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Topic: Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza

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	Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza (1545 - 1592) was the son of Duke Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma and Margaret, the illegitimate daughter of the Habsburg Emperor Charles V.
		Thus Alessandro was the nephew of Philip II of Spain and of Don John of Austria.
		Farnese became Duke of Parma and Piacenza in 1586.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Alessandro_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma_and_Piacenza (1003 words)

	Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza
		Alessandro Farnese, duke of Parma and Piacenza (1545 — 92), the son of Duke Ottavio Farnese, duke of Parma and Margaret of Parma[?], and the cousin of Philip II of Spain and of Don John of Austria[?], led a significant military and diplomatic career in the service of Spain.
		In the autumn of 1577 Farnese was sent to join Don John at the head of reinforcements, and it was mainly his prompt decision at a critical moment that won the Battle of Gemblours[?] in 1578.
		Farnese had become Duke of Parma and Piacenza in 1586.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/al/Alessandro_Farnese,_duke_of_Parma_and_Piacenza.html (910 words)

	Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma (1521 - 1586) was the second son of Pierluigi Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza, grandson of Pope Paul III, and brother to Cardinal Ranuccio Farnese.
		During the interregnum that followed, Ottavio again tried to induce the governor of Parma to give up the city to him, but met with no better success; however, on the election of Giovan Maria Giocchi to the papacy as Julius III the duchy was conferred on him in 1551.
		At his death in 1586 his son Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza succeeded him.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ottavio_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma (432 words)

	Printable Version on Encyclopedia.com
		MARGARET OF PARMA [Margaret of Parma] 1522-86, Spanish regent of the Netherlands; illegitimate daughter of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. She was married (1536) to Alessandro de' Medici (d.
		In 1567 the duke of Alba arrived at Brussels to suppress the opposition by force.
		Margaret's son was the noted general Alessandro Farnese, duke of Parma and Piacenza.
	www.encyclopedia.com /printable.aspx?id=1E1:margp (184 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Diocese of Parma
		In the thirteenth century (1199, 1200, 1204), Parma was at war with its neighbour Piacenza; later it aroused the indignation of Innocent III by the robbery of a pontifical legate.
		In 1512 Julius II united Parma to the Pontifical States; it should be said that John of Bohemia had previously held it as a fief of the Holy See; but from 1515 to 1521, the city was again in the hands of the King of France.
		The garrison of Parma prevented the city from falling into the power of Ferrante, as Piacenza fell; and after long negotiations with the emperor, the son of Pierluigi, Ottavio, was confirmed in the duchy by Julius III in 1550.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/11505a.htm (1024 words)

	Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma
		Ottavio Farnese, duke of Parma (1521 - 1586), the second son of Pierluigi Farnese, duke of Parma and Piacenza, married Margaret, the illegitimate daughter of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor.
		Pope Paul III, father of the late Pierluigi and grandfather of Ottavio, attempted to regain Piacenza; he set aside Ottavio's claims to the succession of Parma, where he appointed a papal legate, giving him back Camerino in exchange, and then claimed Piacenza from the emperor—not for the Farnesi, but for the Church.
		But the duke came to an arrangement with his father-in-law, by which he regained Piacenza and his other fiefs The rest of his life was spent quietly at home, where the moderation and wisdom of his rule won for him the affection of his people.
	www.teachersparadise.com /ency/en/wikipedia/o/ot/ottavio_farnese__duke_of_parma.html (405 words)

	Help.com - struggle for the throne of portugal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		By this time the Portuguese throne was disputed by several claimants; among them were Catherine, Duchess of Braganza (1540-1614), her nephew Rainuccio Farnese of Parma, Philip II of Spain and Anthony, Prior of Crato.
		Ranuccio Farnese (1569-1622), the hereditary duke of Parma and Piacenza, was the son of the late elder daughter of dom Duarte of Portugal, Duke of Guimaraes, the only son of Manoel I whose legitimate descendants survived at that time, Ranuccio was according to the feudal custom the first heir to the throne of Portugal.
		He was the son of Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza, and of Maria of Portugal.
	www.help.com /wiki/Struggle_for_the_throne_of_Portugal (1258 words)

	Margaret of Parma
		Margaret of Parma, 1522–86, Spanish regent of the Netherlands; illegitimate daughter of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. She was married (1536) to Alessandro de' Medici (d.
		Alessandro Farnese - Farnese, Alessandro, 1545–92, duke of Parma and Piacenza (1586–92), general and...
		Alessandro de' Medici - Medici, Alessandro de', 1510?–37, duke of Florence (1532–37); probably an illegitimate...
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/people/A0831779.html (275 words)

	Italy
		The Duchy of Parma was detached by the Emperor Charles V from Milan to be added to the Papal States, but Pope Paul III (1534-1549), Paolo Farnese, used it for his illegitimate son, Pier Luigi, instead.
		Alessandro was appointed regent of the Netherlands by King Philip II of Spain at the height of the Dutch revolt.
		The tenure of the Farnese family in Parma continued until the hieress, Elizabeth Farnese, married King Philip V of Spain.
	www.friesian.com /italia.htm (10172 words)

	Margaret of Parma: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library
		MARGARET OF PARMA 1522 86, Spanish regent of the Netherlands...her resignation was generally regretted.
		He was the son of Duke Ottavio Farnese and Margaret of Parma and thus a nephew of Philip II and of John of Austria, under whom he distinguished himself at the battle of Lepanto...
		...dominions to create the duchy of Parma and Piacenza for his illegitimate...he thereby gained the hatred of the nobility and was assassinated...who succeeded him, married Margaret of Austria (see Margaret of Parma), illegitimate daughter of...
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/margaret_of_parma.jsp (1625 words)

	PAGETWO
		The duke was an accomplished warrior on land, however he had no naval background and no interest in leading the Armada what-so-ever.
		After becoming governor of the Netherlands in 1577, he took Tournai, Maastricht, Breda, Bruges, Ghent, and Antwerp away from the rebels that were against Spain and made secure the posession of the southern part of the Netherlands.
		Eventually, his soldiers were to be ferried to England by the Duke of Medina-Sidonia,,then to march directly on London, seizing the Queen, and eventually conquering all of England.
	www.geocities.com /angelwhiskey/PageTwo.html (689 words)

	All Empires History Forum: Spanish Generals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma, a grandson of Charles V...an Italian noble, and probably the greatest general of the sixteenth century in Europe.
		It was Parma who won back for Spain the allegience of the southern Netherlands in the 1580s.
		Well, Duke of Alba was a cruel and antipathique person and he wasn't especially kind to anyone as I remember him.
	www.allempires.com /forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=7484&PN=1 (659 words)

	1545 Narration @ GipsyPrincess.com (Gipsy Princess) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza (died 1592)
		August 24 - Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, English politician
		Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
	www.gipsyprincess.com /encyclopedia/1545 (415 words)

	1592 Info - Bored Net - Boredom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		August 28 - George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham.
		December 6 - William Cavendish, 1st Duke of Newcastle.
		December - Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza, great grandson of Pope Paul III and nephew of Philip II of Spain.\n
	www.borednet.com /e/n/encyclopedia/1/15/1592.html (200 words)

	Antwerp - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The boom-and-bust cycles and inflationary cost-of-living put a squeeze on Antwerp's less-skilled workers, and the profound religious revolution of the Reformation erupted in violent iconoclastic riots in August 1566, here as in every other part of the Netherlands.
		The conciliating presence of the regent Margaret, duchess of Parma was swept aside when Philip II sent the Duke of Alva to restore peace and orthodoxy at the head of an army the following summer.
		In 1585 a severe blow was struck at the prosperity of the city when Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza captured it after a long siege and sent all its Protestant citizens into exile.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Antwerp (3470 words)

	Governors of the Habsburg Netherlands - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands ruled the Seventeen Provinces, after 1581 only the Southern Netherlands as a representative of the Duke of Burgundy (until 1555), the King of Spain (1555-1706) or the Archduke of Austria (1716-1794), all from the house of Habsburg.
		Fernando Alvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alba 1567-1573
		Archduchess Maria Christina of Austria and Duke Albert of Saxe-Teschen 1781-1793
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Governors_of_the_Habsburg_Netherlands (287 words)

	The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Biographical Dictionary - Consistory of March 6, 1591
		Son of Giovanni Girolamo Acquaviva d'Aragona, tenth duke of Atri, and Margherita Pio di Carpi.
		Son of Alessandro Farnese, third duke of Parma and Piacenza, and Princess Maria de Portugal.
		Gesù church, Rome, by Cardinal Roberto Bellarmino, assisted by Diofebo Farnese, titular Latin patriarch of Jerusalem, and by Galeazzo Sanvitale, archbishop of Bari.
	www.fiu.edu /~mirandas/bios1591.htm (1861 words)

	:::► Dictionary of Meaning www.mauspfeil.net ◄::: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		January 31 - Battle of Gemblours - Spanish forces under Don John of Austria and Alessandro* Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza Alexander Farnese defeat the Dutch.
		King Sebastian I of Portugal is defeated and killed in North Africa, leaving his elderly uncle, Henry I of Portugal Cardinal Henry, as his heir.
		October 1 - Alexander Farnese, Prince of Parma*, succeeds Don John as Spanish Governor-General of the Netherlands.
	www.mauspfeil.net /1578.html (293 words)

	1588 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Duke [[Henry of Guise]] seizes the city, forcing King [[Henry III of FranceHenry III]] to flee.
		* [[August 8]] - [[August 9]] - The Spanish are unable to reach the coast of Flanders to meet up with the army of the [[Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma and PiacenzaDuke of Parma]].
		* [[December 23]] - Henry III of France strikes his ultra-Catholic enemies, having the Duke of Guise and his brother, [[Cardinal Louis of Guise]], killed, and holding the [[Charles, Cardinal de BourbonCardinal de Bourbon]] a prisoner.
	www.netreyb.com /timeline/wikiyears/1588 (420 words)

	Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma - TheBestLinks.com - Algiers, Council of Trent, France, Pope Julius III, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma - TheBestLinks.com - Algiers, Council of Trent, France, Pope Julius III,...
		Ottavio Farnese, Ottavio Farnese, Duke of Parma, Algiers, Council of Trent...
		You can add this article to your own "watchlist" and receive e-mail notification about all changes in this page.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Ottavio_Farnese.html (429 words)

	Maria of Portugal Definition / Maria of Portugal Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		[click for more], Parma, Italy) marriedMarriage is a relationship that plays a key role in the definition of many families.
		Precise definitions vary historically and between and within cultures, but it has been an important concept as a socially sanctioned bond between people who (usually) are in a sexual relationship.
		[click for more] Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza on November 11, 1565 Events March 1 - the city of Rio de Janeiro is founded April 27 - Cebu City is established becoming the first Spanish settlement in the Philippines.
	www.elresearch.com /Maria_of_Portugal (275 words)

	:::► Dictionary of Meaning www.mauspfeil.net ◄:::
		January 6 - The Union of Atrecht united the southern Spanish Netherlands Netherlands under the Alessandro* Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza Duke of Parma, governor in the name of king Philip II of Spain.
		William I of Orange becomes Stadtholder, and the François, Duke of Anjou Duc d'Anjou, younger brother of Henry III of France is invited to become hereditary sovereign.
		* March - Capture of Maastricht by the Spanish under Parma.
	www.mauspfeil.net /1579.html (210 words)

	1545 - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		April 10 - Costanzo Festa, Italian composer (born 1495)
		June 12 - Francis I, Duke of Lorraine (born 1517)
		August 27 - Piotr Gamrat, Polish Catholic archbishop (b.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/1545 (308 words)

	AllRefer.com - Margaret of Parma (Benelux History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		AllRefer.com - Margaret of Parma (Benelux History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		You are here : AllRefer.com > Reference > Encyclopedia > Benelux History, Biographies > Margaret of Parma
		More articles from AllRefer Reference on Margaret of Parma
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/M/MargP.html (305 words)

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