
		Albumen print on paper, the cardboard mount is yellow colored on front, greenish gray colored on the back
	www.si.edu /oahp/stereoviews/Stereoviews%20of%20the%20Castle.htm (3441 words)

	V&A Exploring Photography - Albumen print (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The albumen print was invented in 1850 and was the most common type of print for the next 40 years.
		An albumen print was made by coating paper with a layer of egg white and salt to create a smooth surface.
		This double coated paper could then be placed in contact with a negative and exposed to the sun to produce a print.
	www.vam.ac.uk /vastatic/microsites/photography/processframe.php?processid=pr004 (115 words)

	[No title]
		Printed: Miss Zoe ZolenaTBust view, frizzy haired girl with large double strand of pearls, one arm on table b3/4 view, frizzy haired girl seated with large double strand of pearls.
		Printed: Acme, N.Y.e[Tis sweet to love / But oh how bitter / To love a girl / And then not get her / Loretta / July 8/ 05Amy Arlington - Snake Charmer¥Full view.
		Printed: With Ringling Bros. Millie Betra, World's Greatest Shows/ The Serpent Queen.Unidentified Lady with SnakeFull view of woman standing in pants costume with one snake around her leg and held in her hands.
	libwww.syr.edu /digital/guides/r/RonaldGBeckerInventory.xls (4444 words)

	Albumen Print (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A good quality paper is floated on the albumen solution, the paper is dried.
		The paper is exposed in a printing frame until the image prints outs.
		The print is fixed with a solution of sodium thiosulfate and washed in water.
	www.paulmessier.com /PhotoID/albhome.html (102 words)

	Photographic Views of Meija, Richard Gadd
		In an effort to infuse photography with traditional Japanese aesthetics and to gain a greater acceptance for his work, Beato, who was familiar with both the long history of the Japanese colored woodblock prints and the practice of adding color highlights to photographs in Europe, decided to start hand coloring his albumen prints.
		They felt these prints were a perfect souvenir for western travelers who desired to collect the cultural and artistic objects of Japan.
		However, the theatrical stage set-ups, use of props, and delicate hand tinting of the prints from the Meiji period give these photographs a distinctive character and elegance all their own, truly unique to Japan.
	albumen.stanford.edu /gallery/gadd (931 words)

	Mott Images
		Albumen print of the Coffin house in Nantucket, an early resident of Lucretia Mott.
		Albumen print of "Roadside," residence of Lucretia Mott.
		Halftone print of "Roadside," residence of Lucretia Mott, 1902
	www.swarthmore.edu /Library/friends/mottpicindex.htm (883 words)

	Japan, Described and Illustrated by the Japanese - Edition De Luxe, 1897~8, Brinkley, Frank et. al.
		While the collotypes, hand colored albumen photographs and color art reproduction plates were imported from Japan, the books were printed, assembled and distributed in the United States.
		The Xylograph prints illustrating the lecture on Japanese art by K. Okakura, Director of the Imperial Art Academy, are printed in Tokyo by the Kokkwa Publishing Company.
		The text illustrations in the standard format editions (fl and white halftone printed directly on the page) and those in the deluxe edition formats (tipped in colored albumen photographs) are not the same.
	www.baxleystamps.com /litho/brink_15/brinkley_deluxe.shtml (3109 words)

	A. Zeno Shindler, American Philosophical Society
		Shindler printed the earlier photographs (mostly taken by the McClees Gallery) and was photographer for the later delegations.
		The photographs, presumably printed ca.1869, are albumen prints trimmed into ovals and mounted on Addis Gallery stock.
		Each photograph is identified by a reference number corresponding to the printed Smithsonian catalogue, and the titles and identifications are drawn from a manuscript list included with the Shindler Collection at the APS (usually, but not always identical to the entries in the printed catalogue).
	www.amphilsoc.org /library/mole/s/shindler.htm (1711 words)

	Photograph, Albumen print \| Subject Index \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Dead Confederate Soldier on the Battlefield at Antietam, September 1862, Alexander Gardner (American, 1821–1882), Albumen silver print from glass negative; 2 7/16 x 3 7/8 in.
		Execution of the Prisoners, July 7, 1865, Alexander Gardner (American, 1821–1882), Albumen silver print from glass negative; 6 5/8 x 9 1/2 in.
		Wheatfield in Which General Reynolds Was Shot, July 1863, Mathew B. Brady (American, 1823–1896), Albumen silver prints from glass negatives; Combined: 6 1/2 x 18 1/8 in.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/hi/hi_phalbumen.htm (1098 words)

	: Albumen, review at WorldSSP.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The ALBUMEN process In the late 1840s albumen came to be used in the preparation of both negatives and printing paper, in order to increase the definition.
		Talbot's negatives were on paper, and inevitably, when a positive was made, the imperfections of the paper were printed along with the image.
		The Chicago Albumen Works specializes in the conservation and preservation of 19th and early 20th Century photographic negatives.
	www.worldssp.net /webinfo.asp?proid=1828 (451 words)

	Photographs France (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		1900, albumen prints, 14 images with size 17 x 11 cm, and 139 with size ca.
		1895, albumen print, 27,7 x 21,8 cm, mounted, J Kuhn Paris blindstamped in the plate.
		1895, albumen print, 27,6x 22,2 cm, mounted, J Kuhn Paris blindstamped in the plate.
	www.nvva.nl /renekrul/catalogs/photfrance.htm (2782 words)

	GEMILANG 149: A small Collection of late 19th Century Albumen Prints (Burma, Ceylon, India & Indonesia).
		GEMILANG 149: A small Collection of late 19th Century Albumen Prints (Burma, Ceylon, India and Indonesia).
		Original Sepia Albumen print depicting the entrance of Shwe Dagon Pagoda,Rangoon, Burma.
		Original Albumen print depicting a chinese temple or Klenteng, Djogjakarta, Java, colonial Indonesia.
	www.antiquariaten.com /gemilang/catalogs/c00949.htm (392 words)

	Frank M. Good Papers
		The collection consists of one albumen print by, and 15 albumen prints attributed to, the English photographer Frank M. (Mason) Good.
		None of the photographs bear dates, but they were most likely made between 1860 and 1870.
		Other examples of Good's work at the Ransom Center can be found within the Stereograph Collection, with an additional four albumen prints mounted in Treasure spots of the world.
	www.hrc.utexas.edu /research/fa/good.html (216 words)

	FENIX GALLERY - TAOS, NEW MEXICO - Artists - ZOE ZIMMERMAN
		CON B, Gold toned mat albumen print, 21" x 17", $800.
		CON A, Gold toned mat albumen print, 21.5" x 25.5" framed, $1200.
		The process of creating a photographic image (or any image for that matter) is fraught with decision, with choice; which negative to print, which print to present.
	fenixgallery.com /artists_detail.php?ID=44 (1438 words)

	Old Japan - Featured Items (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		If you are interested in any of the items displayed, please contact us, quoting the reference number of the item(s), and we’ll be happy to discuss your purchase with you.
		vintage photograph, fine dark print, The Okyogenshi were women actors who performed the roles of men.
		They were an exclusive group of entertainers led by a lady called Bando Mitsue in the mid 19th century.
	www.old-japan.co.uk /featured_items.asp (353 words)

	Photographs Japan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		1890, albumen print, handcoloured, 25,7 x 19,7 cm, mounted, photograph no. 608.
		1890, albumen print, handcoloured, 27,1 x 21,1 cm, mounted, photograph no. 93.
		1890, albumen print, handcoloured, 26,7 x 21,1 cm, mounted, photograph no. 95.
	www.nvva.nl /renekrul/catalogs/photjapan.htm (2519 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		THOMAS R. 1 (1) Thomas R. Neilson head and shoulders albumen print, mounted Kuebler, Philadelphia, Pa. 4.25" x 6.
		head and shoulders albumen print, mounted Gilbert and Bacon, Philadelphia, Pa. 4.25" x 6.
		7 Unidentified female head and shoulders albumen print, mounted Gilbert and Bacon, Philadelphia, Pa. 4.25" x 8.25" n.d.
	www.collphyphil.org /FIND_AID/hist/histtrn1.htm (592 words)

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