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Topic: Aleutian Island earthquake

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April 1

	Tsunami K-12 Experiments & Background Information
		Earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions and large meteorite impacts all have the potential to generate a tsunami.
		Subduction earthquakes are particularly effective in generating tsunamis, and occur where denser oceanic plates slip under continental plates in a process known as subduction.
		The aftermath of the tsunami that struck Newfoundland in 1929.
	www.juliantrubin.com /encyclopedia/earthsciences/tsunami.html (4629 words)

	Britain.tv Wikipedia - Tsunami
		January 26 - The Cascadia Earthquake, one of the largest earthquakes on record (estimated 9.0 magnitude), ruptured the Cascadia Subduction Zone offshore from Vancouver Island to northern California, and caused massive tsunamis across the Pacific Northwest logged in Japan and oral traditions of the Native Americans.
		On April 2, 1868, a local earthquake with a magnitude estimated between 7.25 and 7.75 rocked the southeast coast of the Big Island of Hawaii.
		This earthquake triggered tsunami whose heights varied from from 2 metres at Cilacap to 6 metres at Cimerak beach, where it swept away and flattened buildings as far as 400 metres away from the coastline.
	www.britain.tv /wikipedia.php?title=Tsunami (4965 words)

	February 4, 1965 Rat Islands Earthquake (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Large earthquakes in the Aleutian arc occur on the convergent boundary between the Pacific and North American crustal plates.
		A separate map illustrates the recent earthquakes as circles, superimposed on stippled areas illustrating the rupture zones of major earthquakes this century.
		The Rat Islands event was closely followed by a large tensional outer-rise event of March 30, 1965 (Ms 7.5, smaller star), which was located oceanward of the largest moment release associated with the Rat Islands mainshock rupture.
	www.aeic.alaska.edu /quakes/rat_islands_1965.html (406 words)

	Pacific Ocean - Aleutian Islands
		The Aleutian Islands form a curving arc of volcanically active and earthquake prone islands stretching southwest for 1,900 km from the Alaska Peninsula towards the Siberian peninsula of Kamchatka.
		Smaller island groups include: the Delarof Islands (located at the western end of the Andreanof Islands), the Krenitzin Islands (at the eastern end of the Fox Islands), the Islands of Four Mountains (at the western end of the Fox Islands) and the Semichi Islands (at the eastern end of the Near Islands).
		The islands of the Aleutians are mountainous, being the emergent peaks of a submarine mountain range — part the so-called Pacific Ring of Fire.
	www.oceandots.com /pacific/aleutian (452 words)

	UALR Arkansas Earthquake Center - Measuring the Size of an Earthquake - Richter Magnitude, Moment Magnitude, Modified ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The existence of deep-focus earthquakes was confirmed in 1931 from studies of the seismograms of several earthquakes, which in turn led to the construction of travel-time curves for intermediate and deep earthquakes.
		The most obvious indication on a seismogram that a large earthquake has a deep focus is the small amplitude, or height, of the recorded surface waves and the uncomplicated character of the P and S waves.
		Although the surface-wave pattern does generally indicate that an earthquake is either shallow or may have some depth, the most accurate method of determining the focal depth of an earthquake is to read a depth phase recorded on the seismogram.
	quake.ualr.edu /public/eqsize.htm (1818 words)

	1964 Alaska Earthquake (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Earthquakes in Southcentral Alaska are indeed frequent and often powerful, although traditionally not as destructive of those in places such as California.
		Southcentral Alaska’s earthquakes are a result of the subduction of the Pacific Plate and the pressure it exerts on the terranes than form southern Alaska.
		Earthquakes along this type of fault are generally smaller than those created in subduction faults, but they occur at shallower depths and may therefore wreak more havoc on the surface.
	www.alaskageography.com /essays/earthquake.htm (1870 words)

	1957 Aleutian Tsunami (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		On March 9, 1957, at 14:22 GMT, an earthquake occurred south of the Andreanof Islands, in the Aleutian Islands of Alaska.
		A Pacific-wide tsunami was triggered by the earthquake, which had a surface-wave magnitude of 8.3, an epicenter of 51.5° N, 175.7° W, and a focal depth of 33 km.
		The Island of Kauai, Hawaii, was hit twice as hard by this tsunami than by the Aleutian Islands tsunami in 1946.
	www.geophys.washington.edu /tsunami/general/historic/aleutian57.html (338 words)

	FAQ - Everything Else You Want to Know About this Earthquake & Tsunami (USGS on Sumatran Quake) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Answer: An initial estimate of the size of the rupture that caused the earthquake is obtained from the length of the aftershock zone, the dimensions of historical earthquakes, and a study of the elastic waves generated by the earthquake.
		For larger earthquakes, the problem is compounded by the fact that the larger the earthquake, the lower the characteristic frequency of the seismic waves.
		A magnitude 8.4 earthquake occurred in 1797, a magnitude 8.5 in 1861 and a magnitude 8.7 in 1833.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/fr/1310532/posts (2223 words)

	USGS Earthquake Hazards Program » Earthquake History of Alaska
		The most important is the Aleutian Island Arc, one of the planet's most active seismic areas, which extends about 2,500 miles, from Fairbanks in central Alaska through the Kenai Peninsula to the Near Islands.
		The Alaskan earthquake that is outstanding in the memory of most occurred in the Anchorage area on March 27, 1964 (March 28, 1964 UTC).
		In October 1900, a magnitude 7.9 earthquake was felt from Yakutat Bay to Kodiak, and probably farther westward.
	earthquake.usgs.gov /regional/states/alaska/history.php (1436 words)

	[No title]
		Earthquakes occur at and near the fault surface, as the blocks of rock move relative to one another.
		Earthquakes occur at and near the fault surface as the blocks move relative to one another.
		The moment of an earthquake is a physical quantity (e.g., area of fault slip) which is related to the total energy released in the earthquake.
	www.fema.gov /plan/prevent/earthquake/txt/fema-159-apps.txt (4595 words)

	Tsunami Curriculum
		Earthquakes that shake the ground for very large periods of time are more likely to cause a damaging tsunami.
		Earthquakes have had such profound effects on a culture that their stories may travel, particularly along trade routes.
		Presented with a number of earthquake legends, students are asked to form groups of 3 or 4 and pick a legend.
	www.humboldt.edu /~geology/earthquakes/tsunami!/Tsunami_Curriculum (1734 words)

	III - Earthquakes: Risk and Insurance Issues (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		An earthquake is a sudden and rapid shaking of the earth caused by the breaking and shifting of rock beneath the earth’s surface.
		The earthquake and fire that devastated San Francisco on April 18, 1906 was one of the worst natural disasters in the United States.
		Earthquake Risk in the Western United States: Although the entire Northwest of the United States is at high risk of earthquakes, nine of the most costly earthquakes in the last century occurred in California.
	www.iii.org /media/hottopics/insurance/earthquake (3946 words)

	Amchitka History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Amchitka Island is one of many islands of the Aleutian Island chain in western Alaska.
		For example, magnitude-8 earthquakes occur at approximately decadal time intervals along the Aleutian arc, with three of the six largest earthquakes occurring between 1957 and 1965.
		During the postwar period, Amchitka Island was a military outpost to provide a radio range station and alternate landing site for aircraft flying the Aleutian Islands.
	www.ims.uaf.edu /research/johnson/amchitka/history.html (787 words)

	1906 Aleutian Island (USA) Earthquake Archive
		This earthquake occurred about 30 minutes before the Valparaiso (Chile) earthquake, and was thus included in a collection of seismograms of the latter earthquake published by International Association of Seismology.
		William H. Lee wishes to dedicate this earthquake archive to his undergraduate mentor, Dr. Donald B. Scott, the late professor of physics and head of the Computer Center of the University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
		Seismograms of the 1906 Valparaiso (Chile) Earthquake to view the seismograms of both earthquakes.
	www.iris.edu /seismo/quakes/1906aleutian (328 words)

	TSUNAMI DESCRIPTION AND HISTORY OF TIDAL WAVES - SOLAR NAVIGATOR WORLD ELECTRIC NAVIGATION CHALLENGE - THE BLUEBIRD ...
		Earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, and the impact of extraterrestrial bodies such as meteorites, can generate tsunamis which can rapidly and violently inundate coastlines, causing devastating property damage, injuries, and loss of life.
		The tsunami that struck Malé in the Maldives on December 26, 2004.
		The Great Chilean Earthquake, at magnitude 9.5 the largest earthquake ever recorded, off the coast of South Central Chile, generated one of the most destructive tsunamis of the 20th century.
	www.solarnavigator.net /tsunami_history_and_description.htm (3059 words)

	1946 Aleutian Tsunami (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		On April 1, 1946, at 12:29 GMT, an earthquake occurred in the Aleutian Islands of Alaska.
		A Pacific-wide tsunami was triggered by the earthquake, which had a surface-wave magnitude of 7.8, an epicenter of 52.8° N, 163.5° W, and a focal depth of 25 km.
		The tsunami arrived at Hilo 4.9 hours after it originated in the Aleutian Islands and the run-up was measured at 8.1 m.
	www.geophys.washington.edu /tsunami/general/historic/aleutian46.html (268 words)

	1946 Aleutian Tsunami
		During the early morning of April 1, 1946, an earthquake of magnitude 7.4 occurred in an area of the Aleutian Trench located approximately 90 miles south of Unimak Island, part of the Aleutian Island chain (see diagram above for approximate location of quake's epicenter).
		Despite its enormous size at Scotch Cap, the 1946 tsunami had little effect on the Alaskan mainland, due to the presence of the Aleutian Islands, which absorbed the brunt of the tsunami's power, shielding the mainland.
		The tsunami waves produced extensive destruction along the shorelines of the Hawaiian Islands, especially at Hilo, on the big island of Hawaii, where the city's entire waterfront was destroyed.
	www.usc.edu /dept/tsunamis/alaska/1946/webpages/index.html (475 words)

	Tsunami - Free net encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		On the facing coasts of Java and Sumatra the sea flood went many miles inland and caused such vast loss of life that one area was never resettled but went back to the jungle and is now the Ujung Kulon nature reserve.
		On August 16, 1976 at 12:11 A.M., a devastating earthquake of 7.9 earthquake hit the island of Mindanao, Philippines.
		Image:Chennai tsunami1.jpg The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, which had a magnitude of 9.15, triggered a series of lethal tsunamis on December 26, 2004 that killed approximately 230,000 people (including 168,000 in Indonesia alone), making it the deadliest tsunami in recorded history.
	www.netipedia.com /index.php/Tsunami (4427 words)

	Earthquake Portal @ Shuddered.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Earthquake Information from the USGS - Gateway to US Geological Survey web resources on earthquakes, including information on recent quakes, earthquake preparedness, building seismically resistant structures, and current research topics.
		Indian Society of Earthquake Technology - Society goals are promotion of research, scientist forum, dissemination of knowledge, and to honour contributions on the area of earthquake technology.
		Describes the aftermath of the strongest earthquakes occurred and the preparation to reduce its effects.
	www.shuddered.net (1632 words)

	CIRES History - Selection of CIRES Solid-Earth Sciences Publications
		Detection and location of earthquakes in the central Aleutian subduction zone using island and ocean bottom seismograph stations.
		Kisslinger, C. An experiment in earthquake prediction and the 7 May 1986 Andreanof Islands earthquake.
		Variations of apparent stresses and stress drops prior to the earthquake of 6 May 1984 (mb=5.8) in the Adak seismic zone.
	cires.colorado.edu /about/history/05h.html (1260 words)

	Forum of Alaska Marine Issues
		The Earthquake of 1946: an investigation intothe cause of thedisastroust sunami that followed.
		The earthquake had a magnitude of "only" 7.1, yet it produced a tsunami almost as large as that from the Great Chile Earthquake of 1960 (magnitude 9.6).
		Anne's presentation was an overview of the Aleutian Wildlife Refuge, with highlighted concerns about the resent grounding of the Selendang Ayu on Unalaska Island.
	www.aleutians.org /lec04.html (1572 words)

	SeismoArchives: Earthquakes
		The purpose of these International Digital Earthquake Archives (IDEAs) is to preserve earthquake data, specially seismograms, for future research.
		Seismograms, data, and related materials of selected earthquakes are stored in archives as computer data files so that they are freely accessible via the Internet, and seismograms (in originally scanned resolution) are downloadable from the IRIS Data Management Center.
		1906 Aleutian Is. Earthquake Archive in Memory of Prof.
	www.iris.edu /seismo/quakes (297 words)

	Aleutian Island Earthquake (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The following is a release by the United States Geological Survey, National Earthquake Information Center: A strong earthquake occurred in the ANDREANOF ISLANDS, of the ALEUTIAN ISLANDS about 50 miles (80 kin) west-southwest of Adak at 3:48 AM MST today March 20, 1999 (12:48 AM AHST in Aleutian Islands).
		A preliminary magnitude of 6.8 was computed for this earthquake.
		This is the largest earthquake in the general area since a magnitude 7.3 event on June 10, 1996 located about 30 miles (50 kin) south-southwest of Adak.
	www.uwm.edu /Dept/Geosciences/qketour/qkexampl/qk990320.html (168 words)

	Pacific Tsunami Warning Center - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center (PTWC), operated by NOAA in Ewa Beach, Hawaii, USA, is a tsunami warning system, overseeing international tsunami prediction and issuing warnings for the Pacific Ocean area.
		This center was established in 1949, following the 1946 Aleutian Island earthquake and a tsunami that resulted in 165 casualties in Hawaii and Alaska.
		The Center uses seismic data as its starting point, but then takes into account oceanographic data when calculating possible threats.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pacific_Tsunami_Warning_Center (393 words)

	TSUNAMI : Encyclopedia Entry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		These events can give rise to much larger local shock waves (solitons), such as the landslide at the head of Lituya Bay which produced a water wave estimated at 50 – 150 m and reached 524 m up local mountains.
		[edit] 1868 - Hawaiian local tsunami generated by earthquake
		[edit] 2006 - South of Java Island tsunami
	bibleocean.com /OmniDefinition/Tsunami (4953 words)

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