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	Alessandro Farnese
		The young Alessandro Farnese, eldest son of Pier Luigi Farnese, first Duke of Parma and brother of Pope Paul III, was born 7 Oct, 1520, and died at Rome, Feb., 1589.
		Farnese was employed by the popes on various legations and embassies.
		In 1539, he was legatus a latere of Paul III at the court of Charles V, to make peace between the emperor and the King of France, and to sever the alliance with England, also to arrange for a general council.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/f/farnese,alessandro.html (530 words)

	Farnese - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		FARNESE, the name of one of the most illustrious and powerful Italian families, which besides including eminent prelates, statesmen and warriors among its members, ruled the duchy of Parma for two centuries.
		At his death in 1586 he was succeeded by his son Alessandro Farnese (1545-1592), the famous general of Philip II.
		The Palazzo Farnese in Rome, one of the finest specimens of Roman Renaissance architecture, was begun under Paul III., while he was cardinal, by Antonio da San Gallo, and completed by his nephew Cardinal Alessandro under the direction of Michelangelo (1526).
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Farnese (1204 words)

	Farnese - HighBeam Encyclopedia
		FARNESE [Farnese], Italian noble family that ruled Parma and Piacenza from 1545 to 1731.
		Ottavio's brother, Alessandro Farnese, 1520-89, was a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church.
		His niece, Elizabeth Farnese, queen of Philip V of Spain, secured (1748) the succession to the duchy for her son Philip, founder of the line of Bourbon-Parma.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-Farnese.html (445 words)

	Alessandro Farnese
		Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma, general, statesman and diplomat, governor-general of the Netherlands under Philip II of Spain, was born at Rome on the 27th of August 1545, and died at the abbey of St. Waast, near Arras, on the 3rd of December 1592.
		He was the son of Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma, and Margaret of Austria, natural daughter of Charles V. He accompanied his mother to Brussels when she was appointed governor of the Netherlands, and in 1565 his marriage with the princess Maria of Portugal was celebrated in Brussels with great splendor.
		Alexander Farnese had been brought up in Spain with his cousin, the ill-fated Don Carlos, and his uncle Don John of Austria, both of whom were about the same age as himself, and after his marriage he took up his residence at once at the court of Madrid.
	www.nndb.com /people/213/000101907 (1346 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Alessandro
		Farnese, Alessandro FARNESE, ALESSANDRO [Farnese, Alessandro], 1545-92, duke of Parma and Piacenza (1586-92), general and diplomat in the service of Philip II of Spain.
		Farnese FARNESE [Farnese], Italian noble family that ruled Parma and Piacenza from 1545 to 1731.
		1537) and (1538) to Ottavio Farnese, duke of Parma.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Alessandro&StartAt=11 (647 words)

	Popes
		Alessandro was the son of Pier Luigi Farnese and Giovannella Gaetani.
		In 1417 Ranuccio Farnese (the Elder), one of the most celebrated condottieri (mercenary soldiers) of his time, had been made a Roman senator by Pope Martin V. Ranuccio's son Pier Luigi, by marriage with the Gaetani heiress, solidified the Farnese position in the Roman nobility.
		Sensitive and talented, Alessandro Farnese was entrusted to the Humanist Pomponio Leto for his early education and then joined the Medici circle in Florence under Lorenzo the Magnificent.
	gallery.euroweb.hu /database/glossary/popes/paul3.html (1907 words)

	Pope Paul III (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Paul III, né Alessandro Farnese (February 29, 1468 - November 10, 1549) was pope from 1534 to 1549.
		Born Alessandro Farnese in Carino, in Tuscany, the peculiar day of February 29, he came through his mother from the Gaetani family, which had also produced Pope Boniface VIII.
		In consequence of a violent altercation on this account with Cardinal Farnese, the pope, at the age of eighty-one years, became so overwrought that an attack of sickness ensued from which he died, November 10, 1549.
	pope-paul-iii.iqnaut.net (1371 words)

	Farnese, Alessandro. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		He was the son of Duke Ottavio Farnese and Margaret of Parma and thus a nephew of Philip II and of John of Austria, under whom he distinguished himself at the battle of Lepanto (1571).
		In 1577, Farnese joined John in the Low Countries to fight the rebels against Spain.
		Appointed (1578) governor of the Netherlands, he took Tournai, Maastricht, Breda, Bruges, Ghent, and Antwerp from the rebels and secured continued possession of the southern part of the Netherlands for Spain (see Netherlands, Austrian and Spanish).
	www.bartleby.com /65/fa/FarneseA.html (225 words)

	North Texas Institute for Educators on the Visual Arts
		Anthonis Mor's Portrait of Alessandro Farnese is one of the few non-Spanish paintings in the Meadows Museum.
		The details of Alessandro Farnese's clothing, his stance, and his expression give the viewer not only a picture of an actual person, but also tell us much about what was important to people at this time and in this place.
		Alessandro was sent to the University of Alcalá de Henares, now the University of Madrid, along with the king's son.
	www.art.unt.edu /ntieva/artcurr/alsp/mor.htm (736 words)

	Alessandro Farnese il giovane (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Alessandro iniziò i suoi studi a Parma e, in seguito, si trasferì presso il collegio “Ancarano” di Bologna, dove fu mandato insieme al fratello Ottavio per apprendere le materie letterarie, giuridiche e teologiche.
		Nel 1551 Alessandro fu inviato da Giulio III presso il fratello Ottavio con l’incarico di convincerlo a restituire il suo ducato.
		Nel 1575 Alessandro fece portare a termine quello che si può considerare un capolavoro del rinascimento: Palazzo Farnese di Caprarola.
	www.itawiki.com /alessandro_farnese_il_giovane.html (1900 words)

	IDIS-DPF: Alessandro Farnese (1545-1592) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Per il Farnese si tratta di un'opportunità unica d'impegnarsi al di fuori del ducato ed egli si affretta a riunire intorno a sé numerosi esponenti di famiglie parmensi e piacentine e a partire con un piccolo esercito per raggiungere don Giovanni; cosa che avviene a Genova il 26 luglio 1571.
		Alessandro, appena giunto, si dedica alla riorganizzazione dell'esercito e questa sua opera dà i primi frutti quando, il 31 gennaio 1578, l'armata spagnola sconfigge l'esercito orangista in uno scontro nei pressi della città di Gembloux.
		Le proposte del Farnese non sono tenute nel dovuto conto da Filippo, che vuol gestire direttamente e a suo modo l'impresa, ignorando volutamente in buona parte il quadro informativo fornitogli da Alessandro e creando le premesse per un esito non positivo.
	www.alleanzacattolica.org /idis_dpf/voci/f_farnese_alessandro.htm (1407 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Paul III
		Alessandro received the best education that his age could offer; first at Rome, where he had Pomponio Leto for a tutor; later at Florence in the palace of Lorenzo the Magnificent, where he formed his friendship with the future Leo X, six years his junior.
		In accordance with the abuses of his time, he accumulated a number of opulent benefices, and spent his immense revenue with a generosity which won for him the praises of artists and the affection of the Roman populace.
		The Pauline chapel, Michelangelo's work in the Sistine, the streets of Rome, which he straightened and broadened, the numerous objects of art associated with the name of Farnese, all speak eloquently of the remarkable personality of the pontiff who turned the tide in favour of religion.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/11579a.htm (1776 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Farnese
		Farnese Palace FARNESE PALACE [Farnese Palace] in Rome, designed by Antonio da Sangallo (see under Sangallo) for Cardinal Alessandro Farnese (Pope Paul III).
		Farnese Bull FARNESE BULL [Farnese Bull] sculptured group representing Zethus and Amphion, sons of Antiope, tying Dirce (who had ill-treated their mother) to an enraged bull.
		Elizabeth Farnese ELIZABETH FARNESE [Elizabeth Farnese], 1692-1766, queen of Spain, second consort of Philip V ; niece of Antonio Farnese, duke of Parma.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Farnese (534 words)

	Pope Paul III - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Pope Paul III (February 29, 1468 – November 10, 1549), born Alessandro Farnese, was Pope from 1534 to 1549.
		Born Alessandro Farnese in Canino, Latium, Italy, the peculiar day of February 29, he was descended through his mother from the Caetani family, which had also produced Pope Boniface VIII (1294–1303).
		Paul III proved unable to suppress the Protestant Reformation, although it was during his pontificate that the foundation was laid for the Counter-Reformation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Paul_III (1404 words)

	Alessandro Cardinal Farnese - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Alessandro Cardinal Farnese (5 October 1520–2 March 1589) was an Italian cardinal and diplomat, the grandson of Pope Paul III (who also bore the name Alessandro Farnese), and the son of Pier Luigi Farnese, Duke of Parma who was murdered in 1547.
		Among the works Farnese built or restored are the Church of the Gesù in Rome, Caprarola, the Farnese palace near Lago Bracciano, and the monastery Tre Fontane.
		Farnese was buried before the high altar in the Church of Gesù.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Alessandro_Cardinal_Farnese (312 words)

	PAOLO III - ALESSANDRO FARNESE - BIOGRAFIA
		ALESSANDRO nacque a Canino (VT) il 29 febbraio 1468 dalla nobile ed antica famiglia FARNESE, figlio di Pierluigi e Giovannella Caetani.
		Perciò, per cancellare il ricordo di quel triste periodo, causato dalla politica errata di Clemente VII, i cardinali, di comune accordo, si erano proposti di eleggere al soglio pontificio un romano proveniente da una illustre famiglia che aveva ormai da tempo piantato la sue radici in Roma ed al servizio della cattedra di Pietro.
		Il cardinale Farnese, appena eletto, si mise subito all'opera; assunse il nome di PAOLO III.
	www.cronologia.it /biogra2/paoloiii.htm (3040 words)

	Farnese, Alessandro - HighBeam Encyclopedia
		FARNESE, ALESSANDRO [Farnese, Alessandro], 1545-92, duke of Parma and Piacenza (1586-92), general and diplomat in the service of Philip II of Spain.
		Find newspaper and magazine articles plus images and maps related to "Farnese, Alessandro" at HighBeam.
		God creates eve: a newly discovered drawing by Taddeo Zuccaro this magnificent study of God is almost certainly a fragment of a drawing by Taddeo Zuccaro for the famous fresco of God Creating Eve in the Villa Farnese at Caprarola.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-FarneseA.html (327 words)

	Terms
		The Farnese family, noted for its statesmen and soldiers in the 14th and 15th centuries, became an Italian family of humanists and patrons of the arts from Cardinal Alessandro Farnese (1468-1549; Pope Paul III from 1534) to his great-great-grandson Cardinal Odoardo Farnese (1573-1626).
		Cardinal Alessandro Farnese began the Palazzo Farnese in Rome in 1517.
		Alessandro’s great-nephew, Cardinal Odoardo Farnese (1573-1626), great-great-grandson of Pope Paul III, was responsible for employing Annibale Carracci, along with his brother Agostino, to fresco the Galleria Farnese that would house the collection of antique statuary in his residence, the Palazzo Farnese.
	chnm.gmu.edu /courses/ffolliott/arth344/terms.htm (4362 words)

	'Il Gran Cardinale': Alessandro Farnese, Patron of the Arts. - book reviews Art Bulletin, The - Find Articles
		Scions of princely families, beneficiaries of pontifical patronage, members of the sacred college, and kinsmen, Archbishops Alessandro Farnese and Federico Borromeo engaged in mecenatismo on a grand scale, using patronage to signify their support for the project of reform codified in the canons and decrees of the Council of Trent.
		Whereas Alessandro, who had started to collect and commission both sacred and secular art in the early 1540s, transformed his public patronage in response to the Tridentine canons and decrees, Federico, who began collecting in the 1590s, concentrated from the start almost exclusively on acquiring sacred art.
		Although she devotes a chapter to Alessandro's role as Counter-Reformation prelate, she aims to track his entire patronal career, mapping the kinds and degrees of patronage that earned him the sobriquet il Gran Cardinale.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0422/is_n2_v77/ai_17239654/pg_19 (557 words)

	Alessandro Farnese — FactMonster.com
		Farnese - Farnese, Italian noble family that ruled Parma and Piacenza from 1545 to 1731.
		Parma, Alessandro Farnese, duca di - Parma, Alessandro Farnese, duca di: see Farnese, Alessandro.
		Farnese Palace - Farnese Palace, in Rome, designed by Antonio da Sangallo (see under Sangallo) for Cardinal...
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/people/A0818276.html (245 words)

	"Maddalena" - A Renaissance Love Story - Popes, Cardinals and Women
		The heroine, a Jewish-born healer, was Alessandro's mistress and a Catholic convert.
		When Alessandro was twenty-four-years old, his miniaturist Giulio Clovio provided Titian with a sketch of his mistress, the courtesan Angela, whose lovely face was immortalized in the Venetian master’s reclining nude, kept in the cardinal’s private quarters for most of his life.
		Inspired by Titian’s nude Penitent Magdalen, which once belonged to Alessandro’s historical brother-in law, the plot is replete with religious issues: the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church, the Protestant revolt in the Low Countries, St. Bartholomaeus night's massacre of the Huguenots in Paris, and the huge Christian naval victory over the Moslems at Lepanto.
	www.emediawire.com /releases/2006/3/emw363279.htm (952 words)

	Alessandro Farnese e le Fiandre - Alexander Farnese and the Low Countries
		At his death in 1592, Alessandro Farnese’s image was surely in need of refurbishment: he was unpopular with nobles and officials in the Spanish Low Countries, envied by his contemporaries, and mistrusted by Philip II.
		Bruno Adorni, Parma, Alessandro Farnese e l’architettura militare nei ducati di Parma e di Piacenza (avec résumé en français) Charles van den Heuvel, University Library, Universiteit Leiden, The training of noblemen in the arts and sciences in the Low Countries around 1600.
		Alessandro Farnese, warrior of great renown, was celebrated by contemporary and modern historians alike for his talents as a strategist; his career as a military commander, as a diplomat and as a governor-general peaked with the surrender of the Calvinist republics of Ghent and Antwerp in 1584-1585.
	www.h-net.org /announce/show.cgi?ID=147700 (1192 words)

	Giornale Nuovo: Clovio, and the Farnese Hours
		In this manuscript, commissioned by Cardinal Alessandro Farnese, and completed in 1546, Clovio painted twenty-six lavishly-detailed full-page miniatures, and illuminated a few dozen more pages with elaborate border-decorations.
		In his will, Alessandro stipulated that the Hours be kept at the Palazzo Farnese in perpetuity, and that the manuscript should never be sold or given away by his heirs or successors.
		Alessandro’s second stipulation was only broken at the very end of the nineteenth century, when it was sold in Vienna by the half-brother of the deposed Bourbon king, Francis II.
	www.spamula.net /blog/2006/06/clovio_1.html (1639 words)

	Farnese — FactMonster.com
		Elizabeth Farnese - Elizabeth Farnese, 1692–1766, queen of Spain, second consort of Philip V; niece of Antonio...
		Alessandro Farnese - Farnese, Alessandro, 1545–92, duke of Parma and Piacenza (1586–92), general and...
		Elizabeth Farnese - Farnese, Elizabeth: see Elizabeth Farnese.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/people/A0818275.html (281 words)

	Alessandro Turchi ( - ) Artwork Images, Exhibitions, Reviews
		Alessandro Magnasco - The Baptism of Christ c.
		Alessandro Algardi - A Flagellator of Christ c.
		Alessandro Magnasco - Christ at the Sea of Galilee c.
	www.wwar.com /masters/t/turchi-alessandro.html (516 words)

	Farnese - Koninklijk Nederlands Instituut Rome (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Alessandro Farnese e l’architettura militare a Parma ed a Piacenza
		The Farnese Gallery as failed memorial to Alessandro Farnese: between individual fame and family politics
		Reconquering a rebellious city: Alessandro Farnese and the siege and recatholicization of
	www-s.nir-roma.it /index.pl/farnese_congress (531 words)

	'Il Gran Cardinale': Alessandro Farnese, Patron of the Arts. - book reviews Art Bulletin, The - Find Articles
		I have dwelt on Alessandro's links with the Jesuits in order to suggest how his patronage would have signified his support for their distinctive spirituality, and further, how that support would have complemented the Tridentine model of ecclesiastical reform.
		This mixing of elements, though admissible in epic poetry, is held to be inappropriate to religious history, which deals exclusively in that which is incontrovertibly true.
		Although the Stanza della Solitudine at Caprarola, painted in 1565, assembles Christian and pagan subjects to allegorize the theme of solitary contemplation, the later winter apartment, painted between 1569 and 1572, consists exclusively of Christian subjects, as does the Sala degli Angeli of 1575.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0422/is_n2_v77/ai_17239654/pg_6 (316 words)

	Images of the Palazzo Farnese, Rome, Italy. Digital Imaging Project: Art historical images of European and North ...
		Begun initially as a palace for Cardinal Alessandro Farnese (or more specifically for his illegitimate son), the plan was enlarged and changed once the Cardinal became Pope Paul III.
		Antonio da Sangalla the Younger died in 1546 before the palace was completed so Michelangelo was brought in as architect late in the project.
		The Farnese coat of arms is displayed on three grand cartouches.
	www.bluffton.edu /~sullivanm/farnese/farnese.html (294 words)

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