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Topic: Aldol condensation

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	Aldol Condensation
		In some cases, the adducts obtained from the Aldol Addition can easily be converted (in situ) to α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, either thermally or under acidic or basic catalysis.
		Under a variety of protocols, the condensation product can be obtained directly without isolation of the aldol.
		The aldol condensation is the second step of the Robinson Annulation.
	www.organic-chemistry.org /namedreactions/aldol-condensation.shtm (70 words)

	Treatments to reduce aldol condensation and subsequent polymerization in monoethanolamine scrubbers - Patent 5614080
		A method for inhibiting aldol condensation in monoethanolamine scrubbers comprising the step of treating a monoethanolamine solution comprising hydrocarbons with an inhibiting agent in an amount sufficient to inhibit said aldol condensation, wherein said inhibiting agent is selected from the group consisting of hydroperoxides, hydrogen peroxide, and dialkylketone oximes.
		As used herein, the term "aldol condensation" is intended to refer to the reactions that ultimately result in the formation of a precipitate in acid gas scrubbers.
		Candidates 1, 9, and 22--tertiary-butyl hydroperoxide, 2-butanone oxime, and hydrogen peroxide, respectively--appear to be suitable agents for inhibiting aldol condensation in MEA scrubbers.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5614080.html (1995 words)

	Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering - Aldol Condensation of Citral with Acetone on Basic Solid Catalysts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Aldol condensation of citral with acetone on basic catalysts and the subsequent cyclization of the intermediates over acid catalysts forming a and b -ionones are examples of processes involving products obtained from essentials oils used extensively in the perfumery and soap industries.
		When the aldol condensation of citral with acetone was studied at 330 K, the conversion of citral was not significant.
		The aldol condensation of citral with acetone on basic solid catalysts was studied.
	www.scielo.br /scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0104-66321998000200004 (1792 words)

	Process for preparing aldol derivatives from alkenes using catalyst invention
		Aldol condensation of aldehydes is a well-known reaction employed for many years in the production of several commercially important materials in addition to 2-ethylhexanol, for example, the formation of isophorone and mesitylene oxide from acetone.
		Often the strong bases used as catalysts in aldol condensation are alkali metal hydroxides, especially under aqueous or partly aqueous conditions.
		The normal-butanal thus obtained from distillation process is subjected to condensation reaction namely aldol condensation reaction in presence of aqueous base lie KOH and NaOH etc. to give 2-ethylhexanal.
	www.freshpatents.com /Process-for-preparing-aldol-derivatives-from-alkenes-using-catalyst-dt20060706ptan20060149101.php (1706 words)

	Process for aldol condensation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The resulting polymorphic magnesium-aluminum oxide composition is hightly effective in the aldol condensation of acetone to isophorone, and other base catalyzed reactions such as isomerization of olefins, aldol condensation of aldehydes.
		In order to demonstrate that the catalyst is an effective catalyst for the aldol condensation of ketones, a sample of the catalyst prepared by example 2 was used to condense acetone to mesityl oxide and isophorone.
		The stability of the catalyst was tested for the aldol condensation of acetone with catalysts of example 2 (using nitric acid) and example 1 (using acetic acid).
	www.stickebana.com /scitech/manufacturing_red_phosphor/process_aldol_condensation.html (2258 words)

	Aldol reaction Summary
		The aldol reaction, or aldol condensation, is a reaction between two open chain (aliphatic) aldehyde molecules to produce a compound called a beta hydroxyaldehyde (an aldol).
		Aldols can be produced by reacting an aldehyde with a range of alkaline condensing reagents (for example, sodium ethanoate or dilute sodium hydroxide)in the presence of a catalyst (frequently potassium cyanide) at low temperatures.
		In the aldol condensation, the initial aldol adduct undergoes dehydration (loss of water) to form an α,β-unsaturated ketone (or aldehyde).
	www.bookrags.com /Aldol_reaction (2537 words)

	Enolates and the Aldol Reactions
		Incidentally, the term aldol stems from the "ald" of aldehyde and the "ol" of alcohol.
		The term condensation is used to describe a reaction in which two molecules combine to form a larger product with the loss of a molecule of water.
		The key structural feature of a molecule which might be made by way of an aldol condensation is the carbon-carbon double bond between the alpha and beta carbons of an aldehyde.
	chemistry2.csudh.edu /rpendarvis/a-carbaldol.html (971 words)

	Search: Aldol Condensation
		The simplest aldol reaction is the condensation of ethanal.
		An Aldol condensation is an organic reaction in which an enolate ion reacts with a carbonyl compound to form a ß-hydroxyaldehyde or ß-hydroxyketone,...
		A useful carbon-carbon bond-forming reaction known as the Aldol Reaction or the Aldol Condensation is yet another example of electrophilic substitution at...
	www.haggle.com /webmkt.haggle/search/web/Aldol%2BCondensation/-/-/1/-/-/-/1/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/-/302349/right (263 words)

	Carbonyl Reactivity
		A useful carbon-carbon bond-forming reaction known as the Aldol Reaction or the Aldol Condensation is yet another example of electrophilic substitution at the alpha carbon in enols or enolate anions.
		The acid-catalyzed aldol proceeds via the enol tautomer, and the more stable of the two enol tautomers is that with the more substituted double bond.
		The aqueous base conditions used for the aldol condensation are not suitable because the enolate anions of simple carbonyl compounds are formed in very low concentration, and hydroxide or alkoxide bases induce competing S
	www.cem.msu.edu /~reusch/VirtualText/aldket2.htm (3430 words)

	Fats & Soaps
		We spent some time on the aldol condensation when we were studying aldehydes, and we learned that the alpha C-H bonds of aldehydes and ketones can be attacked by base to form enolates.
		This is followed by attack of the nucleophilic alpha carbon of the enolate on the carbonyl carbon of a second molecule of the ester.
		Again, this is strictly analogous to the situation in the aldol reaction, and it has resulted in a nucleophilic addition to the carbonyl carbon.
	chemistry2.csudh.edu /rpendarvis/ester-fats.html (1715 words)

	aldol - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		The aldol reaction is a typical example of a carbonyl condensation reaction.
		Under basic conditions, aldol reactions occur by nucleophilic addition of the enolate ion of the donor...
		In general, a mixed aldol reaction between two similar aldehyde or ketone components leads to a mixture of four components.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /aldol.html (139 words)

	Aldol Condensation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		It is commonly used to manufacture solvents (diacetone alcohol and isophorone), intermediates for the manufacture of perfumes and pharmaceuticals (chalcones and more generally a,b unsaturated ketones) and plasticizers.
		• The aldol condensation of citral with acetone at 55°C under a strong base gel resin catalyst (Amberlite™ IRA400) in replacement of sodium hydroxide has been studied.
		G.G. Podrebarac, F.T.T. Ng, G.L. Rempel "A kinetic study of the aldol condensation of acetone using an anion exchange resin catalyst", Chemical engineering Science, vol 52, N° 17, pp 2991-3002 (1997).
	www.rohmhaas.com /ionexchange/IP/aldol_condensation.htm (250 words)

	Chemistry 211 Experiment 5
		aldol condensation is a reaction that is named based on the type of product formed when two aldehydes (or ketones), in the presence of dilute base, yields a molecule having both aldehyde (ald-) and alcohol (-ol) functional groups.
		In the present case, the reaction—a mixed, or crossed aldol condensation involving an aromatic aldehyde—is referred to as a Claisen-Schmidt condensation.
		The Claisen-Schmidt condensation always involves dehydration of the mixed aldol condensation product to yield a chemical in which the double bond (produced during dehydration) is conjugated to both the aromatic ring and the carbonyl group.
	www.miracosta.cc.ca.us /home/dlr/211exp5.htm (1003 words)

	Catalyzed aldol condensations - Patent 4476324
		This invention pertains to aldol condensations catalyzed by heat-treated synthetic anionic clay minerals and more particularly to the use of these catalysts for the conversion of acetone to mesityl oxide and isophorone.
		It is an object of this invention to provide an aldol condensation catalyst particularly for the conversion of acetone to mesityl oxide and isophorone having both enhanced efficiencies and conversions of acetone.
		It is a further object of this invention to control the condensation of acetone to produce chiefly mesityl oxide and isophorone and in addition to limit the molar ratio of mesityl oxide: isophorone produced to a low value, preferably less than one, to conform to the commercial demand for these two products.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4476324.html (4233 words)

	Carboxyl Reactivity
		The aldol reaction, is a remarkable and useful reaction of aldehydes and ketones in which the carbonyl group serves both as an electrophilic reactant and the source of a nucleophilic enol species.
		In a similar mode to the aldol reaction, the fundamental event in the Claisen condensation is a dimerization of two esters by an alpha C–H addition of one reactant to the carbonyl group of a second reactant.
		Although many Claisen condensations are carried out with a full equivalent of the alkoxide base, an effective alternative procedure, used in reaction #5, uses sodium hydride (NaH) together with a catalytic amount of alcohol.
	www.cem.msu.edu /~reusch/VirtualText/crbacid3.htm (2310 words)

	ALDOL CONDENSATION : Encyclopedia Entry
		An Aldol condensation is an organic reaction where an enolate ion reacts with a carbonyl compound to form a β-hydroxyaldehyde or β-hydroxyketone followed by dehydration to a conjugated enone.
		It is important to distinguish the Aldol condensation from other addition reactions to carbonyl compounds.
		Acetic acid adds to this intermediate in a nucleophilic addition to form enolate 3 followed by aldol condensation to 5 at which stage a molecule of carbon monoxide is lost to 6.
	www.bibleocean.com /OmniDefinition/Aldol_condensation (571 words)

	Chemistry 211 Experiment 5
		aldol condensation is a reaction that is named based on the type of product formed when two aldehydes (or ketones), in the presence of dilute base, yields a molecule having both aldehyde (ald-) and alcohol (-ol) functional groups.
		In the present case, the reaction—a mixed, or crossed aldol condensation involving an aromatic aldehyde—is referred to as a Claisen-Schmidt condensation.
		The Claisen-Schmidt condensation always involves dehydration of the mixed aldol condensation product to yield a chemical in which the double bond (produced during dehydration) is conjugated to both the aromatic ring and the carbonyl group.
	www.miracosta.edu /home/dlr/211exp5.htm (1003 words)

	LECTURE 5
		Note: Cross-Aldol condensation is aldol condensation between two different carbonyl compounds, e.g., Formaldehyde in excess, reacting with acetaldehyde.
		A controlled reaction of Aldol formation followed by elimination of water is called the Claisen-Schmidt condensation of aromatic aldehydes with aliphatic aldehydes or ketones in the presence of 10% mineral alkali.
		In aldol condensation, nucleophilic attack leads to addition, which is a typical reaction of aldehydes and ketones, whereas in claisen condensation, the nucleophilic attack leads to substitution, which is also the typical reaction of acyl compounds.
	www.uiowa.edu /intlinet/unijos/departments/pharmacology/additional.htm (1340 words)

	Aldrich Chiral Compounds - Aldolase Antibody 38C2
		Antibody 38C2 was generated by using the strategy of reactive immunization, which involves a hapten with a moderately reactive functional group which induces a chemical reaction with a functionalized amino acid residue in the active site of the antibody.
		In a typical procedure a 5 µL of 100 mM stock solution of aldol in acetonitrile was added to 95 µL of a 40 µM solution of antibody in 50 µM PBS.
		After 50% conversion (time varied depended on the catalytic rate of the antibody corresponding to the specific aldol) the remaining aldol was purified on analytical reverse phase HPLC column, the solvent was removed by freeze-dryer affording enantiomerically pure aldol.
	www.sigmaaldrich.com /Area_of_Interest/Chemistry/Chemical_Synthesis/Product_Catalog/Asymmetric_Synthesis/Technical_Information/Aldolase_Antibody.html (1366 words)

	[No title]
		Thus, it is possible to perform a "crossed" aldol reaction in which the enolate formed by abstraction of the alpha-hydrogen on the ketone attacks the carbonyl of the aldehyde.
		The Claisen-Schmidt condensation always involves dehydration of the product of the mixed addition to yield a product in which the double bond (produced during dehydration) is conjugated to both the aromatic ring and the carbonyl group.
		Aldol products can be formed through either acidic or basic conditions and since they are usually exothermic the reaction will be driven to completion.
	swc2.hccs.edu /pahlavan/2425L7.doc (1481 words)

	AldolReaction
		Note that the net effect of the aldol reaction is to add the "components of" one molecule of acetaldehyde to the carbonyl group of a second molecule of acetaldehyde, the "components of" acetaldehyde being H and HCOCH
		The aldol reaction of two aldehydes is of limited synthetic utility.
		Draw the structure of the aldol that would be formed from the aldol condensation of each of the following aldehydes and ketones.
	www.usm.maine.edu /~newton/Chy251_253/Lectures/Aldol%20Condensation/AldolReaction.html (837 words)

	Aldol Condensation
		The aldol and related reactions are base-catalyzed, but in some cases it is possible to use acid catalysis.
		The aldol reaction may occur between two molecules of the same aldehyde or the same ketone, or between different molecules (crossed aldol reaction).
		The aldol reaction may be used intramolecularly to close five- and six-membered rings, like in the Robinson annulation reaction.
	ivan.tubert.org /caos/reactions/aldol.html (449 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Condensation reactions occur when two reactants combine to form a product with loss of a small molecule, usually water or an alcohol.
		In aldol condensations, an enolate anion undergoes nucleophilic addition to a ketone or aldehyde producing a
		Observe that the aldol condensation is an equilibrium process.
	people.uis.edu /gtram1/organic/a-substitution/aldol.htm (216 words)

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