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	Aleurone - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Aleurone (from Greek aleuron, flour) is a protein found in the endosperm of many seeds.
		During seed germination, hydrolysis in the seed causes the aleurone cells to break down into amino acids.
		Once triggered by hormones released from the embryo the aleurone synthesises enzymes in order to break down the starchy endosperm supplying sugars to drive the growth of roots and the acrospire.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Aleurone (111 words)

	Russell Jones (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		In addition, aleurone cells exposed to GA undergo numerous physiological responses including a drop in cytoplasmic and vacuolar pH, an increase in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration and increases in the abundance of several other molecules known to play a role in signal transduction.
		Aleurone cell death is correlated with a loss in nuclear DNA and the activation of proteases and nucleases.
		Aleurone cell death is indicated by the degradation of nuclear DNA within the cell.
	plantbio.berkeley.edu /faculty/faculty_pages/Jones.html (604 words)

	Barley Genetics Newsletter Vol. 26 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Blue aleurone color is due to anthocyanin pigments (4) which occur as lumps inside many aleurone granules in some or all aleurone cells (1).
		Aleurone color is best observed in well filled grain that is magnified to show individual aleurone cells, after more superficial tissues have been peeled off (3).
		Anthocyanins and anthocyanidins of the barley pericarp and aleurone tissues.
	greengenes.cit.cornell.edu /bgn/bgn26/BGS451.html (3566 words)

	Jones Lab Website
		Jones, R.L. and Jacobsen, J.V. The role of the endoplasmic reticulum in the synthesis and transport of a-amylase in barley aleurone layers.
		Schuurink, R.C., Shartzer, S.F., Fath, A. and Jones, R.L. Characterization of a calmodulin-binding transporter from the plasma membrane of barley aleurone.
		Fath, A, Bethke, P.C., Jones, R.L. Barley aleurone cell death is not apoptotic- characterization of nuclease activities and DNA degradation.
	plantbio.berkeley.edu /~jones/people/jonespublications.htm (3200 words)

	Hormonally Regulated Programmed Cell Death in Barley Aleurone Cells -- Bethke et al. 11 (6): 1033 -- THE PLANT CELL
		PCD in barley aleurone protoplasts was examined by time-lapse photomicrography.
		Lobing of Nuclei in Aleurone Protoplasts Is Not Correlated with Cell Death.
		Jacobsen, J.V., Knox, R.B., and Pyliotis, N.A. (1971) The structure and composition of aleurone grains in the barley aleurone layer.
	www.plantcell.org /cgi/content/full/11/6/1033 (7203 words)

	Slow heating of barley aleurone layers to heat-shock temperature preserves heat-shock-sensitive cellular properties -- ...
		Aleurone layers were incubated in the absence (–GA) or presence (+GA) of 1 µmol/L GA for 19 h at 25°C. In samples exposed to heat shock (HS), the final 3 h of the 19-h incubation period was at 40°C. Ramped samples were incubated as described in Fig.
		Aleurone layers were incubated in the absence (–GA) or presence (+GA) of 1 µmol/L GA for 19 h at 25°C. Samples were incubated as described in Fig.
		Twenty aleurone layers per sample were incubated in the absence (–GA) or presence (+GA) of GA at 25°C for 13 h (slow and slow and hold) or 16 h (all other samples).
	www.amjbot.org /cgi/content/full/89/3/401 (5437 words)

	Maternal Effect
		The influence of the pollen parent is expressed on the kernel for endosperm and aleurone traits.
		If aleurone color was due to the genotype of the maternal parent, then one ear would have all yellow aleurone and the other ear would have all purple aleurone.
		The aleurone color of all kernels will be purple, due to the dominant C allele contributed by the female parent.
	www.ndsu.nodak.edu /ndsu/abergstr/webcourses/genetics/mat/mat03.htm (157 words)

	A Gibberellin-induced Nuclease Is Localized in the Nucleus of Wheat Aleurone Cells Undergoing Programmed Cell Death -- ...
		A and B, aleurone cells from grains after 1 day of imbibition showing the nucleus with the nuclear envelope intact (A, arrow) and the ordered structure of oleosomes and protein storage vacuoles in the cytoplasm (B).
		aleurone PCD is the fragmentation of nuclear DNA.
		At the days indicated the aleurone layers were dissected, DNA was isolated, and the aliquots (10 µg) were fractionated on agarose gels.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/279/12/11530 (4522 words)

	New Page 1
		At this stage, an aleurone layer is already established in the peripheral layer of the normal endosperm.
		This demonstrates that the positional cues that specify aleurone identity are present throughout the later stages of development and that peripheral endosperm cells remain responsive to those cues (Becraft and Ascuncion-Crabb, 2000).
		The implication of this is that CR4 is involved in a signal transduction pathway that is important for the aleurone cell fate decision.
	www.public.iastate.edu /~becraft/Endosperm.htm (1044 words)

	Barley Aleurone Cells Contain Two Types of Vacuoles: Characterization of Lytic Organelles by Use of Fluorescent Probes ...
		Proteolysis of the Protease Substrate ZFR-CMAC-GS by Isolated Barley Aleurone Protein Storage Vacuoles and Secondary Vacuoles Is Inhibited by the Cysteine Protease Inhibitors Leupeptin and E-64.
		The Nonfluorescent Probes MBB, MCB, and CTG Are Conjugated to Cytosolic Glutathione in Barley Aleurone Cells, and the Fluorescent Conjugates Accumulate in Protein Storage Vacuoles and Secondary Vacuoles.
		Jacobsen, J.V., Zwar, J.A., and Chandler, P.M. (1985) Gibberellic-acid–responsive protoplasts from mature aleurone of Himalaya barley.
	www.plantcell.org /cgi/content/full/10/5/685 (6839 words)

	Matthews (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		This was used to screen a cDNA library from barley aleurone made in the lambda ZAP vector.
		After two days incubation with 50 µM ABA to suppress endogenous a-amylase activity, the aleurone layers were ground and the supernatants loaded onto an isoelectric focusing gel (pH 4.06.5), focused, and the gel stained for a-amylase activity.
		Gibberellic acid-enhanced synthesis and release of a-amylase and ribonuclease by isolated barley aleurone layers.
	www.uga.edu /ispmb/Pmbr15-1/Matthews.html (2175 words)

	BGN 6: A single gene determining two new aleurone colours in barley
		During routine screening of the Institute collection of primitive barleys for mature aleurone colour, two new colours, brick red and intense blue, were found in the Abyssinian lines, Ethiopian 637 and Ab 2231, respectively.
		The evidence for this is that no red aleurones were found in derivatives of crosses between Ab 2231 and two European white aleuroned varieties, Maris Concord and Deba Abed.
		Microscopic examination of undamaged normal blue, intense blue and red aleurones in surface view after chemical dehusking (Mullick and Brink, 1970) showed that a given aleurone has only one hue except occasionally in a few cells and that the pigment is concentrated in parts of numerous otherwise colourless compound granules in the cells.
	wheat.pw.usda.gov /ggpages/bgn/6/6p26.html (593 words)

	The Sensitivity of Barley Aleurone Tissue to Gibberellin Is Heterogeneous and May Be Spatially Determined -- Ritchie et ...
		aleurone layer was not an artifact of tissue preparation.
		The effect of ABA on the inhibition of the GA response of proximal and distal aleurone tissues.
		The differential sensitivity to GA is reflected spatially in the aleurone layer.
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/120/2/361 (5990 words)

	Cereal Chem 2003 \| Influence of Structural Characteristics of Aleurone Layer on Milling Behavior of Durum Wheat ...
		Influence of Structural Characteristics of Aleurone Layer on Milling Behavior of Durum Wheat (Triticum durum Desf.).
		The structure of the aleurone layer was considered for many years as a potential factor influencing wheat milling efficiency.
		Eight durum wheat samples of different milling values, including distinct cultivars and harvesting conditions, were employed to investigate the structural characteristics of the aleurone layer through image analysis of kernel sections.
	www.aaccnet.org /cerealchemistry/abstracts/2003/1203-06R.asp (249 words)

	Cereal Chem 2001 \| Effect of Corn Milling Practices on Aleurone Layer Cells and Their Unique Phytosterols.
		Coarse and fine fiber fractions obtained from the corn wet-milling processes, with and without steeping chemicals (SO(2) and lactic acid), were evaluated microscopically for structure and analytically for recovery of phytosterol compounds from the fiber oil.
		Microscopic results showed that wet milling, with and without chemicals during steeping, changed the line of fracture between pericarp and endosperm and therefore affected the recovery of the aleurone layer in coarse (pericarp) and fine (endosperm cellular structure) fiber.
		Hand-dissection studies were performed to separate the two layers that comprise the wet-milled coarse fiber, the aleurone, and pericarp layer.
	www.aaccnet.org /cerealchemistry/abstracts/2001/0606-05R.asp (283 words)

	BGN 17: Allelic relationships of genes for short-awned, awnless and blue aleurone characters in barley (Hordeum vulgare ...
		BGN 17: Allelic relationships of genes for short-awned, awnless and blue aleurone characters in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.).
		Blue aleurone colour in barley is due to anthocyanin pigment in some or all aleurone cells.
		The objectives of the present study were: (a) to ascertain the number of genes controlling expression of short-awned, awnless and blue aleurone mutant phenotypes and (b) to ascertain the allelic relationships of these genes.
	wheat.pw.usda.gov /ggpages/bgn/17/a17-12.html (467 words)

	Carolina Biological: Corn Ears for Genetics
		These tissues are the pericarp, the aleurone (outer layer of the endosperm), and the endosperm proper.
		If the aleurone is colorless, the kernel color will be that of the endosperm, either yellow or white.
		For the aleurone to be colored, alleles C and R must be present.
	www.carolina.com /biotech/corn_genetics.asp (449 words)

	Multi-layered expression of aleurone-specific genes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		In the process of recombining the two-celled pericarp from teosinte with the multiple layered aleurone from Coroico in a sweet corn background, a faint blue color was detected.
		As the number of aleurone layers increased, there was a dosage effect on increases in the intensity of blueness.
		It is hoped that this stock with thin pericarp and thick aleurone will not only result in new high quality sweet corn but that it will also be useful in studies of gene action in the aleurone and of the chemical improvement of the nutritive value of this digestible layer or layers.
	grain.jouy.inra.fr /ggpages/mgcnl/mnl/64/192galinat.html (458 words)

	McClintock and the Ac/Ds Transposable Elements of Corn
		In particular, she was analyzing genes that control the color of the aleurone layer of the endosperm.
		The genes that she was following were located on the short arm of chromosome 9 of corn and were involved in the development of the color of the seed.
		Because of the presence of the inhibitor allele, the aleurone layer was expected to be colorless.
	www.cc.ndsu.nodak.edu /instruct/mcclean/plsc731/transposon/tag1.htm (707 words)

	The defective kernel 1 (dek1) gene required for aleurone cell development in the endosperm of maize grains encodes a ...
		The defective kernel 1 (dek1) gene required for aleurone cell development in the endosperm of maize grains encodes a membrane protein of the calpain gene superfamily -- Lid et al.
		The defective kernel 1 (dek1) gene required for aleurone cell development in the endosperm of maize grains encodes a membrane protein of the calpain gene superfamily
		In maize, the aleurone layer is one cell layer thick and
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/abstract/99/8/5460 (815 words)

	MALT - LoveToKnow Article on MALT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The change which is denoted by the term nuclear senescence is said to begin in the starchcontaining cells, near the periphery of the corn, immediately underlying the layer next to the aleurone layer.
		In its resting stage the embryo of a barleycorn is generally free from starch; as soon as germination sets in, however, starch appears in the scutellum, while the amount of sucrose there present increases, these being apparently formed from maltose originating from the action of diastase on the starch of the endosperm.
		The starch is further saccharified, and the dividing line of the aleurone layer at the furrow is attacked, as are also the cell walls of the endosperm, which are still intact, these being partially converted into gummy substances.
	www.1911ency.org /M/MA/MALT.htm (9053 words)

	Gilroy Lab / Aleurone
		The cereal aleurone cell is well established as a model system for studying hormonal regulation of plant cells.
		The aleurone of the barley grain is a digestive tissue that secretes hydrolases that mobilize endosperm reserves during germination.
		For example to the right is a computer analyzed microsocope Image of the signal-related calcium levels in a barley aleurone cell as it responds to the hormone gibberellic acid.
	www.bio.psu.edu /people/faculty/gilroy/science/old/aleuron.html (184 words)

	sal1 determines the number of aleurone cell layers in maize endosperm and encodes a class E vacuolar sorting protein -- ...
		sal1 determines the number of aleurone cell layers in maize endosperm and encodes a class E vacuolar sorting protein -- Shen et al.
		The cells of the supernumerary aleurone layer (al) are stained red with the lipid stain Sudan red.
		aleurone layers, and the identification of the gene responsible
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/100/11/6552 (3892 words)

	Positional cues specify and maintain aleurone cell fate in maize endosperm development -- Becraft and Asuncion-Crabb ...
		A genetic analysis of maize aleurone development was conducted.
		anthocyanin pigmentation in the aleurone and wx1 for amylose synthesis in
		aleurone cell fate and then control aleurone differentiation.
	dev.biologists.org /cgi/content/abstract/127/18/4039 (616 words)

	Isolation of Intact Protein Storage Vacuoles from Barley Aleurone (Identification of Aspartic and Cysteine Proteases) ...
		Isolation of Intact Protein Storage Vacuoles from Barley Aleurone (Identification of Aspartic and Cysteine Proteases) -- Bethke et al.
		Isolation of Intact Protein Storage Vacuoles from Barley Aleurone (Identification of Aspartic and Cysteine Proteases)
		aleurone PSV will be useful in further characterizing this organelle.
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/abstract/110/2/521 (334 words)

	John Deere green aleurone corn carries two R1-specific dominant inhibitors of aleurone color (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		We found that in crosses to stocks carrying specific alleles of R1 (members of the R1-d class and R1-ch), dominant inhibition of aleurone color occurred in a pattern similar to that found for Inhibitor of R1 (Inr1; MNL 73:89-90).
		Plants were obtained that produced ears giving a 15:1 ratio of colorless and pale to colored aleurone kernels, and whose outcrosses to our W23 ACR gave a 3:1 ratio of colorless and pale to colored aleurone kernels.
		Perhaps the weak suppression of aleurone color occurring over the surface of yellow endosperm (John Deere is Y1 Y1) gives a green appearance through the combination of the light purple and yellow.
	grain.jouy.inra.fr /ggpages/mgcnl/mnl/74/69stinard.html (456 words)

	Heat shock response of warm-incubated barley aleurone layers -- Shaw and Brodl 90 (1): 40 -- American Journal of Botany
		Heat shock response of warm-incubated barley aleurone layers
		This appears to be adaptive, for aleurone layers maintained
		In the present study aleurone layers were incubated
	www.amjbot.org /cgi/content/abstract/90/1/40 (289 words)

	Horizon Milling - Products - GrainWise™ Wheat Aleurone (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		GrainWise™ Wheat Aleurone is an innovative, all natural ingredient Horizon Milling has developed to help food manufacturers create healthier foods that appeal to more consumers.
		GrainWise™ Wheat Aleurone is derived from the aleurone layer of the wheat kernel.
		Horizon Milling uses a proprietary method for isolating the precious aleurone layer— where most of the desirable whole wheat nutrients are concentrated.
	www.horizonmilling.com /products/products_GWwheataleurone.html (207 words)

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