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Topic: Alethic modalities

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	Modal logic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Modal logic was first developed to deal with these concepts, and only afterward was extended to others.
		There are a number of different alethic modalities: logical possibility is, perhaps, the weakest, since almost anything intelligible is logically possible: Possibly, pigs can fly, Elvis is still alive, and the atomic theory of matter is false.
		Significantly, modal logics can be developed to accommodate most of these idioms; it is the fact of their common logical structure (the use of "intensional" or non-truth-functional sentential operators) that make them all varieties of the same thing.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Modal_logic (2700 words)

	Fallacy of Modal Logic
		Most modalities are propositional functions―that is, they are functions which when applied to a proposition produce a proposition―like negation, but unlike negation in that they are not truth-functional.
		Modal fallacies are formal fallacies in which modality plays a role in the fallaciousness of a type of argument.
		Since modalities are frequent topics in philosophy―alethic modalities in metaphysics, epistemic ones in epistemology, and deontic ones in ethics―modal fallacies are quite frequent in philosophical and pseudo-philosophical argumentation.
	www.fallacyfiles.org /modalfal.html (316 words)

	Modal logic Definition / Modal logic Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Modal logic, or (less commonly) intensional logic is the branch of logic that deals with sentences that are qualified by modalities such as can, could, might, may, must, possibly, and necessarily, and others.
		Modal logics are characterized by semantic intensionality: non-modal logics all have the feature that the truth value of a complex sentence is determined by the truth values of its sub-sentences.
		Modal Logic is the main international forum at which research on all aspects of modal logic is presented.
	www.elresearch.com /Modal_logic (229 words)

	Modal logic - ExampleProblems.com
		A modal logic, or (less commonly) intensional logic, is a logic that deals with sentences that are qualified by modalities such as can, could, might, may, must, possibly, necessarily, eventually, etc. Modal logics are characterized by semantic intensionality: the truth value of a complex formula cannot be determined by the truth values of its subformulae.
		Modal operators cannot be formalized by an extensional semantics: both "George W. Bush is President of the United States" and "2 + 2 = 4" are true, yet "Necessarily, George W. Bush is President of the United States" is false, while "Necessarily, 2 + 2 = 4" is true.
		The founder of formal modal logic is C.
	www.exampleproblems.com /wiki/index.php/Modal_logic (1900 words)

	65 Developments in Tropology
		Modalities are distinguished first with reference to their 'types', and within each type with reference to their 'categories' (which are similar from type to type).
		Other types of modality exist, like the volitional (a subset of natural/temporal modality), and the teleological (from which the ethical is derived, at least in part); but we have not studied them closely in the present work (though I have myself studied them, and can assert that they fit into the general scheme here presented).
		I also subdivide modal logic into various 'types' (the extensional, the natural and temporal, the logical, the ethical), each of which has to be treated as a separate field, because of their distinct properties, though eventual parallelisms do emerge.
	www.thelogician.net /2_future_logic/2_chapter_65.htm (11493 words)

	Shadow » Blog Archive » Modal logic
		Modal logic is where the idea of possible worlds and modal realism come from.
		Modal logic, or (less commonly) intensional logic is the branch of logic that deals with sentences that are qualified by modalities such as can, could,
		alethic modalities, but there are other senses of necessity and possibility, and other modalities as well.
	www.garyfeng.com /wordpress/2004/11/30/modal-logic (180 words)

	[No title]
		Modalism is the thesis that modal operators, not quantifiers over possibilities, are the fundamental means of expressing facts about what is and is not possible.
		"The Semantics of Modal Notions and the Indeterminacy of Ontology", Synthese 21: 408-424.
		It is clearly not adequate for physical or tense modality, nor for alethic modality understood in a strict sense.
	fas-philosophy.rutgers.edu /~sider/teaching/modality_bib.htm (13258 words)

	A BRIEF GLOSSARY OF MODALITY
		Modality is ‘another name for mood, but one applied more specially to certain distinctions concerned with the speaker’s estimate of the relation between the actor and the accomplishment of some event’ (Trask).
		Modality is indicated by various means (subjunctive, modal verbs, parenthetical verbs, sentence adverbials, matrix verbs), but some of these (subjunctive, modal verbs) can also be found in object clauses with a merely syntactic function (cf Schneider 1999 ch.
		Modal auxiliaries (i) attribute properties to the subject of a sentence, (ii) determine the illocutionary potential of a sentence (the range of illoc.
	dinamico.unibg.it /anglistica/slin/modgloss.htm (5027 words)

	Modal logic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Modal logic is a form of logic which deals with sentences that are qualified by modalities such as possibly, necessarily, contingently, actually, can, could, might, may, must, ought, and others.
		The contemporary logical analysis of modality can be traced to C.I. Lewis' "A Survey of Symbolic Logic" (1918), in which he he developed the logical systems S1-S5.
		Temporal logic is closely related to modal logic, as adding modal operators [F] and [P], meaning, respectively, henceforth and hitherto, leads to a system of temporal logic.
	ccc.domaindlx.com /kazenoouji/modal_logic.htm (1367 words)

	RelMod
		The modality here centers on Ira and both the norms and the circumstances centered on him; but I think it is also constrained by Boo’s situation and norms applying to that.
		They are unlikely to be the same that control the modality in (9); a direct reply to (8) would refer more directly to the presumed constraints, rather than to the semantic interpretation of her utterance (as, e.g., "Could you possibly hang tough and also put a few more quarters in the ‘phone?").
		Notice further that some alethic modalities are not reflexive.
	www.unc.edu /~ujanel/RelMod.htm (2491 words)

	Modal Logic - Wiki.ucalgary.ca
		Modal logic is an extension of ordinary, “classical” logic which allows formalizations of phrases such as “it is possible that” and “it is necessary that” (the alethic modalities).
		Modal logics have important applications in philosophy, but also in linguistics and computer science.
		The course provids an introduction to the basic systems of modal logic, both propositional and predicate, their metatheory, philosophical interpretation, and applications.
	wiki.ucalgary.ca /index.php?title=Modal_Logic&redirect=no (95 words)

	Arthur Prior
		He invented tense logic and was principal theoretician of the movement to apply modal syntax to the formalisation of a wide variety of phenomena.
		At a colloquium on modal and many-valued logics held in Helsinki in 1962 Hintikka proposed a tense-logical construal of his possible worlds semantics, maintaining that `if we do not want to tie our logic to old-fashioned physics, we are undoubtedly wiser if we...
		They do reduce modal distinctions to distinctions of quantity, but the variables to which the quantifiers are attached retain something modal in their signification - they signify `possibilities', `chances', `possible states of affairs', `possible combinations of truth-values', or the like.
	www.science.uva.nl /~seop/archives/fall1999/entries/prior (9851 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		modal logic used to describe and reason about obligation and permission.
		operator of alethic modal logic; the relation R between possible worlds is taken to be partial order that orders worlds by moral 'virtue:' vRw holds iff w is morally better than v.
		This raises the question of how similar are alethic and deontic logics and the question whether deontic logic should actually follow the modal model.
	www.brujula.net /english/wiki/Deontic_logic.html (199 words)

	Modality And Monsters
		When we move to modal logic, the extension of the classical relativity to models, in terms of truth in a world in a model, seems actually less artifactual than the base case, for we are after logical aspects of a notion that involves relativizing truth to a space of alternative possibilities.
		When we move to the alethic modalities, sentences are evaluated relative to a model and a world of that model.
		It involves dropping the standard principle of modal generalization, and Montague (arguably) avails himself of it in [Montague 1974].
	www-csli.stanford.edu /~john/israel/monsters/node2.html (1975 words)

	Carnegie Mellon Department Of Philosophy: Research
		The study of alethic modalities (notions of necessity and possibility) has always received special attention.
		This work is intimately related to recent investigations on theories of belief change and also to the on-going study of the interest and limitations of non-standard analysis to solve decision problems (see the area related to methodology).
		Awodey is interested in novel interpretations of modal logic, such as for computability and intensionality in type theory.
	www.hss.cmu.edu /philosophy/research-logic.php (758 words)

	Modal Logic - Phil 513/679.05 - Fall 2005 - Richard Zach - University of Calgary
		Modal Logic - Phil 513/679.05 - Fall 2005 - Richard Zach - University of Calgary
		The course will provide an introduction to the basic systems of modal logic, both propositional and predicate, their metatheory, philosophical interpretation, and applications.
		It will consist in either a worked out presentation of an advanced topic (e.g., a proof of a theorem in the metatheory of modal logic), or a paper linking modal logic with philosophical topics in modality.
	www.ucalgary.ca /~rzach/513 (463 words)

	[No title]
		Section 10.1.2 defines a total of eight modes of thinking, of which one (contingency) "is not relevant in a business rules context." This leaves three alethic modes (necessity, possibility, and impossibility), and four deontic modes (permission, obligation, nonpermission/forbidden/prohibition, and non-obligation).
		Section 10.1.2, in the discussion of deontic modality, should make it clear that "non-obligation" is not relevant, as it already does for "contingency" in the definition of alethic modality.
		One way to proceed would be to start by defining the 6 basic "modes of thinking" (necessity, contingency, impossibility, obligation, option, prohibition) "Contingency" and "option" may be the correct logic terms, but they have too many connotations it seems to me to be suitable signifiers in the business-facing part of the specification.
	www.omg.org /issues/issue9475.txt (8073 words)

	Proofs and Expressiveness in Alethic Modal Logic (ResearchIndex)
		Abstract: Introduction Alethic modalities are the necessity, contingency, possibility or impossibility of something being true.
		132] The above dictionary characterization of alethic modalities states the central notions of alethic modal logic: necessity, and other notions that are usually thought of as being definable in terms of necessity and Boolean negation: impossibility, contingency, and possibility.
		38 Semantical analysis of modal logic I: Normal modal propositi..
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /480881.html (679 words)

	[No title]
		Thirdly, I claim that the token reflexive view provides a most needed Fregean complement for theories of intensionality which seem to be on the right track, like the nowadays popular "two-dimensional" explanations of the distinction between epistemic and alethic modalities advanced by Kaplan and Stalnaker.
		Finally, a modal argument, pointing out that the (alethic) modal properties of utterances including N are different from those of sentences with the D(N) substituting for it.
		- The modal argument can be disposed of along the lines indicated in the previous talk (the relevant description merely "fixes the referent", which is why the name behaves rigidly in modal contexts).
	www.dif.unige.it /epi/text/gar.htm (6141 words)

	Events
		Quantified modal logic and possible world semantics: a uniform approach.
		The main theme of quantified modal logic is the interplay between modalities (alethic, temporal, ecc) and quantification.
		Combining expressions like "it is possible that", "it is necessary that" with "someone", "everyone", "to be equal to" gives rise to a variety of problems which have a longstanding tradition in philosophy and logic.
	logica.rug.ac.be /centrum/events/events.php?abstract_id=30 (158 words)

	Now they are surrounded
		The modalities we are talking about subsist in the interfaces between alethic, boulomaic, deontic and evaluative modalities; this may seem pretty vague, but if you’ve done any work recently, try thinking about its Ordnuungscharakter.
		The main ideal is to distinguish between modalities de dicto and de re – and show that names and definite descriptions behave differently in these contexts.
		A basic idea in sorting out the logical modalities has been the idea that necessity is associated with ‘truth in all possible worlds’.
	jcamd.londonmet.ac.uk /NOWTHEYARESURROUNDED/images/125.html (6341 words)

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		She is also interested in the Metaphysics of Modality.
		Publications include: "The Primitiveness of Leibnizian Alethic Modalities," History of Philosophy Quarterly; "Suárez' Doctrine of Eternal Truths," Journal of the History of Philosophy; "Suárez' Influence on Descartes' Theory of Eternal Truths," Medieval Philosophy and Theology; "Descartes is not a Conceptualist," Areté; "God, Modalities and Conceptualism," Philosophy and Theology.
		She is currently working on a book defending the doctrine of Necessitarianism.
	www.hofstra.edu /FORMS/FORMS_printPage.cfm?thepage=PHI_faculty_karofsky (95 words)

	Modal logic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The basic modal operators are usually $\Box$ and $\Diamond$ .
		Their meaning depends on the particular modal logic: in alethic modal logic (the logic of necessity and possibility), $\Box$ represents necessity and $\Diamond$ possibility.
		ar:منطق طوري de:Modallogik fr:Logique modale he:לוגיקה מודלית nl:Modale logica ja:様相論理学 zh:模态逻辑
	88.208.194.172 /wiki/index.php/Metaphysical_contingency (2021 words)

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